the norman conquest 諾曼征服

1、The Norman Conquest - 1066What is the Norman conquest The Norman conquest of England began in 1066 with the invasion of the Kingdom of England by the troops of William, Duke of Normandy, and his victory at the Battle of Hastings. This resulted in Norman control of England, which was firmly establish

2、ed during the next few years.England was united under the leadership of Alfred the Great. He managed to defeat most of the Viking raiders. By the 1000s England was one united country with one single set of laws.Having defeated the vikings Anglo Saxons were soon given a new challenge. In 1066 a duke

3、from Normandy in France invaded and killed Harold Godwinson the Saxon King. His name was William the Conqueror.Origins In 1002 King thelred II of England married Emma, the sister of Richard II, Duke of Normandy.Their son Edward the Confessor, who spent many years in exile in Normandy, succeeded to t

4、he English throne in 1042.This led to the establishment of a powerful Norman interest in English politics, as Edward drew heavily on his former hosts for support, bringing in Norman courtiers, soldiers, and clerics and appointing them to positions of power, particularly in the Church. Childless and

5、embroiled in conflict with the formidable Godwin, Earl of Wessex and his sons, Edward may also have encouraged Duke William of Normandys ambitions for the English throne.When King Edward died at the beginning of 1066, the lack of a clear heir led to a disputed succession in which several contenders

6、laid claim to the throne of England. Edwards immediate successor was the Earl of Wessex, Harold Godwinson, the richest and most powerful of the English aristocracy, who was elected king by the Witenagemot of England and crowned by Archbishop Ealdred of York, although Norman propaganda claimed he was

7、 consecrated by Stigand, the uncanonically elected Archbishop of CanterburyHowever, he was at once challenged by two powerful neighbouring rulers. Duke William claimed that he had been promised the throne by King Edward and that Harold had sworn agreement to this. Harald III of Norway, commonly know

8、n as Harald Hardrada, also contested the succession. His claim to the throne was based on a supposed agreement between his predecessor Magnus I of Norway, and the earlier Danish King of England Harthacanute, whereby if either died without heir, the other would inherit both England and Norway. Both W

9、illiam and Harald at once set about assembling troops and ships for an invasion.Norman invasionMeanwhile William assembled a large invasion fleet and an army gathered not only from Normandy but from all over France, including large contingents from Brittany and Flanders.He mustered his forces at Sai

10、nt-Valery-sur-Somme. The army was ready to cross by about 12 August.However, the crossing was delayed, either because of unfavourable weather or because of the desire to avoid being intercepted by the powerful English fleet. The Normans did not in fact cross to England until a few days after Harolds

11、 victory over the Norwegians, following the dispersal of Harolds naval force. They landed at Pevensey in Sussex on 28 September and erected a wooden castle at Hastings, from which they raided the surrounding areaEngland, 1066: Events in the Norman Conquest.Marching south at the news of Williams land

12、ing, Harold paused briefly at London to gather more troops, then advanced to meet William. They fought at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October. The English army, drawn up in a shieldwall on top of Senlac Hill, withstood a series of Norman attacks for several hours but was depleted by the losses suff

13、ered when troops on foot pursuing retreating Norman cavalry were repeatedly caught out in the open by counter-attacks. In the evening the defence finally collapsed and Harold was killed, along with his brothers Earl Gyrth and Earl Leofwine. After his victory at Hastings, William expected to receive

14、the submission of the surviving English leaders, but instead Edgar Atheling was proclaimed king by the Witenagemot, with the support of Earls Edwin and Morcar, Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury, and Ealdred, Archbishop of York. William therefore advanced, marching around the coast of Kent to London.

15、 He defeated an English force which attacked him at Southwark, but he was unable to storm London Bridge and therefore sought to reach the capital by a more circuitous route. He moved up the Thames valley to cross the river at Wallingford, Oxfordshire; while there, he received the submission of Stiga

16、nd. William then travelled northeast along the Chilterns, before advancing towards London from the northwest, fighting further engagements against forces from the city. Having failed to muster an effective military response, Edgars leading supporters lost their nerve, and the English leaders surrend

17、ered to William at Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire. William was acclaimed King of England and crowned by Ealdred on 25 December 1066, in Westminster Abbey. Consequences LanguageOne of the most obvious changes was the introduction of Anglo-Norman, a northern dialect of Old French, as the language of the r

18、uling classes in England, displacing Old English. This predominance was further reinforced and complicated in the mid-twelfth century by an influx of followers of the Angevin dynasty, speaking a more mainstream dialect of French. Not until the fourteenth century would English regain its former prima

19、cy, while the use of French at court continued into the fifteenth century.By this time English had itself been profoundly transformed, developing into the starkly different Middle English which formed the basis for the modern language. During the centuries of French linguistic dominance a large prop

20、ortion of the words in the English language had disappeared and been replaced by French words, leading to the present hybrid tongue in which an English core vocabulary is combined with a largely French abstract vocabulary. The grammatical structures of the language had also changed dramatically, although the relationship, if any, between this transformation and the marginalisation of English resulting from the conquest is uncertain.Many english words which came from french 古法語借詞古法語借詞 現(xiàn)代英語詞現(xiàn)代英語詞 漢語意義漢語意義 Cit city城市duc duke大公baron baron男爵juge judge法官arme army軍隊enemi en