electric power engineering handbook leonard l. grigsby電力工程手冊(cè)英文原版電氣工程教材教程

1、Electric Power Engineering Handbook Leonard L. Grigsby電力工程手冊(cè)英文原版電氣工程教材教程Electric Power Engineering HandbookSecond EditionEdited by Leonard L. GrigsbyElectric Power Generation, Transmission, and DistributionEdited by Leonard L. Grigsby Electric Power Transformer Engineering, Second EditionEdited by J

2、ames H. HarlowElectric Power Substations Engineering, Second EditionEdited by John D. McDonaldPower SystemsEdited by Leonard L. GrigsbyPower System Stability and ControlEdited by Leonard L. Grigsby? 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.The Electrical Engineering Handbook SeriesSeries EditorRi

3、chard C. DorfUniversity of California, DavisTitles Included in the SeriesThe Handbook of Ad Hoc Wireless Networks, Mohammad IlyasThe Biomedical Engineering Handbook, Third Edition, Joseph D. BronzinoThe Circuits and Filters Handbook, Second Edition, Wai-Kai ChenThe Communications Handbook, Second Ed

4、ition, Jerry GibsonThe Computer Engineering Handbook, Second Edtion, Vojin G. OklobdzijaThe Control Handbook, William S. LevineThe CRC Handbook of Engineering Tables, Richard C. DorfThe Digital Avionics Handbook, Second Edition Cary R. SpitzerThe Digital Signal Processing Handbook, Vijay K. Madisett

5、i and Douglas WilliamsThe Electrical Engineering Handbook, Third Edition, Richard C. DorfThe Electric Power Engineering Handbook, Second Edition, Leonard L. GrigsbyThe Electronics Handbook, Second Edition, Jerry C. WhitakerThe Engineering Handbook, Third Edition, Richard C. DorfThe Handbook of Formu

6、las and Tables for Signal Processing, Alexander D. PoularikasThe Handbook of Nanoscience, Engineering, and Technology, Second Edition,William A. Goddard, III, Donald W. Brenner, Sergey E. Lyshevski, and Gerald J. IafrateThe Handbook of Optical Communication Networks, Mohammad Ilyas andHussein T. Mou

7、ftahThe Industrial Electronics Handbook, J. David IrwinThe Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook, John G. WebsterThe Mechanical Systems Design Handbook, Osita D.I. Nwokah and Yidirim HurmuzluThe Mechatronics Handbook, Second Edition, Robert H. BishopThe Mobile Communications Handbook, S

8、econd Edition, Jerry D. GibsonThe Ocean Engineering Handbook, Ferial El-HawaryThe RF and Microwave Handbook, Second Edition, Mike GolioThe Technology Management Handbook, Richard C. DorfThe Transforms and Applications Handbook,Second Edition, Alexander D. PoularikasThe VLSI Handbook, Second Edition,

9、 Wai-Kai Chen? 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.Electric Power Engineering HandbookSecond EditionPOWER SYSTEMSEdited by Leonard L. Grigsby? 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.Table of ContentsPrefaceEditorContributorsIPower System Analysis and Simulation1The Per-Unit SystemCharle

10、s A. Gross2Symmetrical Components for Power System AnalysisTim A. Haskew3Power Flow AnalysisLeonard L. Grigsby and Andrew P. Hanson4Fault Analysis in Power SystemsCharles A. Gross5Computational Methods for Electric Power SystemsMariesa L. CrowIIPower System Transients6Characteristics of Lightning St

11、rokesFrancisco de la Rosa7Overvoltages Caused by Direct Lightning StrokesPritindra Chowdhuri8Overvoltages Caused by Indirect Lightning StrokesPritindra Chowdhuri9Switching SurgesStephen R. Lambert10Very Fast TransientsJuan A. Martinez-Velasco11Transient-Voltage Response of Coils and WindingsRobert C

12、. Degeneff12Transmission System TransientsGroundingWilliam A. Chisholm? 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.13Surge ArrestersThomas E. McDermott14Insulation CoordinationStephen R. LambertIIIPower System Planning (Reliability)15PlanningGerald B. Sheble16Short-Term Load and Price Forecasting w

13、ith Artificial Neural NetworksAlireza Khotanzad17Transmission Plan EvaluationAssessment of System ReliabilityN. Dag Reppen and James W. Feltes18Power System PlanningHyde M. Merrill19Power System ReliabilityRichard E. Brown20Probabilistic Methods for Planning and Operational AnalysisGerald T. Heydt a

14、nd Peter W. SauerIVPower Electronics21Power Semiconductor DevicesKaushik Rajashekara22Uncontrolled and Controlled RectifiersMahesh M. Swamy23InvertersMichael Giesselmann24Active Filters for Power ConditioningHirofumi Akagi25FACTS ControllersLuis Moran, Juan Dixon, M. Jose éspinoza, and Jose Rod

15、r? guez? 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.PrefaceThe generation, delivery, and utilization of electric power and energy remain one of the most challen-ging and exciting fields of electrical engineering. The astounding technological developments of our ageare highly dependent upon a safe,

16、reliable, and economic supply of electric power. The objective ofElectric Power Engineering Handbook, 2nd Edition is to provide a contemporary overview of this far-reaching field as well as to be a useful guide and educational resource for its study. It is intended todefine electric power engineerin

17、g by bringing together the core of knowledge from all of the many topicsencompassed by the field. The chapters are written primarily for the electric power engineeringprofessional who is seeking factual information, and secondarily for the professional from otherengineering disciplines who wants an

18、overview of the entire field or specific information on one aspectof it.The handbook is published in five volumes. Each is organized into topical sections and chapters in anattempt to provide comprehensive coverage of the generation, transformation, transmission, distribu-tion, and utilization of el

19、ectric power and energy as well as the modeling, analysis, planning, design,monitoring, and control of electric power systems. The individual chapters are different from mosttechnical publications. They are not journal-type chapters nor are they textbook in nature. They areintended to be tutorials o

20、r overviews providing ready access to needed information while at the sametime providing sufficient references to more in-depth coverage of the topic. This work is a member ofthe Electrical Engineering Handbook Series published by CRC Press. Since its inception in 1993, thisseries has been dedicated

21、 to the concept that when readers refer to a handbook on a particular topic theyshould be able to find what they need to know about the subject most of the time. This has indeed beenthe goal of this handbook.This volume of the handbook is devoted to the subjects of power system analysis and simulati

22、on,power system transients, power system planning, and power electronics. If your particular topic ofinterest is not included in this list, please refer to the list of companion volumes seen at the beginning ofthis book.In reading the individual chapters of this handbook, I have been most favorably

23、impressed by howwell the authors have accomplished the goals that were set. Their contributions are, of course, most keyto the success of the work. I gratefully acknowledge their outstanding efforts. Likewise, the expertise anddedication of the editorial board and section editors have been critical

24、in making this handbookpossible. To all of them I express my profound thanks. I also wish to thank the personnel at Taylor &Francis who have been involved in the production of this book, with a special word of thanks to NoraKonopka, Allison Shatkin, and Jessica Vakili. Their patience and per

25、severance have made this task mostpleasant.Leo GrigsbyEditor-in-Chief? 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.? 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.EditorLeonard L. (Leo) Grigsby received his BS and MS in electrical engineering from Texas Tech Universityand his PhD from Oklahoma State U

26、niversity. He has taught electrical engineering at Texas Tech,Oklahoma State University, and Virginia Polytechnic Institute and University. He has been at AuburnUniversity since 1984 first as the Georgia power distinguished professor, later as the Alabama powerdistinguished professor, and currently

27、as professor emeritus of electrical engineering. He also spent ninemonths during 1990 at the University of Tokyo as the Tokyo Electric Power Company endowed chair ofelectrical engineering. His teaching interests are in network analysis, control systems, and powerengineering.During his teaching caree

28、r, Professor Grigsby has received 13 awards for teaching excellence. Theseinclude his selection for the university-wide William E. Wine Award for Teaching Excellence at VirginiaPolytechnic Institute and University in 1980, his selection for the ASEE AT&T Award for TeachingExcellence in 1986,

29、 the 1988 Edison Electric Institute Power Engineering Educator Award, the19901991 Distinguished Graduate Lectureship at Auburn University, the 1995 IEEE Region 3 JosephM. Beidenbach Outstanding Engineering Educator Award, the 1996 Birdsong Superior Teaching Award atAuburn University, and the IEEE Po

30、wer Engineering Society Outstanding Power Engineering EducatorAward in 2003.Professor Grigsby is a fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). During19981999 he was a member of the board of directors of IEEE as director of Division VII for power andenergy. He has served t

31、he Institute in 30 different offices at the chapter, section, regional, andinternational levels. For this service, he has received seven distinguished service awards, the IEEECentennial Medal in 1984, the Power Engineering Society Meritorious Service Award in 1994, and theIEEE Millennium Medal in 20

32、00.During his academic career, Professor Grigsby has conducted research in a variety of projects relatedto the application of network and control theory to modeling, simulation, optimization, and control ofelectric power systems. He has been the major advisor for 35 MS and 21 PhD graduates. With his

33、students and colleagues, he has published over 120 technical papers and a textbook on introductorynetwork theory. He is currently the series editor for the Electrical Engineering Handbook Seriespublished by CRC Press. In 1993 he was inducted into the Electrical Engineering Academy at TexasTech Unive

34、rsity for distinguished contributions to electrical engineering.? 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.? 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.ContributorsHirofumi AkagiTokyo Institute of TechnologyTokyo, JapanRichard E. BrownInfraSource TechnologyRaleigh, North CarolinaWilliam A. Chish

35、olmKinectrics=UQACToronto, Ontario, CanadaPritindra ChowdhuriTennessee Technological UniversityCookeville, TennesseeMariesa L. CrowUniversity of MissouriRollaRolla, MissouriRobert C. DegeneffRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteTroy, New YorkJuan DixonPontificia Universidad Catolica de ChileSantiago, Chi

36、leM. JoseéspinozaUniversidad de ConcepcionConcepcion, ChileJames W. FeltesPower TechnologiesSchenectady, New YorkMichael GiesselmannTexas Tech UniversityLubbock, TexasCharles A. GrossAuburn UniversityAuburn, AlabamaAndrew P. HansonPowerComm EngineeringRaleigh, North CarolinaTim A. HaskewUnivers

37、ity of AlabamaTuscaloosa, AlabamaGerald T. HeydtArizona State UniversityTempe, ArizonaAlireza KhotanzadSouthern Methodist UniversityDallas, TexasStephen R. LambertShawnee Power Consulting, LLCWilliamsburg, VirginiaJuan A. Martinez-VelascoUniversitat Politecnica de CatalunyaBarcelona, SpainThomas E.

38、McDermottEnerNex CorporationPittsburgh, Pennsylvania? 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.Hyde M. MerrillMerrill Energy, LLCSchenectady, New YorkLuis MoranUniversidad de ConcepcionConcepcion, ChileMark NelmsAuburn UniversityAuburn, AlabamaKaushik RajashekaraDelphi Automotive SystemsKokomo, I

39、ndianaN. Dag ReppenNiskayuna Power Consultants, LLCSchenectady, New YorkJose Rodr? guezUniversidad Technica Federico Santa Mar? áValpara?so, ChileFrancisco de la RosaDistribution Control Systems, Inc.Hazelwood, MissouriPeter W. SauerUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbana, IllinoisGera

40、ld B. SheblePortland State UniversityPortland, OregonMahesh M. SwamyYaskawa Electric AmericaWaukegan, Illinois? 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.IPower SystemAnalysis andSimulationLeonard L. GrigsbyAuburn UniversityAndrew P. HansonPowerComm Engineering1 The Per-Unit System Charles A. Gros

41、s . 1 -1Impact on Transformers . Per-Unit Scaling Extended to Three-Phase Systems . Per-Unit ScalingExtended to a General Three-Phase System2 Sy mmetr ical Components for Power System Analysis Tim A. Haskew . 2 -1Fundamental Definitions . Reduction to the Balanced Case . Sequence Network Representat

42、ionin Per-Unit3 Power Flow Analysis Leonard L. Gr ig sby and Andrew P. Hanson . 3 -1Introduction . Power Flow Problem . Formulation of Bus Admittance Matrix . Formulation ofPower Flow Equations . P V Buses . Bus Classifications . Generalized Power Flow Development .Solution Methods . Component Power

43、 Flows4 Fault Analysis in Power Systems Charles A. Gross . 4 -1Simplifications in the System Model . The Four Basic Fault Ty pes . An Example Fault Study .Further Considerations . Summar y . Defining Terms5 Computational Methods for Electr ic Power Systems Mariesa L. Crow . 5 -1Power Flow . Optimal

44、Power Flow . State Estimation? 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.? 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.1The Per-Unit SystemCharles A. GrossAuburn University1.1Impact on Transformers. 1-41.2Per-Unit Scaling Extended to Three-Phase Systems. 1-71.3Per-Unit Scaling Extended to a Genera

45、lThree-Phase System . 1-11In many engineering situations, it is useful to scale or normalize quantities. This is commonly done inpower system analysis, and the standard method used is referred to as the per-unit system. Historically,this was done to simplify numerical calculations that were made by

46、hand. Although this advantage hasbeen eliminated by using the computer, other advantages remain:.Device parameters tend to fall into a relatively narrow range, making erroneous valuesconspicuous.The method is defined in order to eliminate ideal transformers as circuit components.The voltage througho

47、ut the power system is normally close to unity.Some disadvantages are that component equivalent circuits are somewhat more abstract. Sometimesphase shifts that are clearly present in the unscaled circuit are eliminated in the per-unit circuit.It is necessary for power system engineers to become fami

48、liar with the system because of its wideindustrial acceptance and use and also to take advantage of its analytical simplifications. This discussionis limited to traditional AC analysis, with voltages and currents represented as complex phasor values.Per-unit is sometimes extended to transient analys

49、is and may include quantities other than voltage,power, current, and impedance.The basic per-unit scaling equation isPer-unit value ?actual valuebase value:(1:1)The base value always has the same units as the actual value, forcing the per-unit value to bedimensionless. Also, the base value is always

50、 a real number, whereas the actual value may be complex.Representing a complex value in polar form, the angle of the per-unit value is the same as that of theactual value.Consider complex powerS ? VI*(1:2)orSffu ? VffaIff ? bwhere V?phasor voltage, in volts; I?phasor current, in amperes.? 2006 by Ta

51、ylor & Francis Group, LLC.Suppose we ar bitrarily pick a value Sbase, a real number wi th the units of volt-amperes. Div idingthroug h by Sbase ,SffuSbase?Vffa I ff ? bSbase:We fur ther defineVbase I base ? Sbase : (1: 3)Either Vbase or Ibase may be selected arbitrarily, but not both. Substi

52、tuting Eq. (1.3) into Eq. (1.2), we obtainSffuSbase?Vffa Iff ? beTVbaseIbaseSpuffu ?VffaVbase?Iff ? bIbase?Spu? Vpuffa Ipuff ? b?Spu? VpuIpu*(1:4)The subscript pu indicates per-unit values. Note that the form of Eq. (1.4) is identical to Eq. (1.2).This was not inevitable, but resulted from our decis

53、ion to relate VbaseIbaseand Sbasethrough Eq. (1.3).If we select ZbasebyZbase?VbaseIbase?V2baseSbase:(1:5)Convert Ohms law:Z ?VI(1:6)into per-unit by dividing by Zbase.ZZbase?V=IZbaseZpu?V=VbaseI=Ibase?VpuIpu:Observe thatZpu?ZZbase?R t jXZbase?RZbase?t jXZbase?Zpu? Rput jXpu(1:7)Thus, separate bases

54、for R and X are not necessary:Zbase? Rbase? XbaseBy the same logic,Sbase? Pbase? Qbase? 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.Example 1.1(a) Solve for Z, I, and S at Port ab in Fig. 1.1a.(b) Repeat (a) in per-unit on bases of Vbase?100 Vand Sbase?1000 V. Draw the corresponding per-unit circuit

55、.Solution(a) Zab?8 t j12 ? j6?8 t j6?10 ff36.98 VI ?VabZab?100ff0?10ff36:9? 10ff?36:9?amperesS ? V I*? 100ff0?eT 10ff?36:9?eT*? 1000ff36:9? 800 t j600 VAP ? 800 WQ ? 600 var(b) On bases Vbaseand Sbase?1000 VA:Zbase?V2baseSbase?100eT21000? 10 VIbase?SbaseVbase?1000100? 10 AVpu?100ff0?100? 1ff0?puZpu?

56、8 t j12 ? j610? 0:8 t j0:6 pu? 1:0ff36:9?puIpu?VpuZpu?1ff0?1ff36:9? 1ff?36:9?puSpu? VpuIpu* ? 1ff0?eT 1ff?36:9?eT* ? 1ff36:9?pu? 0:8 t j0:6 puConverting results in (b) to SI units:I ? Ipu?Ibase? 1ff?36:9?eT 10eT ? 10ff?36:9?AZ ? Zpu?Zbase? 0:8 t j0:6eT 10eT ? 8 t j6 VS ? Spu?Sbase? 0:8 t j0:6eT 1000

57、eT ? 800 t j600 W, varThe results of (a) and (b) are identical.ab(a)+voltsI?8j12?j61000°(b)b+puI?0.8 puj1.2 pu?j0.6 pu10°FIGURE 1.1(a) Circuit with elements in SI units. (b) Circuit with elements in per-unit.? 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.Arbitrarily select two base values V

58、1baseand S1base. Require base values for windings 2 and 3 to be:V2base?N2N1V1base(1:11a)V3base?N3N1V1base(1:11b)andS1base? S2base? S3base? Sbase(1:12)By definition,I1base?SbaseV1base(1:13a)I2base?SbaseV2base(1:13b)I3base?SbaseV3base(1:13c)It follows thatI2base?N1N2I1base(1:14a)I3base?N1N3I1base(1:14b)Recall that a per-unit value is the actual value divided by its appropriate base. Therefore:V1V1base?N1=N2eTV2V1base(1:15a)andV1V1base?N1=N2eTV2N1=N2eTV2base(1:15b)orV1pu? V2pu(1:15c)indicates per-unit values. Similarly,V1V1base?N1=N3eTV3N1=N3eTV3base(1