專業(yè)英語課文翻譯

1、Green and healthy housing 綠色和健康的住房The basic role of a house has not changed since humans lived in caves. It shelters us from the elements and provides a place to live, work, and play. Initial responses fron architects and engineers to that early crisis were to explore such alternative energy sources

2、 as active and passive solar heating systems. Years of experimentation followed until the premise of that direction was questioned. Instead of replacing the energy source, why not reduce the need for it ? That questioned to the development of what were called super insulated homes, some of which req

3、uired as little as 5% of the energy used by conventional homes at the time. But initial applications of this technology suffered serious problems with moisture generated from normal household activities and resulted in s focus on indoor air quality. That focus evolved beyond moisture and resulting b

4、iological contaminants to gradually include radon and other soil gases , volatile organic compounds, and combustion pollutants.房子的基本作用沒有改變自人類住在山洞里。它我們遮擋了元素和提供一個地方生活、工作和娛樂。最初的反應出發(fā),建筑師和工程師,早期危機是探索這樣的替代能源作為主動和被動太陽能加熱系統(tǒng)。年的實驗后的前提下,方向是質(zhì)疑。而不是把能量來源,為什么不減少需要它嗎?那質(zhì)疑發(fā)展什么被稱為超級絕緣房屋,其中一些需要盡可能少使用能源的5%,當時傳統(tǒng)的住宅。但這種技術

5、的初始應用遭受了嚴重問題與水分產(chǎn)生正常的家庭活動,并導致年代專注于室內(nèi)空氣質(zhì)量。專注進化超越水分和產(chǎn)生的生物污染物逐漸包括氡和其他土壤氣體、揮發(fā)性的有機化合物和燃燒污染物。In recent years, house design and construction issues have brosdened beyond energy efficiency and indoor environmental quality to include embodied energy content and durability of construction materials.A green hou

6、se is s high-performance home with respect to its energy use and a healthy home regarding its indoor environmental quality. Its small carbon footprint also makes it an earth-friendly home. The challenge facing designers facing designers and builders is to incorporate each of these concerns into the

7、housing process without compromising affordability, aesthetics, or function . In other words, green design represents construction techniques that minimize impacts on the natural environment and create healthy indoor spaces for building occupants.近年來,房子的設計和建設問題已經(jīng)擴大超出能源效率和室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量,包括具體能源內(nèi)容和耐久性的建筑材料。一個綠

8、色的房子年代高性能回家就其能源使用和一個健康的家庭室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量關于其。它的小的碳足跡也使它成為一種環(huán)境友好的家。設計師所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)和建筑商面臨設計師是將每個這些擔憂房地產(chǎn)過程不影響負擔能力、美學、或函數(shù)。換句話說,綠色設計代表了施工技術,減少對自然環(huán)境和創(chuàng)造健康的室內(nèi)空間的住戶。The environmental benefits of green design include a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions. Reductions come principally from less energy used for space conditio

9、ning but also fron lower manufacturing and transportation.costs associated with building materials . 綠色設計的環(huán)保效益包括:減少二氧化碳的排放。削減主要來自更少的能量用于空間條件作用也較低的制造和運輸出發(fā)。建筑材料的相關成本。Other significant benefits of green buildings might result from improved well-being of the occupants, Nearly all materials used in build

10、ings shed particles or give off gases, particularly when new. Outside pollutants also find their way into buildings through air intakes and inadequate filtering systens. Such indoor environments can affect the physical and psychological well-being of building occupants.其他重要好處綠色建筑可能源于人類福祉改善的居住者,幾乎所有材

11、料用于建筑顆粒脫落或釋放氣體,特別是當新。外界污染也發(fā)現(xiàn)進入建筑通過空氣過濾系統(tǒng)和不適當?shù)臄z入量。這種室內(nèi)環(huán)境會影響生理和心理健康的住戶。Indoor Environmental Quality 室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量From 1992 through 1994 , the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency conducted the probability-based National Human Activity Pattern Survey . The results showed that Americans spent, on average, 87%

12、of their time indoors . This time was broken down into 69% of the time at home and 18% of the time indoors but not at home , including work , school , shopping , and restaurant. Sociological studies also suggest that the time Americans spend indoors has remained fairly uniform over the past few deca

13、des. These studies indicate that most of our time is spent in the artificially controlled environments of buildings, particularly homes . Therefore , it is imperative that the indoor environment be designed to avoid negative effects on occupant health and to enhance occupant well-being.從1992年到1994年,

14、美國環(huán)境保護署進行了概率國家人類活動模式的調(diào)查。結(jié)果表明,美國人花了,平均而言,87%的時間在室內(nèi)。這一次是分解成69%的時間在家里,18%的時間在室內(nèi)但不在家,包括工作、學校、購物、和餐館。社會學的研究也表明,美國人花在室內(nèi)的時間一直較為均勻過去幾十年。這些研究表明,我們的大多數(shù)時間都花在人為控制的環(huán)境的建筑物,特別是房屋。因此,當務之急是室內(nèi)環(huán)境設計,以避免負面影響居住者的健康和提高居住者健康。Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) 室內(nèi)空氣品質(zhì)(IAQ)Indoor air may be defined as the air within a building occupied

15、 for a period of at least one hour by people in varying states of health . The U.S. Deparment of Health attributes the rise in indoor air pollution and associated health.The U.S. Department of Health attributes the rise in indoor air pollution and associated health problems to reduced ventilation an

16、d increased use of synthetic building materials.室內(nèi)空氣可以定義為建筑物內(nèi)的空氣占領一段至少一個小時,人們在不同國家的健康。美國軍隊衛(wèi)生屬性上升的室內(nèi)空氣污染和相關的健康。美國衛(wèi)生部門屬性上升的室內(nèi)空氣污染和相關的健康問題,降低通風和增加使用合成建筑材料。Indoor air pollutants may be categorized as chemical and biological . Chemical pollutants with potential health effects include asbestos , radon , c

17、arbon monoxide , carbon dioxide ,nitrogen oxides (NOx) , respirable suspended particulates (RSPs) , construction chemicals, ozone, unpleasant odors, and lead . Biological pollutants with potential health effects include molds, dust mites , dust mites , certain animals , cockroaches, house plants , p

18、ollen , and other infectious agents. 室內(nèi)空氣污染物可分為化學和生物?；瘜W污染物與健康的潛在影響包括石棉、氡、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、氮氧化物(NOx)、呼吸道懸浮粒子(一些區(qū)域服務商)、建筑膠粘劑、臭氧、不愉快的氣味,和鉛。生物污染物與健康的潛在影響包括模具、塵螨、塵螨,某些動物、蟑螂、房子植物、花粉、和其他傳染性病原體。Temperature 溫度Room tenperature has potential effects on SBS and occupant satisfaction with air quality. High temperatures

19、 are associated with the prevalence of sick building syndrome whereas low temperatures can induce temporary deterioration in the dexterity of hands. Temperature also has a role in the off-gassing from building materials.房間有潛力較大溫差影響SBS和居住者滿意的空氣質(zhì)量。高溫度的流行程度相關病態(tài)建筑綜合癥而低溫可以誘發(fā)暫時惡化靈巧的雙手。溫度也有一個角色在濃濃的從建筑材料。Hu

20、midity 濕度Various publications discuss significant associations between humidity levels and concentrations of indoor air pollutants. Correlations between humidity levels and health effects are often found to be building-specific. Temperature appears to be warmer than it would be in drier air.各種出版物討論重

21、大之間的關聯(lián)的濕度和室內(nèi)空氣污染物的濃度。濕度之間的相關性和健康影響常常發(fā)現(xiàn)構建特定的。溫度似乎比在溫暖干燥的空氣。Ventilation 通風Ventilation is used to bring outdoor air to the inside and remove or dilute indoor air pollutants. The air supplied can be entirely outdoor air or be mixed with recirculated return air. Studies show that health and perceived air

22、 quality will usually improve with increased outside air ventilation.通風是用來把室外空氣內(nèi)部和刪除或稀釋室內(nèi)空氣污染物?？諝馓峁┛梢酝耆彝饪諝饣蚧煊醒h(huán)回流空氣。研究表明,健康和感知空氣質(zhì)量通常會改善與增加外部空氣通風。Lighting 照明Lighting is a significant factor in the indoor environment .Daylight has the potential to reduce the incidence of health problems caused by rap

23、id fluctuations in artificial lighting. Studies suggest that classrooms without daylight may upset the basic hormone pattern of children, and thes problem in turn may influence their abilityto concentrate or cooperate or negatively affect their performance. The amount of light that we need in an ind

24、oor environment varies withthe type of surfaces,the individuals vision, and the type of task being done. Glare , flicker , lack of contrast , inadequate illumination , or unsuitable spot lighting can all lead to health problems and discomfort.照明是一個重要的因素在室內(nèi)環(huán)境。白天有潛力減少健康問題的發(fā)生率的快速波動造成的人工照明。研究表明,教室沒有陽光可以

25、打亂了基本激素模式的孩子,可問題反過來可能會影響他們的能力集中或合作或消極的影響到他們的表現(xiàn)。的光量,我們需要在一個室內(nèi)環(huán)境變化與類型的表面,個人的視野,和類型的任務被完成。眩光、閃爍、缺乏之下,不充分的照明,或不合適的局部照明,都可能導致健康問題和不適。Occupant Health and Well-Being 居住者的健康和幸福A growing number of studies demonstrate an association between indoor environment-related asthma and allergies and indoor exposures

26、to respiratory allergens and irritants; Allergic disorders are major causes of illness and disability in the United States, afflicting more than 35 million people with upper respiratory symptoms . Two of the most common indoor allergens are mold and duct. The design of indoor environments can promot

27、e or reduce allergens and irritants, which can trigger symptoms of allergies and asthma . 越來越多的研究證明之間的一個關聯(lián)室內(nèi)環(huán)境哮喘和過敏和室內(nèi)接觸呼吸道過敏和刺激物;過敏性疾病的主要原因是疾病和殘疾折磨,在美國有超過3500萬人患有上呼吸道癥狀。兩種最常見的室內(nèi)過敏原是模具和管道。室內(nèi)環(huán)境的設計能促進或減少過敏原和刺激,也會觸發(fā)過敏和哮喘的癥狀。The psychological health of occupants may also be linked with a buildings indoo

28、r environment. Psychological health includes such issues as anxiety , depression, and stress. It can also be described in positive ways such as feelings of confidence , energy, and generally being in good spirits. Empirical research has shown that improved view , ventilation , and air temperature co

29、nditions in office spaces positively affect the productivity of workers.心理健康的居住者也可能與建筑的室內(nèi)環(huán)境。心理健康包括等問題焦慮、抑郁和壓力。它也可以被描述在積極的方面比如感覺自信,能源,和一般被精神抖擻。實證研究表明,改進的觀點,通風,空氣溫度條件在辦公室空間積極地影響到工人的生產(chǎn)力。The construction of healthy indoor environments is linked with economic benefits related to health.Given the economic

30、 implications, it is imperative that building indoor environments be designed to enhance the health and well-being of occupants . The recent sustainable green building movement has shown promise in this regard .健康的室內(nèi)環(huán)境的建設是與經(jīng)濟效益相關的健康?？紤]到經(jīng)濟影響,當務之急是建筑室內(nèi)環(huán)境被設計來提高居住者的健康和福祉。最近的可持續(xù)發(fā)展的綠色建筑運動在這方面顯示出了希望。Althou

31、gh green homes were initially viewed as a subset of luxury home markets, recent trends indicate that they are becoming more mainstream . Two main initiatives in this regard are the U.S.Green Building Councils Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design guidelines for homes and the National Associa

32、tion of Home Builders . The inclusion of green and healthy features in new homes is no longer limited to niche markets and is quickly becoming routine.盡管綠色家園最初被視為一個子集的豪華住宅市場,最近的趨勢表明,他們正變得越來越主流。兩個主要的計劃在這方面是美國綠色建筑委員會領導的能源和環(huán)境設計指南家庭和全美住宅建筑商協(xié)會。將綠色和健康的特性在新住房不再限于利基市場,并迅速成為例行公事。The architecture of housing 體

33、系結(jié)構的房屋Any discussion about housing design must involve concepts of beauty and how beauty is evaluated. Because beauty is thought of as an elusive idea we are reluctant to acknowledge it. Some aspects of beauty and design can design can only be dealt with subjectively, however , most are easily under

34、stood and can be reviewed objectively.任何討論住宅設計必須包括概念的美麗和美麗是評估。因為美麗是被認為是一個難以捉摸的概念,我們都不愿意承認這一點。某些方面的美和設計可以設計只能處理主觀上,然而,最易于理解,可以客觀地回顧了。Beauty is not abstract , it is real . Beauty is not necessary in the eye of the beholder ; it is largely objective and quantifiable. There are threee criteria which Sir

35、 Henry Wotton paraphrased in the seventeenth century, from the first century BC writings of Vitruvius , that are still applicable today and are the basic measuring blocks of housing design . These criteria are:美麗不是抽象的,它是真實的。美是沒有必要在旁觀者的眼里,這很大程度上是客觀的、可量化的。有三個標準,亨利爵士沃頓轉(zhuǎn)述在十七世紀,從公元前一世紀的著作,仍適用維特魯威今天和基本測量塊

36、住宅設計的。這些標準是:Commodity,大宗商品,Firmness,堅定,Delight. 喜悅。Commodity poses the question , is the building suitable for its purpose and does it look like what it is ? We are talking about housing so ask yourself , does it liik like a Canadian house and not like a Swiss Chalet or a Jacobean Manor or a Califor

37、nia Bungalow Are the materials appropriate to the location and are they arranged so that they respect the existing surroundings ? The honest use of building materials dose not mean building houses only with wood and stone; glass and aluminum maybe more appropriate , indeed , may be more natural in s

38、ome circumstances. Suitability for purpose also affects the floor plan and ths is particularly critical in small house. Does the circulation work well ? Is the house zoned to provide both living and quiet areas ? Is there adequate space for cooking , cleaning , and all the activities connected with

39、bringing up a family ? 商品提出了這個問題,是構建適合它的目的和它是否看起來像那是什么嗎?我們正在談論住房所以問問自己,是否像加拿大的房子里,而不是像瑞士小屋或詹姆斯一世的莊園或加州平房是材料適當?shù)奈恢煤退麄兪沁@樣安排,他們尊重現(xiàn)有的環(huán)境嗎?誠實的使用的建筑材料不意味著建造房子只有木頭和石頭;玻璃和鋁也許更合適,事實上,可能在某些情況下更為自然。適合用途也影響了平面圖和這個特別關鍵的小房子。并循環(huán)工作好嗎?那房子分區(qū)提供生活和安靜的地區(qū)?是否有足夠的空間用于做飯、清潔、和所有的活動與撫養(yǎng)家庭嗎?Dilight is a wonderfully chosen word ;

40、it means to give pleasure to the beholder . Again, we are not talking about abstract concepts but about quantifiable realities . Delight has to do with scale , proportion, harmony, rhythm, and unity-with what the building, in its setting , looks like. 喜悅是一本選中的詞,它意味著給快樂情人眼里出西施。再一次,我們正在談論的不是抽象的概念,但關于可

41、量化的現(xiàn)實。喜悅與規(guī)模、比例、和諧、節(jié)奏、團結(jié)與建筑,在它的設置,看起來像。Scale concerns the size relationship between people and buildings or places. When we look at a building we want clues about how to interpret its size . Our eyes seek out things we know. We are familiar with the size of a brick and the dimensions of an ordinary d

42、oor and we are comfortable when the sizes turn out to be what we anticipate. Another aspect of scale involves our feeling of importance as individuals . If we appear large in relation to our surroundings we feel that we can cope with the elements of our environment . 規(guī)模大小人與人之間關系的擔憂和建筑或地點。當我們看一個建筑我們希

43、望線索如何解釋它的大小。我們的眼睛尋找我們所知的事物。我們都熟悉的大小尺寸的磚頭和一個普通的門,我們是舒適當大小變成我們所預料的。規(guī)模的另一個方面涉及到我們的感覺作為個人重要性。如果我們出現(xiàn)大關系到我們的環(huán)境,我們覺得我們能應付我們的環(huán)境的元素。Proportion is the comparable relationship between the sizes of number of things , or between the size of one thing . A window has a size relationship of width to height . A room

44、 has a size relationship of width to length to height . The side of a house is related in size to the size of the windows or doors which it may contain . At a large scale , proportion deals with the size of an open space , such as a play yard , compared with the height of the buildings around it . S

45、ome proportions are more pleasing to the eye than others . And there have been many attempts to formulate rules that will give satisfying size relationships . The proportions of the human body are often a source of intense beauty. 比例可比關系的事情的數(shù)量的大小,或大小之間的一件事。一個窗口有一個大小關系的寬與高。一個房間大小關系的寬長到高度。一所房子的側(cè)面是相關的大

46、小規(guī)模的門窗,它可能包含。在一個大型、比例處理大小的開放空間,比如一個游戲場,與它周圍的建筑的高度。一些比例更悅目比其他人。還有許多試圖制定規(guī)則,將給滿足大小之間的關系。人類身體的比例通常是一個源強烈的美麗。Harmony comes from putting things together in such a way that the individual parts of the building make a consistent and orderly statement .It is inappropriate to mix styles within one buliding or

47、 to mix materials at random .For example ,if the principal exterior materical is brick, harmony is lost if there are also large areas of stone, or stone and wood. a group of buildings should present a consistency in their shapes, their exterior materials, the colors used ,and so on. This does not im

48、ply rigid uniformity but suggests that variation should be kept within a limited range of agreeable alternatives.和諧來自放東西一起在這建筑物的各個部分做一個一致的、有序的聲明。它是不合適的混合風格在一個建筑物或隨機混合材料。例如,如果主要外部方法是磚、和諧是失去了如果也有大面積的石頭,或者石頭和木材。一群建筑應該提出一個一致性的形狀、表面材料,顏色的使用,等等。這并不意味著剛性均勻但表明變化應該保持在一個有限的范圍的令人愉快的替代品。Rhythm is a fundamental

49、part of our life processes. There is rhythm to our heart beat, to the way we breathe. Changes in rhythm between sleeping and waking are a fundamental factor in our lives, Therefore rhythm appeals to the deepest roots of our being and provokes a strong emotional reponse. In music the simplest from of

50、 rhythm is hand clapping and in dance it is being in step.hang clapping and being in step have to do with time intervals. The same is true in architecture.the distance between the elements creats the pattern.節(jié)奏是一個基本流程我們生命的一部分。有節(jié)奏,我們的心跳,我們呼吸的方式。改變節(jié)奏半睡半醒之間是一個基本的因素,在我們的生活,因此節(jié)奏吸引了我們的最深的根源,引發(fā)了強烈的情感反應。在音樂

51、最簡單的節(jié)奏是手鼓掌和舞蹈的步驟。掛鼓掌,在步驟與時間間隔。在架構也是如此。元素之間的距離創(chuàng)造模式。Unity means oneness.obviously, there will be many parts in a design; but we should be able to recognize the functions of the parts and the rightness of how they have been put together to make a whole . A buliding must relate to what the observer alre

52、ady knows, In order to do this the architect must have a clear concept of his proect in human and social term.Indeveloping the design he must emphasize everything that express this concept and eliminate everthing that detracts form it.團結(jié)意味著合一。很明顯,將會有許多零件在設計;但我們應該能夠識別的功能部件和對他們?nèi)绾伪环旁谝黄?他們的整體貢獻。一個建筑物必須與

53、觀察者已經(jīng)知道,為了實現(xiàn)這個架構師必須有一個清晰的概念,他的項目在人類和社會術語。該項設計他必須強調(diào)一切表達這個概念和消除一切形式,有目共睹。When building what sort of house we are going to build live in , we need to remember that we live in the twentieth century ; you may not like it, but this is where we are in history. We are not living in the Jacobean , Georgian,

54、or Colonial era. This is a time when people are going to the moon and we are all flying in airplanes as a matter of course. We cannot re-create the past; even if we could, we should not like it. As an architecture who design housing I am not prepared to accept the popular, quick and easy merchandisi

55、ng approach of giving the public “What it wants”. The single-family split-lecel, colonial or gothic house is a shallow and inappropriate answer to the house needs of Canadians living in the last quarter of the twentieth century.If nutritionists ,doctors, and dentists only gave people what they wante

56、d in a similarly superficial way, we might all kill ourselves with cigarettes, drugs and overeating. The medical systems approach to health care does not acknowledge that people know more about their own bodies than the doctor does . In the same way, I cannot accept the proposition that in house des

57、ign the public knows better than the architect. I am not prepared to give the public phoney shutters because they want them , any more than I would expect a doctor to prescribe chocolate bars to satisfy the taste of a fat man .當構建什么樣的房子我們要構建生活在,我們需要記住,我們生活在20世紀;你可能不喜歡它,但這就是我們的歷史。我們不是生活在詹姆斯一世的,格魯吉亞,或

58、殖民時代。這是一個時間當人們要去月球,我們都是在飛機飛行是理所當然的事。我們不能重現(xiàn)過去;即使我們可以,我們應該不喜歡它。作為一個架構設計住房我不準備接受流行的、快速和容易的營銷方法給公眾”它想要的東西”。獨棟的分割空間,殖民或哥特式的房子是一個膚淺的和不恰當?shù)幕卮疬@房子需要的加拿大人生活在20世紀最后一季。如果營養(yǎng)學家、醫(yī)生和牙醫(yī)只有給人們他們想要的東西在一個類似的膚淺的方式,我們可能都殺了自己與香煙、藥物和過量飲食。醫(yī)療系統(tǒng)的衛(wèi)生保健做法并不承認,人們更了解自己的身體比醫(yī)生確實。同樣,我不能接受這一主張,在房子設計公眾知道比建筑師。我不準備給公眾假的百葉窗,因為他們希望他們,任何超過我期望

59、醫(yī)生開出巧克力來滿足一個胖子的味道。Good design further implies the need to take into account what is happening in the world around us . This applies not just to the individual house but to the design of the whole community. Particularly important nowadays ia the need to understand the relationship between housing and energy. Suburban sprawl leads directly to high energy consumption. The way we lay out suburbia precludes an efficient public transport