戴煒棟Chapter 2 phonology

1、英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)English Linguistics 2.1 The phonic megeeech soundsnWe can analyze speech sounds from various perspectives and the two major areas of study are phonetics and phonology. 2.2 Phonetics2.2.1 What is phonetics ? -A branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and pro

2、vides methods for their description, classification and transcription, e.g. p bilabial, stop. Speech organs: Thrareas- the mouth(The greatest source of modification of the air stream is found in the oral cavity.)Nasal cavity - the nose Pharyngeal cavity（咽腔）- the throat 2.2.4 Classification of Englis

3、h spesonants and vowels)2.2.4.1 Classification sonants1) Stops (or Plosive) (爆破音爆破音): p,b,t,d,k,g 2) fricatives(摩擦音摩擦音): f,v, , ,s, z, ,h3) Affricate (塞擦音塞擦音): /t/ /d/ 4) Liquid (流音流音) /r, l/5) Nasal (鼻音鼻音)：/m/ /n/ /6) Glide (滑音滑音): w, j 2.2.4.2 Classificatiwelsan be divided into two large categorie

4、s:nMonophthongs or pure/single vowelsnDiphthongs or gliding vowels Jones: An Outline of English Phonetics (1918)Black: IPARed: EnglishEnglish vowels2.3. Pho- the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages.2.3.1 Phonologcs2.3.2 Phone, phonee etic unit or segment. The speech sounds we

5、hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. Phones do not necessarily distinguish meaning, some do, some dont, e.g. si:m & ti:m , spi:k & sphi:k.Allop2.3.4 Some ruleyes（序序列列規(guī)規(guī)則）則）nAssimilation rule （同同化化規(guī)規(guī)則）則）nDeletion rule （缺缺失失規(guī)規(guī)則則/省省略略規(guī)規(guī)則則)2.3.4.2 Assimile-assimilates one sou

6、nd to another by “copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar, e.g. the prefix in is pronounced differently when in different phonetic contexts:nindiscreet alveolar nninconceivable velar k ninput bilabial m2.3.4.3 Dele2.3.5. Supras2.3.5.1 Stress(Word stress)tress in English distinguishes meaning, e.g. a shift in stress in English may change the part of speech of a word:nverb: imPORT; increase; rebel; record nnoun: IMport; increase; rebel; record SentencSent