語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

1、語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)：動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)一.謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在這部分我們將對(duì)時(shí)態(tài)，語(yǔ)態(tài)，語(yǔ)氣，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，以及主謂一致這些知識(shí)點(diǎn)分別進(jìn)行詳細(xì)講解。1.1動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)指的是作謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞用來表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生時(shí)間的各種形式。共有16種英語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。現(xiàn)在過去將來1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)5. 一般過去時(shí)9. 一般將來時(shí)13.一般過去將來時(shí)3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)7. 過去完成時(shí)11. 將來完成時(shí)15.過去將來完成時(shí)這部分?？贾R(shí)點(diǎn)有：1)條件，時(shí)間，讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中的“主將從現(xiàn)”2)一般過去時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和過去完成時(shí)的區(qū)別3)將來完成時(shí)(一)、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)1、表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)：常和always，usually，often，so

2、metimes，every day, every week等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。例：He goes to work every day. 他每天去上班。2、表示普遍的真理。由于是眾所周知的客觀事實(shí)，所以一般不用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。例：The earth is round.地球是圓的。3、有些表示心理狀態(tài)或感情的動(dòng)詞往往用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例：I dont think you are right.我以為你錯(cuò)了。4、在時(shí)間、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中表示將來的動(dòng)作，遵循“主將從現(xiàn)”的原則。常用的連詞有as soon as，when，until，if，unless。我們?cè)诖艘萌勒骖}。例(1)"When are you

3、going to visit your uncle in Chicago?""As soon as _ our work for tomorrow."A. we're completeB. we'd completeC. we'll completeD. we complete(【答案】D)(2003年11月34題)例(2)They will go home for winter vocation as soon as they _their exams.A. have finished B. finish C. finished D. w

4、as finishing(【答案】B)(1996年22題)例(3)When the mixture _, it will give off a powerful force.A. will heat B. will be heatedC. is heated D. has heated(【答案】C)(1992年59題)(二) 、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)1、表示此時(shí)此刻(說話時(shí))正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。例：The teacher is talking with his students. 老師正在與學(xué)生們談話。2、表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。例：I am attending a conference in New Yo

5、rk. 我正在紐約參加一個(gè)會(huì)議。(三)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)1、表示動(dòng)作剛剛結(jié)束(常和just, now, already, yet等詞連用)；或表示動(dòng)作的結(jié)果(一般不用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ))。例(1)Li Ming has just turned off the light.李明剛剛把燈關(guān)上。(說明現(xiàn)在燈已經(jīng)關(guān)上了。)例(2)I have lost my pen.我把筆丟了。(說明過去某時(shí)丟的，現(xiàn)在我還沒有找到這支筆。)2、表示過去某時(shí)開始的動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并且可能會(huì)繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去(常用since引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)或從句，或由for引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)連用)。例(1)He has _ the army for ten years

6、 and is now an officer.A. gone intoB. joined inC. been inD. come into(【答案】C)(1995年49題)他入伍十年，現(xiàn)為軍官。(現(xiàn)在還在軍中。)例(2)Theyve known each other since childhood. 他們從小認(rèn)識(shí)。(現(xiàn)在還繼續(xù)來往)3、非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和it is +時(shí)間+since.(過去時(shí))英語(yǔ)中有些動(dòng)詞不能延續(xù)，因此不能和表示延續(xù)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用(如for ten years)。下題是非常典型的例子。例(1)It is ten years since he left home and join

7、ed the army.他入伍離鄉(xiāng)已十年。對(duì)非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，表達(dá)完成時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)常用it is +時(shí)間+since 的句型代替，從句用過去時(shí)態(tài)。4、have(has)been to和have(has)gone to的區(qū)別have(has )been to：去過某地(表示某人的一種經(jīng)歷)，可以和once，twice，often，never，ever連用。have(has)gone to：去某地了(表示某人已經(jīng)離開此地，在去某地的路途上或已在某地，所以一般來說此句型只用于第三人稱)，此句型不能與上述時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。(1)He has gone to America.他已經(jīng)去了美國(guó)。(現(xiàn)在不在此地)(2)He

8、 has been to America twice. 他(曾經(jīng))去過美國(guó)兩次。(四)、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示從過去某時(shí)一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的一個(gè)動(dòng)作，這個(gè)動(dòng)作一般會(huì)繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去，或是到說話時(shí)結(jié)束，但是強(qiáng)調(diào)到說話時(shí)為止一直在做的動(dòng)作。例(1)I _ on the door for ten minutes now without an answer.A. was knockingB. am knockingC. knockingD. have been knocking(【答案】D)(1998年49題)now一詞表示敲門動(dòng)作持續(xù)進(jìn)行一直到現(xiàn)在。例(2)Since he left the universit

9、y, he _ in an accounting company.A. has been working B. had worked C. had been working D. was working(【答案】A)(2006年4月16題)表示自大學(xué)畢業(yè)起一直在會(huì)計(jì)公司工作。(五)、一般過去時(shí)： 1、表示過去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)：常和具體的過去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如just now, last year, when I was 18 years old等。例：You've already missed too many classes this term .You _ two classes jus

10、t last week.A. missedB. would miss C. had missed D. have missed(【答案】A)(1995年59題)2、used to do sth：過去常常做例：I used to take a walk in the morning.我過去是在早晨散步。(意味著現(xiàn)在不在早晨散步了。)注意： 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別：一般過去時(shí)主要表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或存在過的狀態(tài)。這種動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)與現(xiàn)在沒有任何聯(lián)系。它只是表示過去發(fā)生過(或已完成)，過去 存在過。句中往往有明確的表示過去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。如：just now, last year, wh

11、en I was 10 years old等?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則是由現(xiàn)在回顧過去的一種時(shí)態(tài)式，注意的是“是否曾經(jīng)有過這么一回事，該事完成后遺留下來的影響或結(jié)果”。絕對(duì)不能使用指定過去某一 時(shí)點(diǎn)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。常與下列副詞連用：already, recently, yet, before, just, ever, never，since, so far, in (over, during) the past few years等。上面舉的例子就能很好的體現(xiàn)這一區(qū)別。(六)、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)1、表示在過去某一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。常需用表示過去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或通過上下文來判斷時(shí)間。例：He was doing his

12、 homework from seven to nine last night.昨天晚上七點(diǎn)到九點(diǎn)他正在做作業(yè)。2、when 和while 的用法區(qū)別when表示一個(gè)特定時(shí)間點(diǎn)，其所引導(dǎo)的句子用過去時(shí)，while 表示持續(xù)的一段時(shí)間，其所引導(dǎo)的句子用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。例(1)I fell and hurt myself while I _tennis.A. was playing B. am playing C. play D. played(【答案】A)(1998年43題)例(2)When you _ this over with her, you should not see her any m

13、ore.A. talk B. talked C. will talk D. talking(【答案】B)(1999年35題)例(3)One of the guards _ when the general came in, which made him very angry.A. has slept B. were sleeping C. slept D. was sleeping(【答案】D)(1996年23題)3、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去將來的動(dòng)作?，F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示將來的動(dòng)作，同樣，過去進(jìn)行時(shí)也可以表示從過去某時(shí)間看將來要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例：He went to see Xiao Li. He w

14、as leaving early the next morning.他去看小李。他第二天一早就要離開此地了。(七)、過去完成時(shí)1、表示在過去的某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成了的動(dòng)作(即過去的過去)。這個(gè)過去的某一時(shí)間可用by, before等介詞或連詞引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)或一個(gè)從句來表示。例(1)When I went to visit Mrs. Smith last week, I was told she _ two days before.A. has left B. was leaving C. would leave D. had left(【答案】D)(2003年11月40題)例(2)About

15、 the sixth century A.D. when few Europeans could read, the Chinese _ paper.A. inventedB. had inventedC. have inventedD. had been invented(【答案】B)(1997年35題)2、表示從過去某一時(shí)間開始，一直持續(xù)到另一個(gè)過去的時(shí)間的動(dòng)作。例：The chemistry class _ for five minutes when we hurried there.A. had been onB. was onC. has been onD. would be on(

16、【答案】A)(1995年24題)3、在含有before, after, as soon as 等連詞引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句中，由于連詞本身可以明確表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后順序，因此，主句和從句都可以用一般過去時(shí)表示，而不用過去完成時(shí)。例：I called him as soon as I arrived.我剛一到就給他打電話。4、過去完成時(shí)常用在no sooner than, hardly/scarcely/barelywhen，一就。句型之中，句子倒裝。例(1)No sooner had we sat down _ we found it was time to go.A. thanB. when

17、C. asD. while(【答案】A)(1997年50題)例(2)Scarcely had he opened the door when a gust of wind blew the candle out.他剛打開門，蠟燭就被一陣風(fēng)吹滅了。注意：一般過去時(shí)和過去完成時(shí)的區(qū)別:兩者都表示過去的動(dòng)作，但一般過去時(shí)表示相對(duì)于現(xiàn)在的過去時(shí)間，而過去完成時(shí)則表示相對(duì)于過去某一時(shí)刻的過去，即過去的過去。過去曾經(jīng)做過的 事，應(yīng)該用過去時(shí)。過去完成時(shí)一般表示兩個(gè)過去的動(dòng)作的一先一后。過去完成時(shí)單獨(dú)使用時(shí)要用by的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)表示(到時(shí)候?yàn)橹?。如：I finished the work yesterday.

18、They had fulfilled their task by the end of last year.(八)、一般將來時(shí)1、will(shall)+原形動(dòng)詞：表示將來的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。例：He will come and help you. 他會(huì)來幫助你的。2、be going to +動(dòng)詞原形：表示馬上就要發(fā)生的事情或打算好要做的事。例：Are you going to attend the lecture? 你打算去聽這個(gè)講座嗎？3、be to +動(dòng)詞原形：表示安排或計(jì)劃好了的動(dòng)作。例：The Five-Ring Road is to be open to traffic before

19、National Day. 五環(huán)路將在國(guó)慶節(jié)前通車。4、be about to +動(dòng)詞原形：表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例：The lecture is about to begin.講座即將開始。5、某些表示開始、終結(jié)、往來行動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞如：go ,come, start, arrive, leave 等的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可表示將來。(1)We are leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 我們明天動(dòng)身去北京。(2)The foreign guests are arriving in Shanghai tonight. 外賓今晚到達(dá)上海。(九)、將來完成時(shí)表示在將來某一時(shí)間以前完成的動(dòng)作

20、。這是近兩年來考試的重點(diǎn)。其句型的基本結(jié)構(gòu)就是will have done。我們下面通過幾道真題來講解這一語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)。例(1)By next year he _ in New York for five years. A. has workedB. has been workingC. worksD. will have worked (【答案】D)(2004年11月30題)。補(bǔ)充：如果句子中有by引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),句子需要用完成時(shí)；by后跟的是將來的時(shí)間，句子需要用將來完成時(shí),表示將來某時(shí)之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。 如,By next Friday, he will have studied here

21、for three years.到下周五,他在這里學(xué)習(xí)就要滿三年了。本句的意思是：到明年為止，他在紐約已經(jīng)工作了五年了。例(2)By the end of next year they _ together for twenty years.A. will have worked B. had worked C. would work D. have worked(【答案】A)(2001年48題)。本句的意思是：到明年年底為止，他們已經(jīng)一起工作了二十年。例(3)I _ writing the article by the time you get back.A. shall finishB.

22、must have finishedC. have finishedD. shall have finished(【答案】D)(2000年24題)本句的意思是：到你回來的時(shí)候，我會(huì)完成這篇論文。(十)、將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)這一語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)在最近的考試中也有所考察。句型結(jié)構(gòu)為will have been doing.例：By the time you arrive this evening, _for two hours.A. I will study B. I will have been studiedC. I had studied D. I will have been studying (【答案】

23、D)(2004年11月41題)。本句的意思是：“到今晚你來的時(shí)候，我們就已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)了兩個(gè)小時(shí)了?！?1.1配套練習(xí)1. Mary _ in the garden when it began to rain.A. was walkingB. walkedC. walkingD. had walked2. English _ in a new way at my college in the past few years.A. has been teachingB. was being taughtC. has been taught D. had been taught3. Smith is to

24、 study medicine as soon as he _ military service.A. will finish B. has finished C. finishD. would finish 4. Please be sure to telephone me the next time you _.A. will come B. would come C. shall come D. come5. When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun _.A. shone B. shines C. has shone D. was sh

25、ining6. Return the book immediately to the library as soon as you _ with it.A. finish B. are finishedC. have finishedD. are finishing7. -How are you feeling?-I have been feeling better since_A. the doctor has come B. the doctor will come C. the doctor had come D. the doctor came8. The chemistry clas

26、s _ for five minutes when we hurried there.A. had been onB. was onC. has been onD. would be on9. By the time Juan gets home, he aunt _.A. will leave B. leavesC. will have leftD. is leaving10. Youve already missed too many classes this term. You _ two classes just last week.A. missed B. would miss C.

27、 had missed D. have missed11. One of the guards _ when the general came in, which made him very angry.A. has slept B. were sleepingC. slept D. was sleeping12. Dr. Robert went to New York, bought some books and _.A. visiting his daughter B. to visit his daughterC. visit his daughter D. visited his da

28、ughter13. I _ writing the article by the time you get back.A. shall finishB. must have finishedC. have finished D. shall have finished.14. There is a knock on the door. It is the second time someone_me this evening.A. interrupted B. has interrupted C. would interrupt D. interrupt15. “Is there anything wrong?”“No, so far I _ no trouble.” A. have had B. had C. have D. had had 16. No one can be sure if the car on display fits him or her until he or she _ them.A. tries B. will try C. are tryi