如何使句子多樣化

1、 組句一 如何使句子多樣化一篇好文章只是用詞確切還遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠，還要有效地組詞成句，有效地處理不同的句式。句子可長(zhǎng)可短，同一件事，可以用不同的句式表達(dá)。如果句子清一色是簡(jiǎn)單句，文章必定很單調(diào)乏味。如果全篇充滿(mǎn)了冗長(zhǎng)的復(fù)雜句，讀起來(lái)也很費(fèi)力。最好的方法是以簡(jiǎn)單句為基礎(chǔ)，配合適當(dāng)?shù)牟⒘芯浜蛷?fù)雜句。簡(jiǎn)單句可長(zhǎng)可短，通常要加些附屬成分，如分詞短語(yǔ)、介詞短語(yǔ)、副詞短語(yǔ)、不定式動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，以及節(jié)縮成分。總之，作者可根據(jù)情況，使句子多樣化，使文章靈活多姿。例如，下列五個(gè)句子的基本概念一樣，但是句式不同，內(nèi)容重點(diǎn)也有些差別：(1) The goats grazed peacefully in the farm an

2、d were unaware of the approaching hunter. (并列分句)(2) Grazing peacefully, the goats in the farm were unaware of the approaching hunter. (現(xiàn)在分語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)+簡(jiǎn)單句) (3) In the farm, the goats grazed peacefully and were unaware of the approaching hunter. (副詞短語(yǔ)+并列分句) (4) There were goats grazing peacefully in the farm,

3、 unaware of the approaching hunter. (簡(jiǎn)單句+形容語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)) (5) As the goats grazed peacefully in the farm, they were unaware of the approaching hunter. (原因副詞從句+主句) 又如對(duì)以下兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句的不同組合：(1) The young pilot was on his first overseas training. (2) He felt very uneasy. a. The young pilot on his first overseas training

4、felt very uneasy. b. The young pilot felt very uneasy during his first overseas training. c. The young pilot's first overseas training made him feel very uneasy. d. Extreme uneasiness seized the young pilot on his first overseas training. e. The young pilot was on his first overseas training, fe

5、eling very uneasy. f. It being his first overseas training, the young pilot felt very uneasy. g. Being on his first overseas training, the young pilot felt very uneasy.h. The young pilot was on his first overseas training and felt very uneasy.i. The young pilot, who was on his first overseas trainin

6、g, felt very uneasy. j. When the young pilot was on his first overseas training, he felt very uneasy. k. As the young pilot was on his first overseas training, he felt very uneasy. l. The young pilot was on his first overseas training, so that he felt very uneasy.在上述12個(gè)句子中，a-g是簡(jiǎn)單句；h是并列句；i-l是復(fù)雜句。簡(jiǎn)單句除

7、b和g之外，其他五樣，用的人并不多。人們最喜歡采用復(fù)雜句，尤其是j和k這兩款；接著便是并列句h。如果大多數(shù)人的句子只限于b, g, h, j和k這五種，而其他的棄如敝屣，不是很可惜嗎？ 二 如何增強(qiáng)句子表現(xiàn)力（一）避免使用語(yǔ)意弱的“be”動(dòng)詞。 1. 把句中的表語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換為不同的修飾語(yǔ)。例如： 弱句式：The trees are bare. The grass is brown. The landscape seems drab. 改寫(xiě)句：The brown grass and bare trees form a drab landscape.或：The landscape, bare and b

8、rown, begged for spring green.2. 將作表語(yǔ)用的形容詞或名詞變?yōu)樾袨閯?dòng)詞。例如： 弱句式：The team members are good players. 改寫(xiě)句：The team members play well. 弱句式：One worker's plan is the elimination of tardiness. 改寫(xiě)句：One worker's plan eliminates tardiness. 3. 在以“here”或“there”開(kāi)頭的句子中，把“be”動(dòng)詞后的名詞代詞變成改寫(xiě)句的主語(yǔ)。例如：弱句式：There is no

9、 opportunity for promotion. 改寫(xiě)句：No opportunity for promotion exists. 弱句式：Here are the books you ordered. 改寫(xiě)句：The books you ordered have arrived. （二）多用語(yǔ)意具體的動(dòng)詞，保持句意簡(jiǎn)潔明了。例如： 弱句式：My supervisor went past my desk. 改寫(xiě)句：My supervisor sauntered (=walked slowly) past my desk. 弱句式：She is a careful shopper. 改寫(xiě)句

10、：She compares price and quality. （三）盡量運(yùn)用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如： 弱句式：The organization has been supported by charity. 改寫(xiě)句：Charity has supported the organization. 弱句式：The biscuits were stacked on a plate. 改寫(xiě)句：Mother stacked the biscuits on a plate.（四）防止使用語(yǔ)意冗長(zhǎng)累贅的詞語(yǔ)。例如：贅句： My little sister has a preference for chocolat

11、e milk. 改寫(xiě)句： My little sister prefers chocolate milk. 贅句： We are in receipt of your letter and intend to follow your recommendations. 改寫(xiě)句：We have received your letter and intended to follow your recommendations. 贅句： We had a serious crisis at school yesterday when our chemistry laboratory caught fir

12、e. 改寫(xiě)句：We had a crisis at school yesterday when our chemistry laboratory caught fire. 贅句： My sister and I bought the same, identical dress in different stores. 改寫(xiě)句：My sister and I bought the same dress in different stores. （五）杜絕濫用陳舊詞語(yǔ)或難懂的專(zhuān)業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)。例如： 陳詞： They will not agree to his proposals in any shape

13、 or form. 改寫(xiě)句： They will not agree to any of his proposals. 專(zhuān)業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)：I need her financial input before I can estimate our expenditures next fall. 改寫(xiě)句： I need her financial figures before I can estimate our expenditures next fall.三 英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作常見(jiàn)病句與分析（一）不一致（Disagreements）所謂不一致不光指主謂不一致，還包括數(shù)的不一致、時(shí)態(tài)的不一致及代詞不一致等。如：Wh

14、en one have money, he can do what he want to.(人一旦有了錢(qián)，他就能想干什么就干什么。)剖析：one是單數(shù)第三人稱(chēng)，因而本句的have應(yīng)改為has；同理，want應(yīng)改為wants。本句是典型的主謂不一致。改為：Once one has money, he can do what he wants (to do).（二）修飾語(yǔ)錯(cuò)位（Misplaced Modifiers）英語(yǔ)與漢語(yǔ)不同，同一個(gè)修飾語(yǔ)置于句子不同的位置，句子的含義可能引起變化對(duì)于這一點(diǎn)中國(guó)學(xué)生往往沒(méi)有引起足夠的重視，因而造成了不必要的誤解。如：I believe I can do it

15、well and I will better know the world outside the campus.剖析：better位置不當(dāng)，應(yīng)置于句末。（三）句子不完整（Sentence Fragments）在口語(yǔ)中，交際雙方可借助手勢(shì)、語(yǔ)氣、上下文等，不完整的句子完全可以被理解。可是書(shū)面語(yǔ)就不同了，句子結(jié)構(gòu)不完整則意思表達(dá)不清，這種情況常常發(fā)生在主句寫(xiě)完以后，筆者又想加些補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明時(shí)發(fā)生。如：There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV, radio, newspaper and so on.剖析：本句后半部分“for

16、example by TV, radio, newspaper and so on .”不是一個(gè)完整的句子，僅為一些不連貫的詞語(yǔ)，不能獨(dú)立成句。改為：There are many ways to know society, for example, by TV, radio, and newspaper.（四）懸垂修飾語(yǔ)（Dangling Modifiers）所謂懸垂修飾語(yǔ)是指句首的短語(yǔ)與后面句子的邏輯關(guān)系混亂不清。例如：At the age of ten, my grandfather died. 剖析：這句中“at the age of ten”只點(diǎn)出十歲時(shí)，但沒(méi)有說(shuō)明“誰(shuí)”十歲時(shí)。按一般

17、推理不可能是my grandfather, 如果我們把這個(gè)懸垂修飾語(yǔ)改明確一點(diǎn)，全句就不那么費(fèi)解了。改為：When I was ten, my grandfather died. 又如：To do well in college, good grades are essential.剖析：句中不定式短語(yǔ) “to do well in college”的邏輯主語(yǔ)不清楚。改為：To do well in college, a student needs good grades.（五）詞性誤用(Misuse of Parts of Speech)詞性誤用常表現(xiàn)為：介詞當(dāng)動(dòng)詞用；形容詞當(dāng)副詞用；名詞當(dāng)

18、動(dòng)詞用等。如：None can negative the importance of money.剖析：negative 系形容詞，誤作動(dòng)詞。改為：None can deny the importance of money.（六）指代不清(Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns)指代不清主要講的是代詞與被指代的人或物關(guān)系不清，或者先后所用的代詞不一致。試看下面這一句：Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.(瑪麗和我姐姐很要好，因?yàn)樗鏊陌槟铩?讀完上面這

19、一句話(huà)，讀者無(wú)法明確地判斷兩位姑娘中誰(shuí)將結(jié)婚，誰(shuí)將當(dāng)伴娘。如果我們把易于引起誤解的代詞的所指對(duì)象加以明確，意思就一目了然了。這個(gè)句子可改為：Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.又如：We can also know the society by serving it yourself.剖析：句中人稱(chēng)代詞we 和反身代詞yourself指代不一致。改為：We can also know society by serving it ourselves.（七）不間斷句子(Ru

20、n-on Sentences)什么叫run-on sentence? 請(qǐng)看下面的例句：There are many ways we get to know the outside world. 剖析：這個(gè)句子包含了兩層完整的意思：“There are many ways.” 以及“We get to know the outside world.”。簡(jiǎn)單地把它們連在一起就不妥當(dāng)了。改為：There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world. 或：There are many ways through which we can b

21、ecome acquainted with the outside world.（八）措詞毛病(Troubles in Diction)Diction 是指在特定的句子中如何適當(dāng)?shù)剡x用詞語(yǔ)的問(wèn)題，囿于教學(xué)時(shí)間緊迫，教師平時(shí)在這方面花的時(shí)間往往極其有限，影響了學(xué)生在寫(xiě)作中沒(méi)有養(yǎng)成良好的推敲、斟酌的習(xí)慣。他們往往隨心所欲，拿來(lái)就用。所以作文中用詞不當(dāng)?shù)腻e(cuò)誤比比皆是。如：The increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution.(農(nóng)業(yè)方面化學(xué)物質(zhì)使用的不斷增加也造成了污染。)剖析：顯然，考生把obstac

22、les“障礙、障礙物”誤作substance“物質(zhì)”了。另外“the increasing use (不斷增加的使用)” 應(yīng)改為“abusive use (濫用)”。改為：The abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution.（九）累贅(Redundancy)言以簡(jiǎn)潔為貴。寫(xiě)句子沒(méi)有一個(gè)多余的詞；寫(xiě)段落沒(méi)有一個(gè)無(wú)必要的句子。能用單詞的不用詞組；能用詞組的不用從句或句子。如：In spite of the fact that he is lazy, I like him.本句的“t

23、he fact that he is lazy”系同謂語(yǔ)從句，我們按照上述“能用詞組的不用從句”可以改為：In spite of his laziness, I like him. 又如：For the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need.剖析：整個(gè)句子可以大大簡(jiǎn)化。改為：Diligent, caring people use money only to buy what they need.（十）不連貫(Incoherence)不連貫是指

24、一個(gè)句子前言不對(duì)后語(yǔ)，或是結(jié)構(gòu)上不暢通。這也是考生常犯的毛病。如：The fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth. 剖析：The fresh water 與逗號(hào)后的it不連貫。It與things在數(shù)方面不一致。改為：Fresh water is the most important thing in the world.（十一）中式英語(yǔ)有時(shí)學(xué)生作文中句式的錯(cuò)誤是因?yàn)槭艿搅酥惺剿季S及漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣的影響，這一點(diǎn)應(yīng)引起考生的重視。以下是五種常見(jiàn)的由于中式思維而導(dǎo)致的病句：1“There be”結(jié)構(gòu)考生病句：a. There

25、are many people like to go to the movies.b. There are different kinds of vegetables can be bought on the market by people.正確表達(dá)：a. There are many people who like to go to the movies.b. There are different kinds of vegetables that people can buy on the market.這兩個(gè)例句的錯(cuò)誤較有普遍性，因?yàn)樵跉v次考試中有不少考生不能正確運(yùn)用there be這

26、一最常用的句式。在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，there是引導(dǎo)詞，沒(méi)有實(shí)際意義。be在句中作謂語(yǔ)，有時(shí)態(tài)和數(shù)的變化。例如：a. There was no school in the village at that time. (=there was not a school.)注意：在否定句中，否定詞用no，也可用not a或not any。not a后接單數(shù)名詞，not any 后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞，no后面的名詞單復(fù)數(shù)都可以。b. There is not a moment to be lost.c. There are many people rushing into the cities every year

27、.d. There are many things we can do to prevent traffic accidents.e. There is no use holding back the wheel of history.從以上例句還可看出，句中的主語(yǔ)后面可接多種修飾語(yǔ)，如介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式短語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)從句、分詞短語(yǔ)等等。這無(wú)疑使該結(jié)構(gòu)增加了表現(xiàn)力，使句子表達(dá)內(nèi)容更加豐富。在運(yùn)用這一結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，考生最容易犯的錯(cuò)誤是在there be之后又用了一個(gè)動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ)，使句子結(jié)構(gòu)出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。2比較結(jié)構(gòu)考生病句：The climate in Beijing is colder than other

28、cities.正確表達(dá)：The climate in Beijing is colder than that of other cities.在上例中，考生誤將“天氣”與“城市”進(jìn)行比較，而二者沒(méi)有可比性，只有將后者改為“其他城市的天氣”才符合邏輯。很顯然，考生的錯(cuò)誤是受了漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣的影響。比較結(jié)構(gòu)是常用結(jié)構(gòu)，正確地使用這一結(jié)構(gòu)可以使文章的句式增加變化，有利于提高寫(xiě)作成績(jī)。下面是比較結(jié)構(gòu)的一些常用的表達(dá)方法。同級(jí)比較a. In 1998 we produced as many cars as we did in the previous five years.b. We have accom

29、plished as much in the past three years as would have taken ten years in the past.比較級(jí)a. Children now enjoy better medical treatment than before.b. We can live longer without food than we can (live) without water. 最高級(jí)a. This is the most interesting book I've ever read.b. Of all his novels I like

30、this one best.the morethe more結(jié)構(gòu)a. The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.b. The more a man knows, the more he discovers his ignorance.選擇比較a. I prefer staying at home to going out.b. They prefer to work rather than (to) sit idly.c. He prefers to work alone.對(duì)比a. Motion is absolute wh

31、ile stagnation is relative.b. He is tired out, whereas she is full of vigor.3表達(dá)原因的結(jié)構(gòu)考生病句：a. The real reason to our failure is not far to seek.b. The reason for this is because some people want to earn plenty of money without working hard.正確表達(dá)：a. The real reason for our failure is not far to seek.b.

32、The reason for this is that some people want to earn plenty of money without working hard.評(píng)議與分析：第一個(gè)句子屬搭配錯(cuò)誤。英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣reason應(yīng)接介詞for；第二句犯了一個(gè)中國(guó)學(xué)生常犯的錯(cuò)誤，就是用because引起表語(yǔ)從句，但是按照英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣，because這個(gè)詞不能引起表語(yǔ)從句，在本句中只能改用that才正確。掌握好表達(dá)原因的結(jié)構(gòu)是十分重要的，幾乎所有的寫(xiě)作試題都要求寫(xiě)原因或可以寫(xiě)原因。在英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)四級(jí)考試、甚至研究生入學(xué)英語(yǔ)考試以及TOEFL考試中，寫(xiě)作的文體有很多是議論文，而議論文的基本模式是擺事實(shí)

33、、講道理，講道理就是說(shuō)明原因。這種寫(xiě)作文體決定了表達(dá)原因結(jié)構(gòu)的重要性。英語(yǔ)中用來(lái)表達(dá)原因這一概念的結(jié)構(gòu)有多種。我們可用as , because, since, seeing that, considering that, now that, not that.等詞組引出表示原因的從句。例如：a. Now that we have seen these great achievements with our own eyes, we feel more proud than ever of our country.b. Professor Liu is strict with us becaus

34、e he wants us to make rapid progress.c. Since we live near the sea, we enjoy a healthy climate.d. Pollution is still a serious problem, not that we don't have the ability to solve it, but that some people have not realized the consequences of the problem.另外，還可以借助某些詞語(yǔ)用簡(jiǎn)單句表達(dá)原因結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：a. The reason f

35、or this change is quite obvious.b. Diligence is the key factor of success.c. Idleness is the root of all evils.d. He was ashamed to have made the mistake. (=He was ashamed that he had made the mistake. =He was ashamed because he had made the mistake.)除了上述的例句外，英語(yǔ)中還有很多或易或難的表達(dá)原因的結(jié)構(gòu)。我們?cè)谶M(jìn)行寫(xiě)作訓(xùn)練的時(shí)候，不能滿(mǎn)足于一知

36、半解，要講究書(shū)面語(yǔ)言的正確性和準(zhǔn)確性。比如，because是最常用的引導(dǎo)原因從句的連詞，語(yǔ)氣最強(qiáng)，表示直接的原因，若because置于句首，后面的主句不能再用so。用as引導(dǎo)的原因從句語(yǔ)氣較弱，所說(shuō)明的原因是附帶的，而since表示的原因暗示著是稍加分析之后才能推斷出來(lái)的原因。4否定結(jié)構(gòu)考生病句a. Some people think we needn't to worry about fresh water.b. Nowadays many people don't like to go to the movies, too.正確表達(dá)：a. Some people think

37、 we needn't worry (或don't need to worry) about fresh water.b. Nowadays many people don't like to go to the movies, either.評(píng)議與分析：例句1的錯(cuò)誤在于混淆了need作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和作為普通動(dòng)詞的用法。need作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，主要用于否定句，后面的動(dòng)詞不帶to, needn't worry，作we的謂語(yǔ)。need作為實(shí)意動(dòng)詞時(shí)，可用于肯定句、否定句和疑問(wèn)句，don't need to worry 中的to worry作don't

38、need的賓語(yǔ)。例句2的錯(cuò)誤在于混淆了too和either的區(qū)別，這兩個(gè)詞都表示"也"的意思，但是在英語(yǔ)中too, also只能用于肯定句，而either只能用于否定句。否定結(jié)構(gòu)除了在助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、be和have后面加not之外，還有許多不含not的否定結(jié)構(gòu)。若能正確使用他們，文章會(huì)顯得生動(dòng)活潑，增加寫(xiě)作的閃光點(diǎn)。下面我們就來(lái)看看：1）含有否定意義的詞匯和短語(yǔ)以下列舉的詞和詞組本身就具有否定的含義，因此無(wú)需用否定詞。介詞against, beyond, but, except, without形容詞和動(dòng)詞absent, deny, differ, different,

39、fail, free, ignore, miss, refuse, the last, used to, reluctant, lack, want短語(yǔ)keep from, protectfrom, preventfrom, let alone, at a loss, in vain, instead of, out of the question, rather than, tooto, by no means, anything but下面看以下例句：a. Women fail to get the equal rights in some countries.在一些國(guó)家里婦女沒(méi)有得到平等

40、的權(quán)利。b. This is by no means the best way to solve the problem of energy crisis.這不是解決能源危機(jī)的最好辦法。c. We should protect trees from being destroyed.我們應(yīng)保護(hù)樹(shù)木，不讓它們?cè)獾狡茐摹. In old China we could not make a nail, let alone (make) machines.在舊中國(guó)，我們連一個(gè)釘子都造不了，更不用說(shuō)制造機(jī)器了。2）含有半否定意義的詞語(yǔ)barely, hardly, few, little, rarely

41、, scarcely, seldom, not all, not everyone, not everything具有半否定的意義。例句：a. We could hardly see any fresh vegetables in winter on market several years ago.幾年前在冬天市場(chǎng)上很難見(jiàn)到新鮮蔬菜。b. These young people know little about how to choose good books to read.這些年輕人幾乎不知道如何挑選優(yōu)秀的書(shū)籍來(lái)讀。3）不含否定意義的否定結(jié)構(gòu) 有些詞和詞組形式上是否定結(jié)構(gòu)，但其含義是肯定的，比如：cannot but, can't help, no sooner.than, not.until, in no time