財產(chǎn)法(中英文對照)

1、財產(chǎn)法（中英文對照）The Law of Property 財產(chǎn)法The old common law1 was preeminently the law of real property ； and the distinction between “ real property ” and “ personal property3 ” was a crucial one.Generally speaking ， real property means real estate -1and and buildings but it also includessuch things as grow

2、ing crops. Everything else money， stocks and bonds ， jewelry ， cars ， carloads of lumber ， IOUs ， bank deposits- is personal property. We all have a stake in real estate， since we all livesomewhere； and we work ， study ， and travel somewhere，too. Everyone is a renter or an owner， orlives with renter

3、s or owners. But for most of us，that as far as the law is concerned the word property means primarily real property ； personal property is of minor importance.Actually ， personal property is legally a minor field. There is no single ， special field of law devoted to personal property. Personal prope

4、rty is what contract law ， commercial law ， and bankruptcy law yes ， and torts ， too are all about. Butthere are so many special rilles about real estate that it makes sense to treat this as a separate field of law.Property law is still one of the fundamental branches of law ， and real estate is a s

5、ignificant branch of law practice. Yet property law is a mere shadow of its former self ， legal speaking. In fact one of the major developments in our system ， if you take the long view ， is the relative decline of real property law. In medieval England ， it would have only been a slight exaggeratio

6、n to say that land law was the law of the land. When Blackstone published his “ Commentaries” midway through the eighteenth century ， one whole volume was devoted to land law. A modern Blackstone would shrink the topic to a fractionat mostof theof this bulk 5 or 10 percenttotal law.Medieval England

7、lived under a feudal system.Power and jurisdiction the cornerstones of wealthand position in society were based on land and land alone. The “ lord ” was a person who held an estate - a person with ownership ， mastery ， control over land. A person without land was a person with no real stake in affai

8、rs of state. The common law， as theroyal law courts expounded it had little to say to men and women without land ， who were the majority of the English population. In America ， at one time ， only persons who had interests in land were entitled to vote or hold office. The New York constitution of 177

9、7，for example ， restricted the right to vote forstate senators to men who owned “ freeholds ” with $100 or more ， free and clear of debt ( Article X ) all this ， of course ， has ended ； land is only one form of wealth. A great and powerful family is one that controls mighty enterprises ， rather than

10、 one that rules vast estates.Property law still covers a rich and varied groupof subject. To begin with ， it asks. What does it mean to “ own” land ？ How can I get title to land and how can I dispose of it legally ？ There are issues about deeds， joint ownership ， and land records and registration ；

11、and problems of land finance ， including rules about mortgages and foreclosures.There is the law of “ nuisance ”， which restricts me from using my land in such a way as to hurt my neighbors ， pouring smoke or sending bad smells onto his land ， for example. There are the law of “ easements” and the e

12、xotic law of “ covenants ” ( especially those that “ run with the land ”)： these deal with rights a person might have in his neighbor's land rights to drive a car up hisdriveway ， to walk across his lawn ， or to keep him from taking in boarders. These are not rights of ownership ； rather they ar

13、e “ servitudes ”inrestrictions or exceptions to the owner's rights，favor of those another.The common law was ingenious in carving up rights to land into various complex segments called“ estates ”。 These could be either time segments or space segments. A “ life estate ” ( my right to live in a ce

14、rtain house ， for example ， until I die )， is a time segment ； so is a three-year lease of a farm or apartment house. Space segments include air rights( the right to build on top of certain property) andmineral rights ( the right to dig underneath it)。Nowadays， the condominium is also popular ； I ca

15、n own a slice of some building thirty stories above the ground. The common law was also quite ingenious in devising forms of common or joint ownership， withsubtle technical differences between them.There are also all sorts of “ future interests ” known to the common law. Suppose I leave my house to

16、my sister for life ， and then to any of her children who might be alive when she dies. The children have a future interest ； that is ， the time they will get the house is postponed to some far-off date. But the future event is certain to happen， and thus thefuture interest can have value and reality

17、 now， whilemy sister is very much alive. The law of futureinterests developed in a most gnarled and complicatedway. Its intricacies drove generations of law students to despair.Another important ， fairly new ， branch of property law is the law of “ land use controls ”。 It deals with the limit impose

18、d on what people can do with their property. This was an issue in the law of nuisance ， but modern controls go far beyond this.Zoning is a familiar type of land use restriction.Zoning ordinances date from about the time of theFirst World War ； they are now almost universal incities and villages. Zon

19、ing ordinances divide townsinto zones designated for different uses. If myneighborhood is “ zoned” residential ， I cannot builda factory or run a restaurant on my property. If thezone is restricted to single-family dwellings， Icannot even run a rooming house or rent out apartments.譯文舊的英美法最杰出的部分是對不動產(chǎn)

20、的規(guī)定，而且其關(guān)鍵是區(qū)別了不動產(chǎn)與動產(chǎn)?？偟恼f來，不動產(chǎn)是指房地產(chǎn) 土地和建筑物，但它也包括諸如正在生長的農(nóng)作物之類的東西。其余的東西 金錢、股票和債券、珠寶、汽車、貨車所載的木材、借據(jù)、銀行存款 是動產(chǎn)。在房產(chǎn)方面我們有共同利益，因為我們都住在某個地方，我們也在某地工作、學(xué)習(xí)和旅游。每個人都是出租人或所有人，或與出租人、所有人住在一起。但是對我們大多數(shù)人來說，動產(chǎn)和不動產(chǎn)是兩回事。雖然看上去有點怪，但就法律而言，單詞“財產(chǎn)”主要是指不動產(chǎn)，動產(chǎn)是次要的。確實，動產(chǎn)在法律上是次要的領(lǐng)域。沒有一個單一的、專門的部門法是專用于動產(chǎn)的。動產(chǎn)是合同法、商法和破產(chǎn)法還有侵權(quán)法等涉及到的問題。但是關(guān)于不動

21、產(chǎn)卻有很多專門的法規(guī)，所以完全可以把它看作一個單獨的法律領(lǐng)域。財產(chǎn)法仍然是基本的部門法之一，而不動產(chǎn)是法律實務(wù)的一個重要分支。從法律上講，財產(chǎn)法僅是其前身的翻版。事實上，如果從長遠(yuǎn)看，我們的法律制度的主要發(fā)展之一就是不動產(chǎn)法的相對衰落。在中世紀(jì)的英國，將土地法稱為土地的法律也只是稍微有點夸張。當(dāng)布萊克斯通在18 世紀(jì)中葉發(fā)表他的英格蘭法釋義時，其中整整一卷是闡述土地法的?，F(xiàn)代版的布萊克斯通英格蘭法釋義將此內(nèi)容壓縮至一小部分，最多占整個法律的5或10。中世紀(jì)的英國生活在封建制度下，權(quán)力與司法權(quán) 這個顯示社會財富和地位的標(biāo)志是完全建立在擁有土地之上的?！胺饨I(lǐng)主”是擁有地產(chǎn)的人，他擁有土地的所有權(quán)

22、、處分權(quán)和控制權(quán)。沒有土地的人在國家事務(wù)中也沒有真正的相關(guān)利益。在英美法中，正如皇室法院所闡述的，沒有土地的男人和女人是沒有發(fā)言權(quán)的，而這些人占了英國人口的絕大多數(shù)。在美國，曾經(jīng)有一段時間，只有對土地有相關(guān)利益的人才有資格選舉或任公職。如1777 年的紐約憲法規(guī)定擁有100 美元以上的不動產(chǎn)、沒有債務(wù)的人才有資格當(dāng)選為州參議員（第10條）。當(dāng)然，所有這些已經(jīng)結(jié)束。土地只是財富的一種形式。富有的家族是那些控制大企業(yè)。的，而不是控制大量地產(chǎn)的家族。財產(chǎn)法還涵蓋了一組豐富而不同的主題。開始討論之前，先問幾個問題：“擁有”土地指什么？如何能獲得土地的所有權(quán)以及如何合法地處分它？有些問題是關(guān)于契約、共同所有權(quán)、土地檔案和注冊，以及土地金融問題的，包括抵押和取消抵押品贖回權(quán)規(guī)則?！胺梁π袨椤狈ㄏ拗扑袡?quán)人用下列方法使用他的土地，如傷害他的鄰居、將煙