最新歐洲文化入門練習(xí)及參考答案資料

1、精品文檔歐洲文化入門各章練習(xí)及答案第一章填空題：1. The richness of European Culture was created by element andelement. Greco-Roman Judeo-Christian2. The Homer 's epics consisted of. Iliad and Odyssey3. is the first writer of “ problem plays ”. Euripides4. is called “ Father of History”. Herodotus5. is the greatest hist

2、orian that ever lived. Thucydides6. The dividing range in the Roman history refers to . 27 B.C.7. “I came, I saw, I conqueredi.s a famo”us saying by . Julius Caesar8. The representation form of Greek Democracy is . citizen-assembly.判斷題1. Euclid says “ Give me a place to stand, and I will move the wo

3、rld ArchimedeS' . ( x )2. Herodotus 'hsstorical writi ng is on the war betwee n An the ns and Sparta. ( X Greeks and Persians名詞解釋：1. Pax Romana答：In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana2. “Democ

4、racy'nicnieant Greecethe w答：1)Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people ', but in Greece bypeople ' the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens.2) Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy. 論述題：1. How did the Greek Culture originate and develop?1)

5、 Probably around 1200 B.C., a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics.2) Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C.A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century.B. The establishment of democ

6、racy.C. The flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens.3) The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.4) In the second half of the 4th century B.C., Greece was conquered by Alexander, king of Macedon. Whenever he went精品文檔精品文檔and conquered

7、, whenever Greek culture was found.5) Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146 B.C., the Romans conquered Greece.2. What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development? 答： There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greek culture in Europe and

8、 elsewhere Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.1) Spirit of innovationThe Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; They speculated freely about the nature of

9、 the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters of any inherited orthodoxy.2) Supreme AchievementThe Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc.3) Lasting effectA. C

10、ountless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homer' sepics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes 'cosmedies, Plato ' s Dialogues,ect.B. In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their ad

11、miration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics: Byron ' sIsles of Greece, Shelley 'Hs ellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats 's Ode on a Grecian Urn. C. In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce modernist masterpiece Ulysses.3.

12、 What is the similarity and difference between Greek culture and Roman culture?答： 1) similarities:A. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly.B. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified, and their myths to be fused.C. Their la

13、nguagesworked in similar ways, both being members of the Indo-European language family.2) differences:A. The Romans built up a vast empire; the Greeks didn ' te,xcept for the brief moment of Alexander ' s conquests, which soon disintegrated.B. The Romans were confident in their own organizat

14、ional power, their military and administrative capabilities.4. What is the Rome historical background? 精品文檔答：1) The history of Rome divided into two periods: Before the year 27 B.C., Rome had been a republic; from the year 27 B.C., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus an

15、d Roman Empire began.2) Two centuries later, the Roman Empire reached its climax, marked by land area ' sextension: Encircling the Mediterranean.3) Strong military power: the famous Roman legions.4) In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the

16、Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana.5) Another important contribution made by the Romans to European culture was Roman Law.6) The empire began to decline in the 3rd century.A. In the 4th century the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium.Renamed it Constantinople (modern

17、Istanbul).B. After 395, the empire was divided into East (The Byzantine Empire) and WestC. In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by Goths and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire.D. The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.第二章填空題：1. is by far th

18、e most influential in the West. Christianity2. The Hebrews history was recorded in of the Bible. the Old Testament3. The New Testament is about . the doctrine of Jesus Christ4. The story about God's flooding to the human being and only good-virtue being saved was recorded in Genesis,Pentateuch,

19、the Old Testament, the Bible, which was known as . Noah's Ark.5. The Birth of Jesus was recorded in . Matthew6. The story about Jesusbeing pinned in the cross to death was known as . The LastSupper.7. The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was

20、copied out by handby the early group of reformers led by . John Wycliff.名詞解釋:1. The Old TestamentThe Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. The word “ Testamentm”eans “agreement t”he, 精品文檔精品文檔 agreement betwee

21、n God and Man.2. PentateuchThe Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy.3. GenesisGenesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells a

22、bout a religious account of the origin of the Hebrews people, including the origin of the world and of man, the career of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.4. ExodusExodus is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious history of the Hebrews during their flight from

23、Egypt, the period when they began to receive God' s Law. Joshuthe people safely back toCanaan.5. The Book of DanielThe Book of Daniel belongs to The Old Testament of the Bible. It tells about the Hebrews being carried away into Babylon.論述簡答題：1. What are the beliefs of Christianity? 答： Christiani

24、ty based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it from all other religions.1) One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind.2) The other is that God gave his only begotten son , so that wh

25、osoever believes in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.2. What are the different translation editions of the Bible?答：1)The oldest exta nt Greek tran slati on of the Old Testame nt is known as the Septuag int. And it is still in use in the Greek Church today. But it only translated the

26、Old Testament.2) The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edition, which was donein 385-405 A.D. By St. Jerome in common people's lanItguabgeec.ame the official Bible of theRoman Catholic Church throughout the world.3) The first English version of whole Bible was t

27、ranslated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.4) After John Wycliff's version, appeared William Tyndale's version. It was based on the orHebrew and Greek sources.5) The Great Bible ordered by Henry Vfflin 1539 to be pl

28、aced in all theEnglish churches was in part founded on Tyndale 's work.6) The most important and influential of English Bible is the“Authorized ” or “King James”精品文檔精品文檔first published in 1611. It was produced by 54 biblical scholars at the command of King James. With its simple, majestic Anglo-

29、Saxon tongue, it is known as the greatest book in the English languages.7) The Revised Version appeared in 1885, and the standard American edition of the Revised Version in 1901.8) The Good News Bible and the New English Bible.3. What is the great significance of the translations of the bible?答： 1)

30、It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English.2) Miltion ' sParadise Lost, Bunyan' s Pilgrim ' sProgress, Byron ' s Cain, up to the contemporary Hemingway' s The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbeck 'Easst of Eden. They ar

31、e not influenced without the effect of the Bible.第三章 填空題：1. In a Germanic (日耳曼 ) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control ofthe government. 4762. After 1054, the church was divided into and . theRoman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.3. is the one who translated into Lat

32、in both Old and New Testament from the Hebrew andGreek originals. St. Jerome4. introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse.5. Both are the best representative of the middle English. Chaucer and The CanterburyTales6. paved the way for the development of what is the prese

33、nt-day European culture. theMiddel Ages 名詞解釋1. the Middle agesIn European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages. The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specif

34、ic, from the 5th century to 15th century.2. FeudalismFeudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding a system of holding land in exchangefor military service. The word“ feudalism ” was derived from the Latin“.feudum” , a g3. The ManorThe centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor.

35、 Manors were 精品文檔founded on the fiefs of the lords. By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles.4. Carolingian RenaissanceCarolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne ' sname in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting face

36、t of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.5. Gothic1) The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe.2) It lasted from

37、 the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in history.3) The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque. 論述簡答題：1. Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith？ 答：1) During the Medieval times there was no

38、 central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.2) The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influence.3) In the Late middle ages, almost everyone in western Europe was a Christian and a member of the Christian Churc

39、h. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learningfor hundreds of years.4) It shaped people's lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the“ Age2. What is the great significance of the Crusades?答： 1) The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they

40、 greatly influenced the history of Europe.2) During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine, kings at home found opportunities to strengthen themselves. Thus among other things, Crusades helped to break down feudalism, which, in turn led to the rise of the monarchies.3) Be

41、sides, through their contact with the more cultured Byzantines and Moslems, the western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire for wealth or power began to overshadow their religious ideals.4) The Crusades also resulted in renewing people ' s interest in learning and invention.

42、By the 13th century, universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals, algebra , and Arab medicine were introduced to the West.5) As trade increased, village and towns began to grow into cities. And the rise of towns and trade in western Europe paved the way of the growth o

43、f strong national governments.精品文檔精品文檔3. How did learning and science develop in the Middle Ages?答： 1) Charlemagne and Carolingian Renaissance:A. He was crowned “ Emperor of the Romans ” by the pope in 800.B. Carolingian Renaissanceis derived from Charlemagne 'nsame in Latin, Carolus. The most i

44、nteresting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.2) Alfred the Great and Wessex Centre of Learning:A. He promoted translations into the vernacular from L

45、atin works.B. He also inspired the compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.3) St. Thomas Aquinas and Scholasticism:4) Roger Bacon and Experimental Science:A. Roger Bacon, a monk, was one of the earliest advocates of scientific research.B. He called for careful observation and experimentation. His

46、main work was the Opus maius.4. How did literature develop in the middle ages?答： 1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature.“ National epic ” referes etopitch written in vernacular languagesthat is, the languages of various national

47、states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Rol

48、and were the representative works of the National Epics.2) Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy:A. His masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature.B. The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed the spirit of Renaissance.C. Dante wrote his masterpiece in It

49、alian rather than in Latin.3) Geoffery Chaucer andThe Canterbury Tales:A. The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work.B. Most of the tales are written in verse which reflects Chaucer' s innovation by introducinative alliterative verse the French and Italian styles.C. Chaucer is thus to be ,

50、regarded as the first short story teller and the first modern poet in English literature.D. Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle ages.5. What is the difference between the vernacular language used in the National epics and the vernacular language used by Mark twain?精品文檔

51、精品文檔答：1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature.“ National epic ” refers to the epic written in vernacular languathgaetsis, the languagesof various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no long

52、er all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) The vernacular l

53、anguage used by Mark twain refers to both local and colloq language used in the Mississippi area, with a strong characteristic of that region. Mark twain used vernacular language not only in dialogue, but also in narration.3) His representative works Life on the Mississippi.6. What were the power an

54、d influence of the Roman Catholic church in the Medieval times?1) With a highly centralized and disciplined international organization from priests to Pope, the Roman Catholic Church seemed to be the only unity across the western Europe of the Medieval times. It developed a civilization based on Chr

55、istianity and helped to preserve and pass on the heritage of the classical cultures by the official language of Latin.2) with the Pope as the supreme head of all the Christian Churches of the western Europe, the Catholic (meaning universal) church received heavy taxes from lay people and various sup

56、ports from nobles and kings. Church could remove any opponents political rights or even emperors, with the powerful symbol of the Inquisition, the Church court to punish heresy.3) TheMedieval Churchwasthecenterof theEuropeans 'daily lifeandalmosteveryone became amember oftheChurch.People turned

57、totheChurchforcomfortand spiritualguidance;theChurch also was the center of holy communion, recreation, trade and communal activity.4) Clergy then was the only literate class, so kings and nobles used them to implement important secular governmental duties.5) The Church took the lead in politic s, l

58、aw, art, and learning throughout the“Age of Faithexample, Romanesqueand Gothic arts were predominantly religious; in learning, it influenced greatly the western thinking with the monks'work on copying and translating ancient books, theChurch Fathers ' philosoMphoyn,asticism, Scholasticism and Experimental science.6) originally for regaining the holy city of Jerusalem, the Church launched 200-year Crusades, which helped to bread down feudalism and enhanced the cultural contact between the West and the East.第四章