托福閱讀機(jī)經(jīng)背景：雪佛龍與巴西的石油工業(yè)

1、智課網(wǎng)TOEFL備考資料托福閱讀機(jī)經(jīng)背景：雪佛龍與巴西的石油工業(yè) THE flow of oil from cracks in the seabed off the coast of Rio de Janeiro has long since slowed to a mere trickle. Not so the retribution against Chevron, an American oil company that was drilling in the Frade oilfield on November 7th when a sudden rise in pressure c

2、aused a leak. 原油從里約熱內(nèi)盧離岸海床的裂縫中流出已經(jīng)是很久的事情了，不過由于溢出的原油只是緩慢的涓涓細(xì)流(而沒人發(fā)現(xiàn)它并受到懲罰)。然而這次雪佛龍所受的懲罰就不是這樣了。11月7日，這家來自美國的石油公司正在Frade油田鉆探，劇升的壓力引發(fā)了(明顯的)原油泄漏。 Brazils environment agency, IBAMA, has fined the company 50m reais ($28m) for the leak. On December 23rd it levied a further 10m reais for poor contingency pla

3、nning. The National Petroleum Agency (ANP), the industry regulator, has closed one of Chevrons Frade wells and suspended the firms drilling rights. The Rio de Janeiro state government is suing for 150m reais. A federal prosecutor in Campos, a city in the north of the state, is demanding 20 billion r

4、eais in punitive damages and seeking an injunction to halt all operations in Brazil by both Chevron and Transocean, the subcontractor drilling for it in Frade. Federal police, meanwhile, want to bring criminal charges against bosses of both companies. 巴西的環(huán)境部門巴西可再生資源與環(huán)保局已經(jīng)因這次泄漏事故對(duì)雪佛龍?zhí)幰?,000萬雷亞爾(2,800

5、美元)罰款。12月23日，該局又為可能性極低的規(guī)劃對(duì)雪佛龍追加1,000萬雷亞爾的罰款。石油管理機(jī)構(gòu)巴西國家石油管理局(ANP)已經(jīng)關(guān)閉雪佛龍位于Frade的其中一處油井，同時(shí)取消了這家公司的鉆探權(quán)。里約熱內(nèi)盧政府正在申訴15,000萬雷亞爾的罰款。位于巴西北方的城市Campos的一位聯(lián)邦公訴人提出200億雷亞爾的懲罰性損失賠償，并正在尋求禁止雪佛龍和Transocean公司在巴西的所有作業(yè)的強(qiáng)制令。Transocean公司承擔(dān)雪佛龍?jiān)贔rade 鉆探任務(wù)。與此同時(shí)，聯(lián)邦警察意圖以刑事罪處置兩家公司的主管人員。 After the 4.9m-barrel spill from the Maco

6、ndo well in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010, oil regulators around the world are in no mood for leniency. But the blitz against Chevron, for a leak of no more than 3,000 barrels, makes some industry-watchers wonder whether Brazil wants foreign oil companies at all. “The reactions are out of proportion wi

7、th the size of the leak,” says José Goldemberg, an energy and environment specialist at the University of S?o Paulo. Petrobras, Brazils state-controlled oil giant, holds a minority stake in Frade, but none of the lawsuits or fines names it as a respondent. “I dont think there would have been th

8、e same enthusiasm for big fines if Petrobras had been drilling.” 自2010年墨西哥灣Macondo油井490萬桶原油泄漏后，全球各國石油管理部門嚴(yán)厲無比。但僅因區(qū)區(qū)3,000桶而對(duì)雪佛龍鋪天蓋地地進(jìn)行懲罰，這使得一事行業(yè)觀察家懷疑巴西是否完全不想要外國石油了?！斑@些反應(yīng)與泄漏規(guī)模是不相對(duì)稱的，”一位圣保羅的大學(xué)的能源與環(huán)境專家José Goldemberg表示。巴西政府控股的石油巨頭擁有Frade的少量股份，但它卻從未作為被告面臨任務(wù)訴訟罰款。“假設(shè)Petrobras(也像雪佛龍一樣)進(jìn)行鉆探，我不認(rèn)為當(dāng)局會(huì)同樣積極處

9、以這么大的罰款?！?Brazil ended Petrobrass monopoly and opened up its oil industry to private and foreign investment in the 1990s. But its recent oil policy has been “nationalist and populist”, says Adriano Pires, a Rio-based energy consultant and former ANP official. It has restricted foreign companies to s

10、econdary roles in most new projects. A law approved in 2010 requires that in the recently discovered ultra-deep pré-sal (“sub-salt”) fields, Petrobras must be the operator with a minimum 30% stake (existing concessions are unaffected). Mr Pires fears that Chevrons mishandling of communications

11、will only harden the new mood. The company was slow to make details of the accident public, he says, and arrogant when it did; press conferences in English went down particularly badly. “It gave the authorities another chance to claim that foreign oil companies drilling in Brazil act carelessly,” he

12、 laments. 上世紀(jì)90年代，巴西取消了Petrobras的壟斷權(quán)，同時(shí)對(duì)私營企業(yè)和外國投資者開放該國的石油產(chǎn)業(yè)。但Adriano Pires表示，巴西最近的石油政策讓其變成“國家主義者和平民主義者”。 Adriano Pires是扎根里約熱內(nèi)盧能源顧問，同時(shí)也是巴西國家石油管理局的前官員。在大多數(shù)新項(xiàng)目上，巴西已經(jīng)將外國公司置諸次要地位。2010年，一項(xiàng)經(jīng)批準(zhǔn)的法律要求最近被發(fā)現(xiàn)的超級(jí)深海鹽田，Petrobras作為經(jīng)營的一方必須至少擁有30%的股份(目前的特許權(quán)看來是不會(huì)動(dòng)搖的)。Pires擔(dān)憂不正確的公關(guān)舉措將只會(huì)加深這種新的情緒。Pires表示，雪佛龍傲慢的態(tài)度以及緩慢公布這次泄漏事