Get清風劉炳善英國文學簡史筆記免費

1、劉炳善英國文學簡史完整版 筆記（免費）英國文學簡史完全版A Concise History of British LiteratureChapter 1 English Literature of Anglo-Saxon PeriodI. Introduction1. The historical background1 Before the Germanic invasion2During the Germanic invasiona. immigration;b. Christianity;c. heptarchy.d. social classes structure: hide-hun

2、dred; eoldermen lord- thane -middle class freemen - lower class slave or bondmen: theow;e. social organization: clan or tribes.f. military Organization;g. Church function: spirit, civil service, education;h. economy: coins, trade, slavery;i. feasts and festival: Halloween, Easter; j. legal system.j.

3、 The Overview of the culturek. The mixture of pagan and Christian spirit.l. Literature: a. Poetry: two types; b. prose: two figures.II. Beowulf.1. A general introduction.2. The content.3. The literary features.11the use of alliteration12the use of metaphors and understatements3 the mixture of pagan

4、and Christian elementsIII. The Old English Prose1. What is prose?1The Venerable Bede2Alfred the Great1. The Historical Background.1The year 1066: Norman Conquest.12 The social situations soon after the conquest.A. Norman nobles and serfs;B. restoration of the church.3The 11th century.A. the crusade

5、and knights.B. dominance of French and Latin;4 The 12th century.A. the centralized government;B. kings and the church Henry II and Thomas;5The 13th century.A. The legend of Robin Hood;B. Magna Carta 1215;C. the beginning of the ParliamentD. English and Latin: official languages the end6The 14th cent

6、ury.a. the House of Lords and the House of Commons conflict between the Parliament and Kings;b. the rise of towns.c. the change of Church.d. the role of women.e. the Hundred Years' War starting.f. the development of the trade: London.g. the Black Death.h. the Peasants' Revolt1381.i. The tran

7、slation of Bible by Wycliffe.7The 15th century.a. The Peasants Revolt 1453b. The War of Roses between Lancaster and Yorks.c. the printing-press William Caxton.d. the starting of Tudor Monarchy1485j. The Overview of Literature.1 the stories from the Celtic lands of Wales and Brittany great myths of t

8、he Middle Ages.2 Geoffrye of Monmouth Historia Regum Britanniae -King Authur.3WaceLe Roman de Brut.4 The romance.5 the second half of the 14th century: Langland, Gawin poet, Chaucer.II. Sir Gawin and Green Knight.1. A general introduction.2. The plot.III. William Langland.1. Life2. Piers the Plowman

9、IV. Chaucer1. Life2. Literary Career: three periods1 French period12 Italian period13 master period3. The Canterbury TalesA. The Framework;B. The General Prologue;C. The Tale Proper.4. His Contribution.1 He introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types. 2He is the first great poet who wr

10、ote in the current English language. 3 The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.V. Popular Ballads.VI. Thomas Malory and English ProseVII. The beginning of English Drama.1. Miracle Pl

11、ays.Miracle play or mystery play is a form of medieval drama that came from dramatization of the liturgy of the Roman Catholic Church. It developed from the 10th to the 16th century, reaching its height in the 15th century. The simple lyric character of the early texts was enlarged by the addition o

12、f dialogue and dramatic action. Eventually the performance was moved to the churchyard and the marketplace.2. Morality Plays.A morality play is a play enforcing a moral truth or lesson by means of the speech and action of characters which are personified abstractions figures representing vices and v

13、irtues, qualities of the human mind, or abstract conceptions in general.3. Interlude.The interlude, which grew out of the morality, was intended, as its name implies, to be used more as Aller than as the main part of an entertainment. As its best it was short, witty, simple in plot, suited for the d

14、iversion of guests at a banquet, or for the relaxation of the audience between the divisions of a serious play. It was essentially an indoors performance, and generally of an aristocratic nature.Chapter 3 English Literature in the Renaissance I.A Historical BackgroundII. The Overview of the Literatu

15、re 1485-1660Printing press readership growth of middle class trade-education for laypeople-centralization of power-intellectual life-exploration-new impetus and direction of literature.Humanism-study of the literature of classical antiquity and reformed education.Literary style-modeled on the ancien

16、ts.The effect of humanism-the dissemination of the cultivated, clear, and sensible attitude of its classically educated adherents.1. poetryThe first tendency by Sidney and Spenser: ornate, florid, highly figured style.The second tendency by Donne: metaphysical stylecomplexity and ingenuity.The third

17、 tendency by Johnson: reactionClassically pure andrestrained style.The fourth tendency by Milton: central Christian and Biblical tradition.2. Dramaa. the native tradition and classical examples.b. the drama stands highest in popular estimation: Marlowe - Shakespeare - Jonson.3. Prosea. translation o

18、f Bible;b. More;c. Bacon.II. English poetry.1. Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard courtly makers1 Wyatt: introducing sonnets.2 Howard: introducing sonnets and writing the first blank verse.2. Sir Philip Sidney poet, critic, prose writer1Life:a. English gentleman;b. brilliant and fascinating personali

19、ty;c. courtier.2worksa. Arcadia: pastoral romance;b. Astrophel and Stella 108: sonnet sequence to Penelope Dvereux platonic devotion.Petrarchan conceits and original feelings-moving to creativeness building of a narrative story; theme-love originality-act of writing.c. Defense of Poesy: an apology f

20、or imaginative literature beginning of literary criticism.3. Edmund Spenser1 life: Cambridge - Sidney's friend - aAreopagus- Ireland -Westminster Abbey.2worksa. The Shepherds Calendar: the budding of English poetry in Renaissance.b. Amoretti and Epithalamion: sonnet sequencec. Faerie Queen:l The

21、 general endA romantic and allegorical epic steps to virtue.l 12 books and 12 virtues: Holiness, temperance, justice and courtesy.l Two-level function: part of the story and part of allegory symbolic meaningl Many allusions to classical writers.L Themes: puritanism, nationalism, humanism and Renaiss

22、ance Neoclassicisma Christian humanist.13 Spenserian Stanza.III. English Prose1. Thomas More1 Life:"Renaissance man” , scholar, statesman, theorist, prosewriter, diplomat, patron of artsa. learned Greek at Canterbury College, Oxford;b. studies law at Lincoln Inn;c. Lord Chancellor;d. beheaded.2

23、 Utopia: the first English science fiction.Written in Latin, two parts, the second place of nowhere.A philosophical mariner Raphael Hythloday tells his voyages in which he discovers a land-Utopia.a. The part one is organized as dialogue with mariner depicting his philosophy.b. The part two is a desc

24、ription of the island kingdom where gold and silver are worn by criminal, religious freedom is total and no one owns anything.c. the nature of the book: attacking the chief political and social evils of his time.d. the book and the Republic: an attempt to describe the Republic in a new way, but it p

25、ossesses an modern character and the resemblance is in externals.e. it played a key role in the Humanist awakening of the 16th century which moved away from the Medieval otherworldliness towards Renaissance secularism.f. the Utopia3 the significance.a. it was the first champion of national ideas and

26、 national languages; it created a national prose, equally adapted to handling scientific and artistic material.b. a elegant Latin scholar and the father of English prose: he composed works in English, translated from Latin into English biography, wrote History of Richard III.2. Francis Bacon: writer

27、, philosopher and statesman1 life: Cambridge - humanism in Paris knighted - Lord Chancellor-bribery - focusing on philosophy and literature.12 philosophical ideas: advancement of science people: servants and interpreters of nature method: a child before nature facts and observations: experimental.3“

28、Essays : 57.a. he was a master of numerous and varied styles.b. his method is to weigh and balance maters, indicating the ideal courseof action and the practical one, pointing out the advantages and disadvantages of each, but leaving the reader to make the final decisions. argumentsIV. English Drama

29、1. A general survey.1 Everyman marks the beginning of modern drama.2 two influences.a. the classics: classical in form and English in content;b. native or popular drama.3the University Wits.2. Christopher Marlowe: greatest playwright before Shakespeare and most gifted of the Wits.3. Life: first inte

30、rested in classical poetry then in drama.4. Major worksa. Tamburlaine;b. The Jew of Malta;c. The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.3 The significance of his plays.V. William Shakespeare1. Life11564, Stratford-on-Avon;2 Grammar School;13 Queen visit to Castle;4 marriage to Anne Hathaway;15 London, t

31、he Globe Theatre: small part and proprietor;6the 1st Folio, Quarto;7Retired, son Hamlet; H. 1616.2. Dramatic career3. Major plays-men-centered.1 Romeo and Juliettragic love and fate2The Merchant of Venice.Good over evil.Anti-Semitism.3Henry IV .National unity.Falstaff.14 Julius CaesarRepublicanism v

32、s. dictatorship.5HamletRevengeGood/evil.6OthelloDiabolic character jealousygap between appearance and reality.7 King LearFilial ingratitude8 MacbethAmbition vs. fate.19Antony and Cleopatra.Passion vs. reason10The TempestReconciliation; reality and illusion.3. Non-dramatic poetry1 Venus and Adonis; T

33、he Rape of Lucrece.12Sonnets:a. theme: fair, true, kind.b. two major parts: a handsome young man of noble birth; a lady in dark complexion.c. the form: three quatrains and a couplet.d. the rhyme scheme: abab, cdcd, efef, gg.VI. Ben Jonson1. life: poet, dramatist, a Latin and Greek scholar, the ”lite

34、rary kingSons of Ben2.contribution:1the idea of humor".2 an advocate of classical drama and a forerunner of classicism in English literature.3. Major plays1 Everyone in His Humor - humor" ; three unities.2Volpone the FoxChapter 4 English Literature of the 17th Century I.A Historical Backgr

35、oundII. The Overview of the Literature 1640-16881. The revolution period11 The metaphysical poets;12 The Cavalier poets.3 Milton: the literary and philosophical heritage of the Renaissance merged with Protestant political and moral conviction2. The restoration period.1 The restoration of Charles II

36、ushered in a literature characterized by reason, moderation, good taste, deft management and simplicity. school of Ben Jonson1662were influential2 The ideals of impartial investigation and scientific experimentation promoted by the newly founded Royal Society ofLondon for Improving Natural Knowledge

37、in the development of clear and simple prose as an instrument ofrational communication.13 The great philosophical and political treatises of the time emphasize rationalism.4 The restoration drama.5 The Age of Dryden.III. John Milton1. Life: educated at Cambridge visiting the continent involved into

38、the revolution persecutedwriting epics.2. Literary career.1 The 1st period was up to 1641, during which time he is to be seen chiefly as a son of the humanists and Elizabethans, although his Puritanism is not absent. L'Allegre and IL Pens eroso 1632are his early masterpieces, in which we find Mi

39、lton a true offspring of the Renaissance, a scholar of exquisite taste and rare culture. Next came Comus, a masque. The greatest of early creations was Lycidas, a pastoral elegy on the death of a college mate, Edward King.2 The second period is from 1641 to 1654, when the Puritan was in such complet

40、e ascendancy that he wrote almost no poetry. In 1641, he began a long period of pamphleteering for the puritan cause. For some 15 years, the Puritan in him alone ruled his writing. Hesacrificed his poetic ambition to the call of the liberty for whichPuritans were fighting.3 The third period is from

41、1655 to 1671, when humanist andPuritan have been fused into an exalted entity. This period is the greatest in his literary life, epics and some famous sonnets. The three long poems are the fruit of the long contest within Milton of Renaissance tradition and his Puritan faith. They form the greatest

42、accomplishments of any English poet except Shakespeare. In Milton alone, it would seem, Puritanism could not extinguish the lover of beauty. In these works we find humanism and Puritanism merged in magnificence.3. Major Works11 Paradise Losta. the plot.b. characters.c. theme: justify the ways of God

43、 to man.d. Paradise Regained.e. Samson Agonistes.4. Features of Milton's works.1 Milton is one of the very few truly great English writers who is also a prominent figure in politics, and who is both a great poet and an important prose writer. The two most essential things to beremembered about h

44、im are his Puritanism and his republicanism.2 Milton wrote many different types of poetry. He is especially a great master of blank verse. He learned much from Shakespeare and first used blank verse in non-dramatic works.3Milton is a great stylist. He is famous for his grand style notedfor its digni

45、ty and polish, which is the result of his life-long classical and biblical study.4Milton has always been admired for his sublimity of thoughtand majesty of expression.IV.John Bunyan1. Life:11 puritan age;12poor family;3parliamentary army;14Baptist society, preacher;5prison, writing the book.2. The P

46、ilgrim Progress1 The allegory in dream form.2the plot.13the theme.V. Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poets.1. Metaphysical PoetsThe term “ metaphysical poetry is commonly used to designate the works of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. Pressured by the harsh, unco

47、mfortable and curious age, the metaphysical poets sought to shatter myths and replace them with new philosophies, new sciences, new words and new poetry. They tried to break away from the conventional fashion of Elizabethan love poetry, and favoured in poetry for a more colloquial language and tone,

48、 a tightness of expression and the single-minded working out of a theme or argument.2. Cavalier PoetsThe other group prevailing in this period was that of Cavalier poets.They were often courtiers who stood on the side of the king, and called themselves“sonsof Ben Jonson. The Cavalier poets wroteligh

49、t poetry, polished and elegant, amorous and gay, but often superficial. Most of their verses were short songs, pretty madrigals, love fancies characterized by lightness of heart and of morals Cavalier poems have the limpidity of the Elizabethan lyric without its imaginative flights. They are lighter

50、 and neater but less fresh than the Elizabethan's.VI. John Dryden.1. Life:1 the representative of classicism in the Restoration.12poet, dramatist, critic, prose writer, satirist.13 changeable in attitude.14Literary career four decades.15Poet Laureate2. His influences.3. He established the heroic

51、 couplet as the fashion for satiric, didactic, and descriptive poetry.4. He developed a direct and concise prose style.5. He developed the art of literary criticism in his essays and inthe numerous prefaces to his poems.Chapter 5 English Literature of the 18th CenturyI. Introduction1. The Historical

52、 Background.2. The literary overview.3. The Enlightenment.4. The rise of English novels.When the literary historian seeks to assign to each age its favourite form of literature, he finds no difficulty in dealing with our own time. As the Middle Ages delighted in long romantic narrative poems, the El

53、izabethans in drama, the Englishman of the reigns of Anne and the early Georges in didactic and satirical verse, so the public of our day is enamored of the novel. Almost all types of literary production continue to appear, but whether we judge from the lists of publishers, the statistics of public

54、libraries, or general conversation, we find abundant evidence of the enormous preponderance of this kind of literary entertainment in popular favor.5. Neo-classicism: a revival in the seventeenth and eighteenthcenturies of classical standards of order, balance, and harmony in literature. John Dryden

55、 and Alexander Pope were major exponents of the neo-classical school.6. Satiric literature.7. SentimentalismII. Neo-classicism. a general description1. Alexander Pope1Life:a. Catholic family;b. ill health;c. taught himself by reading and translating;d. friend of Addison, Steele and Swift.12three gro

56、ups of poems:e. An Essay on Criticism manifesto of neo-classicism;f. The Rape of Lock;g. Translation of two epics.3His contribution:h. the heroic couplet finish, elegance, wit, pointedness;i. satire.4 weakness: lack of imagination.j. Addison and Steelek. Richard Steele: poet, playwright, essayist, publisher of newspaper.l. Joseph Addison: studies at Oxford, secretary of state, created a literary periodical“ Spect atwith Steele, 1711m. Spectator Club.n. The significance of their essays.a. Their writings in" The' Titled“ The Spect