英語諺語欣賞

1、英語諺語欣賞1. He who knows nothing but pretends to know everything is indeed a good-for nothing.不懂裝懂，一事無成.2. Its the first step that costs.千里之行，始于足下3. He that makes himself a sheep shall be eaten by the wolf. 甘當(dāng)小綿羊，遲早要喂狼. 概念：(1) 定語從句：在主從復(fù)合句中用作定語的從句叫定語從句。定語從句一般緊接在先行詞(antecedent)后面。(2) 先行詞：被定語從句修飾的成份。先行詞可以

2、為一個詞，短語，或整個主句。(3) 引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞，分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系詞的作用：1) 引導(dǎo)定語從句，連接主句和從句，相當(dāng)于一個連詞；2) 必在從句中作某個句子成份（可以做主語，賓語，表語，定語，狀語）常用的關(guān)系代詞: that、 which、 who、whom、whose、as 、but (文語, 置于否定詞之后=that/whonot, "沒有不", 在從句中作主語，賓語)常用的關(guān)系副詞（在從句中只作狀語）: when、why、 whereThe student who answered the question was John.I know the

3、 reason why he was so angry.The boy (whom) you are talking to is my brother.I'd like a room whose window looks out over the sea.定語從句三步：第一找出先行詞；第二看先行詞在定語從句中的語法功能（做主語、賓語或狀語）；第三選擇合適的關(guān)系詞。. 幾個關(guān)系代詞的基本用法：that: 可指人或物；在定語從句中作主語，賓語，表語。(指人時，相當(dāng)于who或 whom；指物時，相當(dāng)于which)(一般不用于非限制性定語從句; 不可置于介詞后作賓語) 如：1. A lette

4、r that/which is written in pencil is difficult to read. (主語)2. Do you know the gentleman that/who spoke just now?3. You can take anything ( that) you like. （賓語）4. What is the question (that/which) they are talking about?5. Here is the man ( who/whom/that ) you want to see.6. She's no longer the

5、girl ( that) she used to be before.（表語）7. Our hometown is no longer the one (that) it used to be.= Our hometown is not the same as it used to be.= Our hometown is different from what it used to be。= Our hometown is not what it used to be.which: 指物；在定語從句中作主語，賓語，表語，定語。如：1. The book which/that was on t

6、he desk was bought by my father.（主語）2. The book (which/that) I bought yesterday is very interesting.（賓語）3. The factory in which his father works is far from here.4. He was proud, which his brother never was. （表語）5. Tom spent four years in college, during which time he learned French.（定語）6. He may be

7、 late, in which case we ought to wait for him.who, whom, whose:who: 主格, 在從句中作主語，在口語或非正式用法中作賓語; 只可指人whom: 賓格，在從句中作賓語; 只可指人whose: 屬格，在從句中作定語，可指人也可指物。I like the students who/that work hard. （主語）All who heard the story were amazed. (代詞如he, they, any, those, all, one等后多用who.)Chaplin, for whom life had on

8、ce been very hard, was a success as an actor.  （賓語）He's a man from whom we should learn.= He's a man (whom/who/that) we should learn from.比較：He is the student whom you think to be worthy of your praise.He is the student who you think is worth praising.A child whose parents are dead is c

9、alled an orphan.（指人）I'd like a room whose window faces south. （指物）=I'd like a room of which the window faces south.=I'd like a room the window of which faces south.There is a teapot shaped like a Chinese duck, out of whose mouth tea is supposed to come關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語:關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中用作介詞賓語時, 介詞可放于從句

10、之首, 也可放于從句之末. 但以放于句首較為正式.（介詞前置，必須注意不影響動詞詞組的含義。關(guān)系代詞who 和 that 用作介詞賓語時, 介詞必須放在句末.）This is the book for which you asked.=This is the book (that/which) you asked for.Do you know the person with whom I shook hands？= Do you know the person (whom/who/that) I shook hands with?The beginning of agriculture wa

11、s a big step in human progress with which nothing could compare until our information age.In the dark street, there wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for help.Is this the factory to which you paid a visit last week?Is this factory the one to which you paid a visit last week?This is t

12、he girl whom they are looking after. (介詞after與look構(gòu)成固定詞組，不可前置。look at, look for, look after, take care of等) as 的用法:(as 引導(dǎo)定語從句, 在定語從句中作主語、賓語、表語)如為限制性的，多用于the same as ; the same as；such as ; as many/much as；so as等結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：I have the same book as you (have). 我有一本和你的一樣的書。  Her attitude to him was quit

13、e the same as it had always been. (關(guān)系代詞as和指示代詞same連用, 在從句中用作表語, 先行詞是same.).-Why didn't you mention that in face of the police just now?- I thought it was such a minor detail as was hardly worth mentioning.We will only discuss such problems as have something to do with our own interests.Don't

14、 do such things as you are not sure about.There is no such place as you dream of in all this world.比較：I live in the same house that he used to live in.          I'm wearing the same shirt as you wore yesterday.比較：Here is so big a stone as no one can l

15、ift. （定語從句）          Here is so big a stone that no one can lift it.（結(jié)果狀語從句）如為非限制性的，多單獨引導(dǎo)一個定語從句，這種定語從句可置于句首，句中或句尾，譯為"正如，這一點"。（動詞常為know, see, expect, point out, etc.）As we all know, smoking is harmful to one's health . (as 作賓語)=As is known to

16、 all, smoking is harmful to one's health . （as 作主語）=It's known to all that smoking is harmful to one's health .=Smoking is harmful to one's health , as we all know .（as 作賓語）=Smoking, as we all know, is harmful to one' health.He was a foreigner, as I knew from his accent.  (賓

17、語, 先行詞是前面整個句子). 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句:When 指時間，在定語從句中作時間狀語。其先行詞是表時間的名詞（如：time, day, week, tear, month, etc.）He came last night when I was out.We will put off the picnic until next week, when the weather would be better.注意：先行詞為"時間名詞"，可用when引導(dǎo)定語從句，when在定語從句中作狀語；還可以用which或that 引導(dǎo)，which或that在從句中作主語或賓語。比

18、較: I still remember the day when /on which my brother joined the army.（作狀語）Next month, when you will be in your hometown, is just around the corner.I still remember the days which/that we spent together. （作賓語）Next winter which/that you'll spend in Harbin, I'm sure, will be exciting.I shall n

19、ever forget the day when Shen Zhou was launched, which has a great effect on my life.There are occasions when joking is not permissible.Where 指地點，在定語從句中作地點狀語。其先行詞是表示地點的名詞，如：place, school, factory, room, etc.This is the place where I was born.I live in the room where /in which he used to live.注意：先行詞是

20、"地點名詞"，定語從句可用where引導(dǎo)，還可用which或that引導(dǎo)，which/that 在從句中作主語或賓語。比較: This is the factory where /in which he worked last year. （作狀語）The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point where he can walk correctly and safely.I think you have got to the point where a change is needed, or

21、 you would fail.Government reports, legal papers and most business letters are the main situations where English is used.He's got himself into a dangerous situation where he's likely to lose control of the plane.The small mountain village where we spent our holiday last month lies in what /t

22、he place which is now part of Hubei.This is the park which/that they visited last year. （作賓語）Not having been there before, he simply had no idea about the place, which everyone says is worth visiting.Why 指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語。先行詞為reason 時，可用for which指代；當(dāng)關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語或賓語時，則用which或that 引導(dǎo)。如：The reason why / fo

23、r which / (that) he didn't attend the meeting was that he was ill.I don't believe the reason (that/which) he gave me. （作賓語）Have you asked him the reason that may explain his success? （作主語）Ex.) He was late .That's because he got up late.    .He got up late. That's why h

24、e was late.(表語從句)                              (the reason) why/for which he was late. (定語從句)當(dāng)先行詞為way時，定語從句常用that, in which,或how引導(dǎo)，that?？梢允÷?。way后的定語從句 的引導(dǎo)詞

25、不用時較多。但如果關(guān)系詞在句中作主語或賓語時，則用which或that 引導(dǎo)。如:This is the way (that)  /in which  I do such things.比較: Please do the experiment in the way （that/which）I have shown you. 限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別：1. 形式上，非限制性定語從句往往用逗號隔開。2. 語法上，非限制性定語從句一般不用that.3. 語義上，限制性定語從句與先行詞關(guān)系緊密，起限定作用，如果去掉了這個定語從句，整個句子就不完整或者會改變意思；而非限

26、制性定語從句與先行詞關(guān)系不是很緊密，對先行詞起補充說明或描述的作用。This is the book I like best.   這就是我最喜歡的那本書。Beijing, which has been China's capital for more than 800 years , is rich in cultural and historic relics. 北京是中國八百年之久的古都，它有著豐富的文化和歷史遺產(chǎn)。4. 翻譯時，限制性定語從句可譯為一句（較短的一般譯為"的"字結(jié)構(gòu)）；而非限制性定語從句可譯為兩句。（見上句翻譯）比較:

27、60; He has a sister, who is a musician.      He has a sister who is a musician.引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞，指人時用who, whom, whose , 指物時用which , whose; 關(guān)系副詞when，where, why, etc.1. He studied hard at school when he was young, which leads to his success in his later life.2. Tom's father,

28、 who arrived just now, is a famous scientist.3. They set up a separate state of their own, where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.4. He was proud, which his brother never was. 幾個易混淆的關(guān)系代詞的比較:that & which:在定語從句中，which 和that 在指代事物時，一般可以互換使用，但并非在任何情況下都是這樣，這里介紹宜用that, 而不宜用which 的情況.先行詞為不定

29、代詞,all,much,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,the one等,1.We should do all that is useful to the people .2.There's nothing that can be said about it .3.Do you mean the one that was bought yesterday?先行詞被only, any, few, little, no, just, very, one of等詞修飾時。1.The only thing that we could do

30、was to wait.2.That's the very word that is wrongly used.The last place (that) we visited was the chemical works.You can take any (=whichever) seat that is free.I hope the little that I can will be of some help to them.比較 *This is one of the best novels that were published last year. *This i

31、s the only one of the best novels that was published last year.先行詞是序數(shù)詞時或被序數(shù)詞修飾時。1.When we talk about Wuxi, the first that comes into mind is Tai Lake.2.This is the third film that has been shown in our school this term.先行詞是最高級或被最高級修飾時。1.This is the best that can be done now.2.The most important thin

32、g that should be done right now is how to stop him from going on.先行詞既有人又有物，用which和who都不適合，這時宜用that. 如：1.The writer and his novel that you have just talked about is really well known .2.The rider and his bike that had run over an old woman were held up by the police.被修飾詞為數(shù)詞時.1.Yesterday I caught two

33、fish and put them in a basin of water .Now you can see the two that are still alive .如果有兩個從句，其中一個關(guān)系代詞已用which ,另一個關(guān)系代詞宜用that，以避免語言的單調(diào)或重復(fù)。Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.疑問詞是who或which，關(guān)系代詞宜用that，以避免重復(fù)。1. Which is the book that you like best?2. Who is the

34、 man that is standing at the gate?主句是There be 結(jié)構(gòu)，修飾其主句的定語從句宜用that 作關(guān)系代詞. 如：1. There is still a seat in the corner that is still free.被修飾成分為表語時，或者關(guān)系代詞本身是定語從句的表語時,該關(guān)系代詞宜用that .1. That's a good book that will help you a lot.2. My home village is no longer the place ( that ) it used to be .定語從句中宜用wh

35、ich而不宜用that 的情況:當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞的前面有介詞時.1.A zoo is a park in which many kinds of animals are kept for exhibition.2.Is this the room in which Mr. White lives?在非限制性定語從句中.1.Crusoe's dog, which was are now very old, became ill and died .2.More and more people are beginning to learn English, which is becoming v

36、ery popular in our country. (which指代主句)在一個句子中有兩個定語從句，其中一個定語從句的關(guān)系代詞用了that, 另一個宜用which .1. Let me show you the novel，that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.2. At the station I bought some magazines that might help me to pass the time on the train and which I could pass on to other

37、s when I finished them.當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞后面帶有插入語時.1. Here's the English grammar which, as I have told you, will help improve your English.先行詞本身是that, 宜用which .What's that which she is looking at?先行詞是those+復(fù)數(shù)名詞.A shop should keep a stock of those goods which sell best.(B) who & that:who 和 that 指代人時，有些

38、情況宜用who, 而不宜用that先行詞為anyone, anybody, those, all, one, ones, they, he, people時. 如：1.The person I want to learn from is the one who studies hard and works well.2.Anyone who (=Whoever) failed to come to the meeting yesterday must give his reason .3.Those who are not fit for their work should leave off

39、ice at once4.I don't like the ones (= those ) who talk big.5.Persons who are quarrelsome are despised.在There be 結(jié)構(gòu)中，修飾主語的定語從句宜用關(guān)系代詞who 指代人. 如：1.There is a gentleman who wants to see you .2.There are several students in our class who are still not sure about the use of attributive clauses.當(dāng)先行詞有較長

40、的后置定語時. 如：1. I met a foreigner in the park yesterday afternoon who could speak Chinese very well.一個句子中帶有兩個定語從句，其中一個定語從句的關(guān)系代詞是that ,另一個則宜用who, 以免重復(fù). 如：1. The student that was praised at yesterday's meeting is the monitor who is very modest and works very hard .as & which:as & which 引導(dǎo)非限制性

41、定語從句的區(qū)別：位置的不同：which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句只置于所限制的 句子后；as 位置較靈活，也就是說as可置于所限制的句子前面；插在句子中或放在句子后。如：1. He was late again, which made his teacher very angry.2. Jack, as you know, is an honest man. 或Jack is an honest man , as you know.或As you know, Jack is an honest man.先行詞的不同：as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時，其先行詞多為一個句子；which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時，其先

42、行詞可以是一個詞，一個短語或一個句子。He was proud, which his brother never was. （先行詞是一個詞）  She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.  He was proud, which I dislike very much.（先行詞是一個句子）He is an honest man, as is known to all.  He was a foreigner, as I know from his accent.

43、as 一般譯為"正如""就像"，"這一點"as we all know；as you know; as is known to all; as you see; as we can see; as has been expected; as we have imagined.訓(xùn)練題匯總EX1. 用定語從句完成下列句子。1This is the most beautiful forest _            &#

44、160; _(我所見過的).2Dou Po Tang(陡坡塘) Waterfall, _(位于貴州省的), is 105 meters wide and 21 meters high.EX2用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞填空. Have a try! ! !1.  I will never forget the day _ I first went to school.   I will never forget the day    _ we spent in Beijing.2. The house _ we visited is being r

45、epaired now.  The house _ Luxun once lived is being repaired now.Ex3選擇適當(dāng)?shù)拇~填空，注意非限制性定語從句和單句的比較。1.I am reading Harry Porter, _is an interesting book.2.He failed in the exam._ made his parents angry.3.He failed in the exam, _made his parents angry.4.He has two sons. Both of _ are teachers.5.He ha

46、s two sons, both of _ are teachers.EX4 思考:用五種方式（定語從句）翻譯句子   這是他工作的工廠。1. This is the factory      he works.   2. This is the factory           he works.3. This is the factory    

47、60; he works in.    4. This is the factory      he works in.5. This is the factory      he works in.EX5 思考: 介詞+關(guān)系代詞的情況 介詞+關(guān)系代詞的情況 （1）The man whom you spoke         was a scientist.The city&#

48、160;     she lives in is far away.介詞+關(guān)系代詞的情況（2）   Are these two sentences right?The man who/whom you spoke to was a scientist.The city that/which she lives in is far away.介詞+關(guān)系代詞的情況（3）   Are these two sentences right?The man to who/whom you spoke was a scienti

49、st.The city in that/which she lives is far away.結(jié)論：                                      介詞+關(guān)系代詞的情況 ( 4) 

50、  下面兩句中的介詞能提前嗎?Is this the watch that you are looking for?The old man whom I am looking after is better .結(jié)論：                               &

51、#160;      Sum up:介詞+關(guān)系代詞介詞關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句, 關(guān)鍵是判斷介詞的選擇.方法一:根據(jù)從句中動詞與先行詞習(xí)慣搭配  方法二:根據(jù)從句中動詞與先行詞的邏輯關(guān)系注意：關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作介詞賓語時，從句常常由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引出。此時關(guān)系代詞只能用which 或 whom; 不可用that 或who 代替。Ex6: 介詞+關(guān)系代詞的使用1.  Do you like the book         

52、;                     she spent $10?    2.  Do you like the book                                she paid $10?3.  Do you like the book                 &