規(guī)范與技術(shù)文件翻譯指南

1、第 1 章 通 則1.1 目的1.1.1本指南的主要目的是在于提高規(guī)范與技術(shù)文件的中文譯 成英文 ( 中譯英 ) 和英文譯成中文 ( 英譯中 ) 的翻譯質(zhì)量。1.1.2 通過本指南的應(yīng)用, 力求在中國船級社 (CCS) 內(nèi)逐步形成 CCS 規(guī)范與技術(shù)文件的統(tǒng)一譯法, 避免在譯文中造成不必要的誤解。1.2 適用范圍1.2.1 本指南所舉例的英文基本用詞、用語和有關(guān)表達方式, 適用于 CCS 規(guī)范和技術(shù)文件的中譯英。1.2.2本指南所舉例的國際海事組織 (IMO) 和國際船級社協(xié)會 (IACS) 文件中有關(guān)主要表達式的英譯中, 適用于IMO/IACS 文件的翻譯。1.2.3本指南中所述的規(guī)范包括

2、CCS 編寫的規(guī)范和指南, 技術(shù)文件包括 IMO/IACS 文件及其他有關(guān)技術(shù)文件。1.2.4本指南也可供有關(guān)單位翻譯國際海事技術(shù)文件作參考。1.3基本要求1.3.1應(yīng)在理解原文的基礎(chǔ)上進行翻譯, 力求忠實原文。翻譯中如遇到新技術(shù)或第一次出現(xiàn)的專業(yè)術(shù)語不易理解時, 可在該譯文后加注原文為“(.)”。1.3.2譯文還應(yīng)符合中、英文的基本語法和習慣用法, 做到文字通順, 并盡量采用已經(jīng)慣用的譯法以及專業(yè)術(shù)語。1.3.3翻譯工作開始以前, 翻譯人員應(yīng)做好有關(guān)方面的準備工作, 包括了解原文的基本內(nèi)容、收集有關(guān)資料、查找原文出處、閱讀相關(guān)的專業(yè)文獻等。1.3.4 翻譯過程中, 翻譯人員對本人不熟悉的或?qū)?/p>

3、業(yè)性特別強的內(nèi)容應(yīng)及時與有關(guān)專業(yè)人員溝通。1.3.5 無論是翻譯人員, 還是審核人員, 都應(yīng)對整篇譯文進行認真仔細的校對, 避免漏譯、誤譯, 務(wù)求全文的譯法統(tǒng)一, 確保譯文質(zhì)量。第 2 章 規(guī)范的翻譯2.1 一般規(guī)定2.1.1 本章要求適用于 CCS 編寫的各類規(guī)范、指南等 ( 簡稱 "規(guī) 范") 的中譯英。除非另有說明, 本章要求也適用于 CCS 被授權(quán)編寫的 法定的規(guī)則、導則等 ( 簡稱 "法規(guī)") 的中譯英。2.1.2 中譯英時, 首先應(yīng)查對規(guī)范條文的來源, 盡可能采用或參照原文進行翻譯。如擬翻譯的內(nèi)容無原有文本作參考, 則應(yīng)同有關(guān)專業(yè)人員溝通,

4、確保譯文的正確性。2.2 規(guī)范名稱與篇章節(jié)的翻譯2.2.1 規(guī)范名稱(1) 規(guī)范等應(yīng)譯成:規(guī)范 Rules指南 Guidance Notes(2) 法規(guī)等應(yīng)譯成:法定規(guī)則 Statutory Regulations導則Guidelines(3) 規(guī)范的名稱用于書名時, 所有字母應(yīng)大寫:示例 :海船法定檢驗技術(shù)規(guī)則TECHNICAL REGULATIONS FOR THE STATUTORY SURVEY OF SEA-GOING SHIP海上拖航指南GUIDANCE NOTES FOR TOWAGE AT SEA（4）規(guī)范等名稱在條款中被引用時，則其每個單詞的首字母應(yīng)大寫, 但介詞和連接詞除外

5、:例 1: 凡欲取得或保持本社船級的散裝運輸危險液體化學品貨物的船舶, 除應(yīng)滿足本規(guī)范的要求外, 還應(yīng)滿足本社鋼質(zhì)海船入級與建造規(guī)范的有關(guān)要求。For those ships carrying dangerous liquid chemicals in bulk which are intended to be classed with the Society or to maintain the classification，in addition to the Rules，the requirements of the Rules and Regulations for the Const

6、ruction and Classification of Sea-going Steel ships of the Society are to be complied with.2.2.2 總則與篇章節(jié)的翻譯篇、章、節(jié)的編號及名稱(1) 總則、通則、一般規(guī)定等應(yīng)譯成:總則General通則General Provisions一般規(guī)定General Requirements一般要求General Requirements(2) 篇、章、節(jié)等的譯法以及編排格式 篇、章、節(jié)等應(yīng)譯成 : 篇 PART章 Chapter節(jié) Section 篇、章、節(jié)的編號及名稱（a）篇的編號應(yīng)譯成英文，且字母全部大

7、寫，章和節(jié)的編號仍采用阿拉伯數(shù)字。（b）篇、章、節(jié)的名稱應(yīng)全部大寫。 在規(guī)范中應(yīng)用條款時，應(yīng)將本篇 譯成 This PART本章 譯成 this Chapter 本節(jié) 譯成 this Section 規(guī)范的編排格式，按中文的編排格式翻譯。2.3 助動詞與語態(tài)2.3.1 助動詞(1)“法規(guī)”中的“應(yīng)”,譯成“shall”；“規(guī)范”中的“應(yīng)”,譯成 “is(are) to”。例1: (法規(guī)) 系統(tǒng)裝船后應(yīng)進行試驗，試驗方法應(yīng)取得主管機關(guān)的同意。On completion of installation on board，the system shall be tested according to

8、 the procedure approved by the Administration.例2: (規(guī)范) 系統(tǒng)裝船后應(yīng)進行試驗，試驗方法應(yīng)取得本社同意。On completion of installation on board，the system is to be tested according to the procedure approved by the Society.(2) 規(guī)范中的“必須”譯成 “must”,“嚴禁”一般譯成“to be prohibited”例 1：客船每周應(yīng)舉行1次棄船演習和消防演習。每次演習中不必全體船員都參與,但是每一船員都必須按要求每月參加1次棄

9、船和消防演習。On passenger ships，an abandon ship drill and fire drill shall take place weekly. The entire crew need not be involved in every drill，but each crew member must participate in an abandon ship drill and a fire drill each month as required.例 2: 除了表示船舶、飛機或人員遇險外，嚴禁使用國際遇險信號以及任何與國際遇險信號可能相混的信號。The use

10、 of an international distress signal, except for the purpose of indicating that a ship, aircraft or person is in distress, and the use of any signal which may be confused with an international distress signal, are prohibited.(3) 規(guī)范中的”建議”,一般譯成“it is recommended that .”例 1：建議陽極盡可能不裝在高強度鋼縱骨的面板上。It is r

11、ecommended that anodes be not fitted to face plates of higher tensile steel longitudinals.(4) 規(guī)范中的“允許”譯成“it is allowed (permitted)”，含有本社或驗船師“允許”之意的“可以”應(yīng)譯成“may”(而不是“can”)。例 1: 鋼質(zhì)船上的上層建筑、甲板室、艙口蓋、舷梯等或局部部件允許使用鋁合金材料等效代替本規(guī)范要求的船體結(jié)構(gòu)鋼。The use of aluminum alloy is permitted for superstructures, deckhouses, ha

12、tch covers, accommodation ladders, etc. or other local components based on equivalent strength instead of hull structural steel as required by the Rules.例 2: 露天干舷甲板以及上層建筑甲板和第一層甲板室甲板的舷墻或欄桿的高度應(yīng)不小于1.0m 。當此高度影響船舶正常營運時，經(jīng)本社同意可予以適當降低。但當將甲板設(shè)計成裝運木材時，其舷墻高度應(yīng)至少為1.0m。Bulwarks or guardrails on the exposed freeboa

13、rd and superstructure decks and first tier deckhouse deck are to be not less 1.0 m in height above such decks. With the consent of Society, the height may be suitably reduced if this height would interfere with the normal operation of the ship, but in ships intended for the carriage of timber deck c

14、argoes, the height of bulwarks is to be at least 1.0m.2.3.2 語態(tài)(l) 由于規(guī)范條款中的規(guī)定主要強調(diào)應(yīng)采取的措施或需注意的事項，而不是執(zhí)行者，所以譯成英文時，常用被動語態(tài)，翻譯時應(yīng)注意主語的轉(zhuǎn)換和謂語的選擇。例 1: 對冰區(qū)航行船舶應(yīng)考慮環(huán)境溫度的影響。Where a ship is intended to navigate in ice, the effect of ambient temperatures is to be taken in consideration.例 2: 船體結(jié)構(gòu)中，凡承受高應(yīng)力的焊縫，應(yīng)盡量避免采用固定墊

15、板連接。否則，應(yīng)經(jīng)本社同意，并保證準確的裝配。The use of permanent backing bars in highly stressed welds in hull structures is to be avoided as far as possible. Where backing bars are unavoidable, special care is to be taken to ensure accurate fit-up and consent of the Society is to be obtained.（2）規(guī)范中被動語態(tài)常用的表達式很多，例如：provi

16、sion is to be made . 應(yīng)對作出規(guī)定means is/are to be provided 應(yīng)提供設(shè)施measures are to be taken 應(yīng)采取措施attention is to be paid 應(yīng)注意例 1：船底肋板、旁內(nèi)龍骨上均應(yīng)開流水孔，應(yīng)采取措施能使水自船底的各個流水孔至吸口均能自由流通，其中考慮到泵的抽唧率。Drain holes ate to be cut in the floors and in side keelsons in way of the bottom. Provision is to be made for the free pass

17、age of water form all parts of the bottom to the suction, taking into accounts the pumping rates required.例 2：甲板貨物裝載區(qū)應(yīng)設(shè)有保護和固定甲板貨物的圍護設(shè)施。Means are to be provided to enable deck cargoes to be adequately secured and protected in the cargo containment areas.例 3：采用鋼質(zhì)風雨密艙口蓋的船舶，在不影響船舶安全和采取有效措施的條件下，經(jīng)本社同意，對其艙

18、口圍板高度可予以適當降低。For ships provided with steel weathertight hatchcovers, with the consent of the Society, the height of hatchway coamings may be reduced provided that efficient measures have been taken and that the safety of the ship id not impaired.例 4：如具有絕緣層的甲板上裝載或使用車輛，則在根據(jù)甲板厚度確定用板的允許載荷時，應(yīng)注意甲板變形對絕緣層的影

19、響。Where wheeled vehicles are stowed or used on insulated decks, when the permissible loading of decks is determined based on the thickness of decks, attention is to be paid to effect on insulated coating due to deck deformation.2.4 規(guī)范常用語與常用詞2.4.1“適用于”be applicable to. 或 apply to .例 1：本節(jié)的規(guī)定適用于一般船體結(jié)構(gòu)和

20、構(gòu)件的焊縫設(shè)計，特殊構(gòu)件將另行考慮。The provisions of this Section apply to the weld design for normal hull structures and components, special structures will be subject to individual consideration.2.4.2 “滿足要求”與“符合規(guī)定”一般情況下，“滿足要求” 譯成 to comply with (或meet) the requirement，“符合規(guī)定”譯成 to be in accordance/compliance with r

21、equirement。例 1: 在船中部0.5L區(qū)域內(nèi)的長橋樓甲板作為強力甲板時，其船中剖面模數(shù)及最小厚度應(yīng)滿足本章 2.2.1及 2.4.2.1的要求。Where the long bridge deck within 0.5 L amidships is regarded as strength deck, the midship section modulus and minimum thickness of the deck plating comply with the requirements of 2.2.1 and 2.4.2.l of this is Chapter.例 2:

22、 結(jié)構(gòu)直接計算的方法應(yīng)符合本社船體結(jié)構(gòu)直接計算指導性文件的規(guī)定。The methods of structure direct calculations are to be in accordance with the provisions in the Guidance Notes of Hull Structure Direct Calculation by Society.2.4.3 “另有規(guī)定”與“特殊考慮”（1） 除另有規(guī)定者外，Unless other stated/provided，. Except where otherwise stated/provided，.除另有明文規(guī)定

23、外，Unless expressly stated/provided otherwise，除第 5 章內(nèi)另有明文規(guī)定者外，Except as expressly sated/provided in Chapter 5，.例 1: 除另有規(guī)定者外，本規(guī)定適用各型船舶的管系和艙室通風系統(tǒng)。The provisions of this Chapter apply to piping and ventilating system on all types of ships except where otherwise stated.例 2: 除另有規(guī)定者外，本篇適用于船長自 20m 至 300m 的焊

24、接的鋼質(zhì)海船。Unless otherwise stated，this PART applies to steel ships of all welded construction from 20m to 300m in length inclusive.（2）“將/可作特殊考慮”譯成 will may be specially considered可另行考慮 may be subject to individual consideration 將作變通考慮 alternative arrangements will be considered例 1: 當角接的兩個構(gòu)件的厚度相差甚大時，則該角

25、焊縫的尺寸將予以特殊考慮。Where the difference in thickness between the abutting member and the table member is considerable, the size of fillet welds will be specially considered.例 2: 本節(jié)規(guī)定適用與一般船體結(jié)構(gòu)和構(gòu)件的焊縫設(shè)計, 特殊結(jié)構(gòu)將另行考慮。The Section applies to the weld design for normal hull structure and components and special str

26、uctures will be subject to individual consideration.例 3: 對尾機型船舶，此種機座縱桁應(yīng)盡可能地向尾延伸，且其端部應(yīng)由強肋骨或?qū)嵗甙逯С帧Ｈ缥膊烤€型過于尖瘦，在尾尖艙艙壁后設(shè)過渡肘板有困難時，其布置可特殊考慮。In machinery spaces situated at the aft end，such engine seating girders are to be carried as far as practicable and the ends effectively supported by web frames or tran

27、sverse. Where it is impracticable to provide to transition brackets abaft the after peak bulkhead because the after-body of the ship is too fine, the arrangement may be specially considered.2.4.4 “提交本社批準”與“經(jīng)本社驗船師同意”（1）“提交本社批準” to be submitted to the Society for approval“提交本社供備查” to be submitted the

28、Society for reference/information/file例 1: 對所有船舶，應(yīng)將下列圖紙?zhí)峤槐旧缗鷾剩篎or all ships, the following plans are to be submitted to the Society for approval:（2）“經(jīng)本社或本社驗船師同意”為subject to thee agreement/consent/sanction of the Society or the Surveyor或 with the agreement/sanction/consent of the Society or the Surve

29、yor“使本社驗船師滿意”為 to the satisfaction of the Surveyor2.4.5 “放寬要求”與“免除條款”（1）“放寬”可以用動詞 relax 或名詞 relaxation 來表示。例 1: 本章規(guī)定適用于本篇 1.1.12.1 規(guī)定的主推進和輔助機械的漸開線圓柱齒輪傳動裝置。對于功率分別小于 147kW 和 100 kW 的上述主推進和輔助機械的齒輪傳動裝置，本章個別條文要求可予適當放寬。The provisions of this Chapter are applicable to transmission gearing with cylindrical

30、gears of involute shape for main propulsion and auxiliary machinery installations as specified in 1.1.12.l of this PART. Where the transmitted powers of main propulsion and auxiliary installations are respectively less than 147 kW and 100 kW, the requirements of individual paragraphs of this Chapter

31、 may be properly relaxed.（2）“免除” 可以用動詞 exempt.from .或 dispense with 或 waive 等表示。例 1: 對于500總噸以下的船舶，可免設(shè)本篇 3.3.3.1 所要求的艙底水應(yīng)急吸口。For ships of less than 500 gross tonnage, emergency bilge suction specified in 3.3.3.l of this PART may be dispensed with.例 2: 對于通常不從事國際航行的船舶，在特殊情況下需要進行一次國際航行時，主管機關(guān)可免除本規(guī)則的任何要求，

32、但該船應(yīng)符合主管機關(guān)認為適合其所擔任航次的安全妥求。A ship which is not normally engaged on international voyages but which, in exceptional circumstances, is required to undertake a single international voyage may be exempted by the Administration from of the requirements of the present regulations provided that it complies

33、with safety requirements which are adequate in the opinion of the Administration for the voyage which is to be undertaken by the ship.2.4.6 其他（1） “定義” Definitions 在各種規(guī)范中經(jīng)常應(yīng)用，中文規(guī)范中有時用冒號“:” 有時用“系指”表示 , 譯成英文的單詞可為 is 或 means。在同一規(guī)范中建議采用統(tǒng)一的用詞。例 1: 船寬B(m)：在船舶的最寬處由一舷的肋骨外緣量自另一舷的肋骨外緣之間的水平距離。Breadth B, in m ,

34、is the horizontal distance measured over the main frames at the widest part of the ships.例 2: 上層連續(xù)甲板系指船體的最高一層全通甲板。Upper continuous deck means the uppermost deck which extends from the stem to the stern.（2） 規(guī)范中英文字母的大寫 機構(gòu)、組織的名稱以縮寫形式出現(xiàn)時，字母全部大寫:示例: 中國船級社 CCS國際船級社協(xié)會 IACS國際海事組織 IMO國際標準化組織 ISO 國際公約以縮寫形式引用時

35、 , 則字母大寫 :示例: 1974SOLAS 公約 SOLAS1974 73/78 防污公約 MARPOL73/78 告示牌、警告語飛出口等全部大寫示例: 船離港前應(yīng)關(guān)閉所有關(guān)閉裝置ALL CLOSING DEVICES ARE TO BE COLSED BEFORE THE SHIP LESVES HARBOUR嚴禁吸煙 NO SMOKING出口（安全門） EXIT 專用名詞中首字母大寫:示例: 本社 the Society本社驗船師 the Surveyor總部 the Headquarters主管機關(guān) the Administration有特殊習慣寫法的專用名詞有：船旗國 the fl

36、ag State港口國 the port State2.5 數(shù)量2.5.1 數(shù)量表示（1）數(shù)字的翻譯應(yīng)嚴格按照中文原稿，做到準確無誤。一般，19 的整數(shù)譯成英文，除此以外的其他數(shù)字直接用阿拉伯數(shù)字表示。例 1: 對于船齡在 10 年及以上的載運危險貨物的船舶，在貨物區(qū)域內(nèi)，選擇 2 個與船體構(gòu)成整體的處所，可包括雙層底艙（如設(shè)有時），作為內(nèi)部檢查。For ships of 10 years of age and over carrying dangerous cargoes, internal examination of two selected spaces within the carg

37、o area, such spaces being integral with the hull which may include double bottoms, if fitted, is to be carried out.（2）但是，在下列情況下，英語譯文中仍應(yīng)使用阿拉伯數(shù)字表示。 國際單位或單位符號前的數(shù)字（如 : 長度、重量、速度、功 率、角度和溫度等）例 1: 水線以下0.4 m0.4 m below the waterline例 2：速度至少3.5 m/sa velocity of at least 3.5 m/s例 3：輸出功率355 kWa power output of

38、355 kW例 4：橫傾角大于20ºan angle of heel greater than 20º例 5：在環(huán)境溫度-30 at an ambient temperature of 30 例 6：速度3節(jié)的條件下at a speed of 3 knots 表示百分數(shù)、倍數(shù)、比率和一段時間（天、星期、月、年、分和秒等）例 1: 和一年前的14相比，僅為總額的4only 4% of the total, as compared with 14% the previous year例 2：不少于直徑的4倍not less than 4 times the diameter例

39、3：含油量在百萬分之5至8an oil content of between 5 and 8 per million例 4：在5分鐘以內(nèi)within a period of 5 min例 5：不遲于船員上船后的兩個星期not later than 2 weeks after a crew member joins the ship例 6：每3個月一次once every 3 months（3）日期的表示按日、月至年的次序表示。其中月份采用字母拼寫形式且不能縮寫，而日和年的則用阿拉伯數(shù)字。例 1：對在貨物運輸中存在堆裝和系固的現(xiàn)有船舶，在1996年7月1日以后應(yīng)配備經(jīng)本社批準的貨物系固手冊。Ex

40、isting ships where stowage and securing are adopted in cargo transportion are to be provided with a Cargo Securing Manual approved by the Society form 1 July 1996.（4）期限可有多種表示，一般，如有具體日期的可用before/after/from + 具體日期；沒有具體日期的，則可用 the date of + 名詞結(jié)構(gòu)的形式來完成。例 1：經(jīng)審批圖紙的有效期，自圖紙批準之日起至船舶開始建造（安放龍骨或類似建造階段）之日應(yīng)不超過4年。

41、The term of validity of the approved plans from the approval date of the plans to the date of commencement of construction of the ship (the keel of which is laid or which is at a similar stage of construction) is not to exceed 4 years.2.5.2 數(shù)量的比較（1）等量、小于和大于一般情況下，表示等量的可以用 of 表示，而and more (above/over)

42、的含義為及其以上。小于一般用 less than；大于一般用 more than。例 1：對船長在150m及以上的現(xiàn)有散裝貨船，最遲應(yīng)在1997年7月1日之前按第2篇2.2.12.5的規(guī)定裝備裝載儀。Existing bulk carriers of 150 m and above in length are to be provided with a loading instrument before 1 July 1997, in accordance with the requirements of 2.2.12.5 of PART TWO.例 2：對經(jīng)常作業(yè)于水深超過100m海域的漁船

43、，一般應(yīng)設(shè)有深水拋錨裝置，該裝置可用鋼索代替錨鏈。For fishing vessels usually operating at areas of more than 100 m in depth, deep-sea anchor gears are to be provided, for which steel wires may be used instead of chain cables.例 3：船長小于60m的船舶，其外板最小厚度應(yīng)不小于5mm。For ships of less than 60 m in length, the minimum thickness of shell

44、 plating is not to be less than 5 mm.（2）不大于用 not more than；不小于用 not less than。例 1：消防水帶的長度一般為15m，其直徑應(yīng)不小于38mm，但不大于65 mm。The hoses are to be 15 m in length and not less than 38 mm but not more than 65 mm in diameter.（3）文字中出現(xiàn)在兩項之間“取較小者”或“取較大者”時，可譯為 whichever is the lesser 或 whichever is the greater；如在兩項

45、以上中“取最小者”或“最大者”時，則可譯為 whichever id the least 或 whichever is the greatest。例 1：在螺母和承座之間應(yīng)設(shè)墊圈，墊圈的尺寸應(yīng)按下列格式計算：墊圈厚度0.13dg；墊圈外徑0.13Du（Du見圖3.1.8.5所示）或1.6dg，取大者。Rings are to be fitted between the nut and bearing carrier, and the scantlings of the rings are to be determined form the following requirements:The

46、thickness of the rings is to be not less than 0.13 dg;The external diameter of the rings is not be less than 1.3 Du(Du as shown in Fig.3.1.8.5) or 1.6dg, whichever is the greater.例 2：式中：s鍵、舵桿或承座材料的屈服應(yīng)力，N/mm2，取最小者。Where: syield stress, in N/mm2, of material used for keys, rudder stock or bearing carr

47、ier, whichever is the least.（4）數(shù)量范圍：兩個數(shù)值之間則可用 to 表示；在某個數(shù)值之內(nèi)的用 within 表示。例 1：舵桿與舵頁間采用液壓裝配或冷縮配合無鍵錐形連接，具有直徑為1:121:20的錐度。Where the hydraulic fitting or shrinking is adopted for the keyless cone connection of rudder stock and rudder blade, the taper of the cone frustum id to be on diameter 1:12 to 1:20.例

48、 2：在離車輛甲板450 mm 的高度內(nèi)及在排氣通風導管內(nèi)，可安裝合格防爆電氣設(shè)備。Where it is fitted within a height of 450 mm above the car deck and exhaust ventilation trunking, electrical equipment is to be of certified safe type.2.6 公式、插圖和表格2.6.1 公式公式的翻譯應(yīng)嚴格按照中文，并且注意其字母大小寫、正斜體、上下標和括號、根號、分數(shù)等的寫法。說明部分的“式中”一詞應(yīng)譯為“where”，單位前用 in。例 1：支持甲板縱骨的強橫梁剖面模數(shù)W應(yīng)不小于按下式計算所得之值：W5Shl2 cm3 式中：S強橫梁間距，m；h甲板的計算壓頭，m；按本節(jié)2.8.1.1 的規(guī)定；l強橫梁跨距，m。The section modulus W of deck transverses supporting deck longitudinals is to be not less than that obtained form the following formula:W5Shl2 cm3 Where: Sspacing of deck transverse, in m； Hdesign hea