逆向?qū)W習(xí)非謂語之一

1、教案逆向?qū)W習(xí)非謂語動(dòng)詞 分詞的學(xué)習(xí) 貴州省黎平縣第三中學(xué) 楊世黎 貴州省湄潭縣湄中學(xué) 王曉秋摘要：本文從分詞短語與定語從句、狀語從句和并列句的句型轉(zhuǎn)換出發(fā)，從另一個(gè)角度逆向點(diǎn)明了非謂語形式存在的意義和用途。目的是讓學(xué)習(xí)者從句型的轉(zhuǎn)換中得到啟發(fā)并運(yùn)用于實(shí)際。關(guān)鍵詞：逆向；非謂語；定語從句；狀語從句；并列句；轉(zhuǎn)換；方法非謂語一直是高中英語教學(xué)的一個(gè)重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)，也是學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的一個(gè)難點(diǎn)。筆者在教學(xué)中頗感廢力。然而在一次教研教改交流活動(dòng)中，筆者被臨時(shí)安排上一節(jié)交流課，恰巧所上的班級(jí)教學(xué)進(jìn)度是非謂語（動(dòng)詞分詞部分）的復(fù)習(xí)課。筆者在構(gòu)思如何展開教學(xué)時(shí)，千頭萬緒，不知從何入手，忽然一句歌詞飄然而至 “Pret

2、ty woman walking down the street”。于是，筆者就決定從句型轉(zhuǎn)換開始著手本次課，結(jié)果本次教學(xué)得到了隨堂聽課教師和專家的一致好評(píng)，絕大多數(shù)學(xué)生也從中得到了啟示、學(xué)到了方法?，F(xiàn)將本次課構(gòu)思作出分解并進(jìn)一步深化。教學(xué)過程：一、 基本式主動(dòng)被動(dòng)式基本式完成式基本式完成式不定式To + VTo+have+ P.PTo +be + P.PTo have been +P.P動(dòng)名詞V+ingHaving +P.PBeing + P.PHaving +been +P.P分詞現(xiàn)在分詞V+ingHaving +P.PBeing + P.PHaving +been +P.P過去分詞V+e

3、d既然叫非謂語動(dòng)詞，意思就是不能在句中充當(dāng)謂語。但是，作為一個(gè)動(dòng)詞，它還是有個(gè)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者（主動(dòng)關(guān)系）或承受者（被動(dòng)關(guān)系），我們將之稱為其“邏輯主語”。 A： 找出該非謂語的邏輯主語，并指出與該動(dòng)詞是主動(dòng)關(guān)系還是被動(dòng) 下面的練習(xí)要求是 ： 關(guān)系； B: 指出非謂語的動(dòng)作是發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之前還是之后； C: 或指出其在句中所作的成分；1. Having realized that I could use kite to attract the lightning, I decided to do the experiment.2. The bell rang, all the boys and

4、girls went out of their classroom, singing and jumping.3. The boys swimming in the sea were in danger.4. They hearing the news, their tears came down their cheek.5. When taken following its directions, the drug has no neglect effect 二、 感受從一般句子轉(zhuǎn)換為含非謂語部分（分詞短語）的句子方法（一）：由定語從句改為分詞短語的方法：1 若關(guān)系詞之后有 be

5、動(dòng)詞(限be 在結(jié)構(gòu)be+V-ing或be+V-ed中)則刪去關(guān)系代詞和be，其它成分不變。Eg. A). Watch the men who are coming this way.Watch the man coming this way.B). Lessons which are learned easily are soon forgottenLessons learned easily are soon forgottenC). The dog that was beaten by a boy yesterday is dead.The dog beaten by a boy yes

6、terday is dead. 2若關(guān)系詞之后沒有 be 動(dòng)詞，而是一般的動(dòng)詞則刪去關(guān)系詞，再將動(dòng)詞改為-ing形式,其它成分不變。A). Anyone who wishes to leave early may do so .Anyone wishing to leave early may do so .B).The boy who sat near the window was good at playing football.The boy sitting near the window was good at playing football.C) We see the s

7、tream which rises from the hole.We see the stream rising from the hole.方法（二）：由狀語從句改為分詞短語的方法。A）. 先將引導(dǎo)狀語從句的連接詞去掉。 相同， 則去掉從句主語 B）.如果狀語從句的主語與主句主語 不相同， 則保留從句主語（亦稱獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)）C）. 再將原狀語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞變成ing 形式，補(bǔ)充：當(dāng)狀語從句的謂語含有be+V-ing（進(jìn)行時(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)）或be+V-ed（被動(dòng)式）時(shí)，則可以將be 去掉,其它部分不變。注意：若主句動(dòng)詞為現(xiàn)在時(shí)，而狀語從句的動(dòng)詞為過去時(shí)，那么為了表示狀語從句的動(dòng)作時(shí)間早于主句的動(dòng)作，則變

8、分詞短語時(shí)應(yīng)改為完成式。（即：三步二條件一補(bǔ)充一注意）轉(zhuǎn)換練習(xí)：1.狀語從句主語與主句主語相同。（逆向法：即分詞的邏輯主語就是主句的主語）1). After I had heard from my brother , I felt much happyHaving heard from my brother, I felt much relieved.2). As he is ill , he cant attend the meeting.Being ill, he cant attend the meeting.3). When he was buying the books, he me

9、t an old friend.Buying the book, he met an old friend.4). Because he has been praised too much, he becomes too proud.Having been praised too much, he becomes too proud.2. 前后主語不相同。（逆向法：即分詞的邏輯主語就是原狀語從句的主語）1）.After the sun had set, we arrived at the station.The sun having set, we arrived at the station

10、.2）.When school was over ，the boys went home. School being over , the boys went home.3）. As his homework has been done, the boys went home.His homework having been done , the boys went home.4）. If the weather permits, well go to the Great Wall.The weather permitting, well go to the Great Wall.3. 注意。

11、1）. Because his lovely dog was dead, little boy is very upset.His lovely dog having been dead, little boy is very upset.2）. As he was idle in his youth, he has to work hard in his old age.Being idle in his youth, he has to work hard in his old age.3）. After new teaching building was finished, studen

12、ts study in the new classroom now.New teaching building having been finished, students study in the new classroom now.方法(三)：并列句改為分詞短語的方法：分詞短語可以代替并列句中的一個(gè)句子，其作用是說話者對(duì)主要句子的補(bǔ)充。先將并列句中的連接詞（如果有）去掉，然后將其中一個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞變?yōu)閂-ing形式（兩句若是用句號(hào)隔開，變化后將句號(hào)改為逗號(hào)）。條件：并列句主語相同時(shí)，保留一個(gè)主語；并列句主語不相同時(shí)，兩個(gè)主語都保留。此處也要注意到方法（二）中的“一個(gè)補(bǔ)充”和“一個(gè)注意”。轉(zhuǎn)換練

13、習(xí)：1. 并列句主語相同時(shí)，保留一個(gè)主語。1).My train starts at 12 and will arrived in Wuhan at 3.My train starts at 12 , arriving in Wuhan at 3.2) . She alone stayed at home and did her homework.She alone stayed at home, doing her homework.2. 并列句主語不相同時(shí)，兩個(gè)主語都保留。如：1. He was reading a book, and his wife was doing housewor

14、k. He was reading a book, his wife doing housework.2. They listened to the moved story about Ren Changxia and tears ran down their cheeks.They listened to the moved story about Ren Changxia, tears running down their cheeks.三、補(bǔ)充： 注意此類句型的一種變體。連接詞+分詞：此類句型實(shí)際上是將從屬連詞when , while, though, as 等引導(dǎo)的從句省略了相同的主語

15、及be動(dòng)詞(限be 在結(jié)構(gòu)be+V-ing或be+V-ed中)或改變從句謂語變化而來的 。轉(zhuǎn)換練習(xí)：1. While he was fighting in Korea, he was taken prisoner.While fighting in Korea, he was taken prisoner.2. When the drug is taken according to its introductions, the drug has no neglect effect.When taken according to its introductions, the drug has n

16、o neglect effect.四、小結(jié)：一回頭：找該非謂語的邏輯主語；從上面的句子轉(zhuǎn)換中可以得出一個(gè)小結(jié)：確定該非謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作與主句謂語的動(dòng)作先后；兩確定： 確定該非謂語動(dòng)詞與邏輯主語的主謂或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系；五、鞏固練習(xí)：1、將下列復(fù)合句或并列句改為含分詞短語的句子 When he left the classroom, he didnt say goodbye to me. Because he is ill, he cant attend the meeting. The teacher is teaching in the classroom. Jim and Tom are playi

17、ng games. The boys who swam in the river were in danger. The policeman saw the thief who was stealing a bike. This is one of the houses that were built last year. The professor came into the classroom. He was followed by some teachers. Because he had seen the film before, he went out of the cinema.

18、When our school is seen from the mountain. Our school is beautiful. The man rose from the ground and beat the dust off his clothes.2、將下列含分詞短語的句子改為復(fù)合句或并列句。 Seeing from the mountain, I find our school is beautiful.(when) He told me he would stand by the roadside, watching the parade.(and) Judged from

19、what he said, he is a teacher. The children went home after class, singing and laughing. There was a terrible noise following the sudden burst of light. “Can you read?” Marry said angrily, pointing to the notice board. On his way home, she found the necklace missing. Having brushed his teeth, Mr.Bro

20、wn came downstairs for breakfast. (after) Weather being fine, I went fishing with my father. (as) There being no bus ,we have to walk.(because)六、高考鏈接: 1.(2004遼寧) by the beauty of nature, the girl from London decided to spend another two days on the farm.A, Attracting ; B, Attracted; C, To be attract

21、ed D , Having attracted2.（2004廣東） the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks.A, Not completing; B, Not completed; C, Not having completed D, Having not completed3.(2004北京春) He looked around and caught a man his hand into the pocket of a passenger.A, put ; B, to be put C, to put D,

22、putting4. (2004,上海)According to a recent US. survey(調(diào)查),children spend 25 hours a week TV.A. to watch B. to watching C. watching D.watch5. a rainy day, we gave up our plan to go for an outing. A. With it B. Being C. Because it being D. It being6. , we stared looking for work. A. Having been spent al

23、l the money B. All the money was spent C. We had spent all the money D. All the money having been spent 7.When with a strong enemy, they had always retreated.A. being faced B. faced C. facing D. being facing.七、結(jié)束語：目前的課改對(duì)高中英語教學(xué)特別是農(nóng)村地區(qū)及邊遠(yuǎn)山區(qū)的高中英語教學(xué)是一個(gè)考驗(yàn)。這些地方的學(xué)生的英語學(xué)習(xí)起步較晚而且起點(diǎn)也低，進(jìn)入高中后，大部分的學(xué)生的英語閱讀能力較差， 更不用

24、說去理解文中出現(xiàn)的、與中文表達(dá)習(xí)慣相去甚遠(yuǎn)的英語非謂語形式了。本人在教學(xué)中也是費(fèi)盡心機(jī)，在與數(shù)學(xué)教學(xué)對(duì)比后，偶得啟示能否用數(shù)學(xué)的學(xué)習(xí)方法來解決英語的語法教學(xué)難點(diǎn)呢？ 即是：將英語的重難點(diǎn)語法知識(shí)用“數(shù)學(xué)公式”其基本式等形式將其簡單化，讓學(xué)生先弄清其基本表達(dá)原理和意圖。然后在做了一定量的基本式轉(zhuǎn)換練習(xí)后將之掌握，也不失為一個(gè)好方法。參考書目： 英卓語言系列叢書編委會(huì)編著.英語語法七日通. 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2003.8 章振邦主編.新編英語語法教程.上海,上海外語教育出版社.1999 朱允穆,朱勝超.巧學(xué)英語語法.鞏固練習(xí)參考答案1 Leaving the classroom, he didnt say goodbye to me. Being ill, he cant attend the meeting. The teacher is teaching in the classroom, Jim and Tom playing games. The boys swimming in the river were in danger. The policeman saw the thief stealing a bike. This is one of the houses built last year. The professor came into the c