新概念第二冊(cè)第10課被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

1、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的一種形式,它表示主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的關(guān)系。語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種:主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如果主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,或者是說(shuō)動(dòng)作是由主語(yǔ)完成的,要用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);如果主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者,或者是說(shuō)動(dòng)作不是由主語(yǔ)而是由其他人完成的,則用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。同一件事情往往可以通過(guò)主動(dòng)句或被動(dòng)句來(lái)表達(dá),側(cè)重點(diǎn)雖有所不同,但意思基本相同,一般來(lái)說(shuō),主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)側(cè)重于行為者,被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)側(cè)重于動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或動(dòng)作本身。一、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“be+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。be隨時(shí)態(tài)、人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的變化而變化。以下就是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)在各種時(shí)態(tài)中的構(gòu)成。1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):am/are/is+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞2.一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):was/

2、were+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞3.一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):will/shall be+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞或am/are/is going to be +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞4.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):am/is/are being+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞5.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):was/were being+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞6.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):have/has been+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞7.過(guò)去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):had been+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞8.過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):would be+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞9.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ be +動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞歌訣是:被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)be字變,過(guò)去分詞跟后面。下面以open為例,各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)

3、態(tài)表現(xiàn)為:The door is opened by him every day.(一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)The door was opened by him yesterday.(.一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)The door will be opened by him tomorrow.(一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)The door is being opened by him now.(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)The door was being opened by him at 8:00 yesterday evening.(.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)The door has been opened by hi

4、m already.(現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)The door must be opened by him.(情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)在使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),如需要指出動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者時(shí),應(yīng)用“by + 動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者(賓格”二、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法:(1 需要強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)English is widely spoken in the world now.(2 不知道或沒(méi)必要指出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)Mr. Wang is invited to the meeting today .(3 當(dāng)說(shuō)話人需要強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀時(shí)It is said that she was a beautiful girl when she was youn

5、g .(4只有及物動(dòng)詞有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),不及物動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。- Great changes have taken place in our hometown these years.(5主動(dòng)句中帶有雙賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞在被動(dòng)句中可用直接賓語(yǔ)或間接賓語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ),但用直接賓語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)在間接賓語(yǔ)前應(yīng)加上介詞to或for。在動(dòng)詞pass, give, post, leave等后應(yīng)加介詞to,而在動(dòng)詞buy, sing, cook, draw, make等后應(yīng)加介詞for。動(dòng)詞+ sb(間賓 +sth(直賓口訣:如遇雙賓語(yǔ),一般變間賓,若把直賓變,to /for 間賓連。1.give / pass / show 與

6、介詞to 搭配。give sb sth sb +be given sth 或sth +be given +to sb .2.buy / make / cook 與介詞for 搭配。buy sb sth sb +be bought + sth 或sth +be bought +for sb- Ill give her a present for her birthd ay.A present will be given to her for her birthday by me.- My brother bought me a bike.A bike was bought for me by m

7、y brother.(6在主動(dòng)句中,如果動(dòng)詞后是復(fù)合賓語(yǔ),則被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)只可用賓語(yǔ)作被動(dòng)句的主語(yǔ),而不可用賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)。- We called that dog Huahua.That dog was called Huahua.(7短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)是:主語(yǔ)+被動(dòng)式謂語(yǔ)+介詞/副詞(+by短語(yǔ)。將含有短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)句轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)句時(shí),原短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中的介詞或副詞不能遺漏。- We have sent for a doctor.A doctor has been sent for (by us.- They are taking good care of the children.The child

8、ren are being taken good care of (by them.(8帶省to 的不定式作賓補(bǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):動(dòng)詞+ sb + do sth .在主動(dòng)句中,感官動(dòng)詞see, look at, hear, listen to, feel, watch, notice及使役動(dòng)詞make, let, have等后應(yīng)跟不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ),而在被動(dòng)句中應(yīng)加上不定式符號(hào)to(let除外。help這一個(gè)詞在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中后面的動(dòng)詞不定式可以帶to,也可不帶to, 但在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中也必須把to加上去。口訣:感使動(dòng)詞真叫怪,to來(lái)to去記心懷,主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)to離去,被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)to回來(lái)。動(dòng)詞:make

9、/ let /have /see /hear /feel /watchmake sb do sth -sb + be +made +to do sth- The boss made the workers work all dayThe workers were made to work all day by the boss.(9see /hear /notice /keep +sb +doing sth 句型中變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)doing 不變。I heard Tom singing just now.Tom _ _ _ by me just now .記憶口訣:二聽(tīng)四看一感覺(jué),使役動(dòng)詞有三個(gè)。

10、或:一感二聽(tīng)三使四看。一感;feel 二聽(tīng):hear,listen to 三使:make ,let ,have四看:look at,see,watch,notice 使用口訣:感使動(dòng)詞真奇怪,to在句中象妖怪。主動(dòng)句里它走開(kāi),被動(dòng)句里它回來(lái)。動(dòng)詞let要除外,to詞可來(lái)可不來(lái)。三、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的方法(1把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)。(2把謂語(yǔ)變成被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)(be+過(guò)去分詞(根據(jù)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句子里的主語(yǔ)的人稱(chēng)和數(shù),以及原來(lái)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句子中動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)決定be的形式。(3把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的主語(yǔ)放在介詞by之后作賓語(yǔ),將主格改為賓格。例如:All the people laughed at him.

11、 He was laughed at by all people.They make the bikes in the factory.The bikes are made by them in the factory. 歌訣是:賓變主,主變賓,by短語(yǔ)后面跟。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變被動(dòng),be后“過(guò)分”來(lái)使用。四、主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示被動(dòng)意義1、 open, lock, sell, read, write, clean, cut, wash, burn, teach, drive, shut等及物動(dòng)詞在用作不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí),如果主語(yǔ)為物時(shí),可用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示被動(dòng)意義。- This kind of skirt sells

12、 well.- The car drives well.2、 end, cook, do, print, copy, sell, work out等動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)表示被動(dòng)意義。- The meat is cooking.- The book is printing.3、 look, taste, smell, sound等表示感官的連系動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。- The dress looks nice on you.- The dish tastes good.4、 be worth doing結(jié)構(gòu)中doing為主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。- The topic is well worth

13、 talking about.5、 want, need, require等動(dòng)詞表示“需要”,后面?？筛鷦?dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義,相當(dāng)于to be done。- All these computers need repairing. (= All these computers need to be repaired. 6、某些表示“發(fā)生”、“爆發(fā)”或“傳播”的不及物動(dòng)詞,如:happen, break out, spread等,也可以用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。- The accident happened in 2009.五、沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的動(dòng)詞:1. 沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的詞,表示狀態(tài)或特征的及物

14、動(dòng)詞如cost, fit, have, suit等沒(méi)有被動(dòng)形式,另外,像happen = take place, break out(爆發(fā),break down(壞了 result from(緣于,belong to, consist of等只用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),而不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)2. 不及物動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài): appear,die ,disappear, end (vi. 結(jié)束, fail, last, lie, remain, sit, spread(傳播, stand, come true, fall asleep, .3. 大多數(shù)系動(dòng)詞:be , feel (摸起來(lái),sound(聽(tīng)起來(lái),smell(聞起來(lái),taste(嘗起來(lái),look(看起來(lái),等詞無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),它們的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。例:The shirt feels very soft. 這件襯衣摸起來(lái)很柔軟。Many changes have taken place in our country.變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的方法口訣:被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)“賓”,用be加上“過(guò)去分