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1、考博英語語法重點總結(1)· 獨立主格、虛擬語氣、非謂語動詞、主謂一致、倒裝  獨立主格特征  1. 充當句子的狀語。  2. 有自己的主語,同句子的主語不一致。  3. 名詞(代詞,形容詞,副詞,介詞)+ 分詞  4.With + 名詞 (代詞) + 分詞 (形容詞)  例:a) It being raining, I decided to stay at home.  b) Speech having been delivered, discussion started.  c) he entered

2、 the room, with his hands open(holding a rifle).  真題剖析  (1995) 45 cliffs no longer crumbling, the beaches are 46 of the material which would47feed them. 45. A. For B. As  C. With  D. Because 練習:Do what you need to do to keep the wolf _7_ from the door, the world _8_ your thesis a

3、dviser, team leader, or laboratory director. Then use the rest of your time, perhaps at night or on the weekends, to do _9_ you really want to do. 8. A. is  B. having C. being D. be  虛擬語氣  虛擬語氣(2)  1. (should)+動詞原形  It +be動詞+形容詞(-able)(essential, odd, vital, absurd, regretta

4、ble, desirable)+that從句  It +be動詞+名詞(pity,shame)+that從句  It +be動詞+過去分詞(ordered, begged, voted, moved)+that從句  部分名詞/動詞(表示建議,勸告,決定等) +that從句  2. Its (high, about) time that +動詞過去式  would rather +動詞過去式  真題剖析  (1997) I wouldnt be truthful if I47say that teaching is hard

5、 work .   47. A. do  B. did  C. dont  D. didnt  (1993)The Cairo newspapers the next day carried banner headlines about the student demonstration52 , and they53that the professor be sent home.53. A. ordered  B. pleaded  C. decided D. demanded  練習:Years ago the

6、experts warned us that the car-ownership explosion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is high time that we_15_ this message to heart. 15. A. took  B. would take  C. will take D. should take (2003.3) It is edifying, and it is a source of inner satisfaction even _5

7、4_ other facets of life prove disappointing. (even if other facets of life should prove disappointing.)  54.A. shall  B.will C.would D.should  非謂語動詞  動名詞、分詞、不定式。  主動或被動。(doing/done, to do /to be done)  發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前還是之后。(doing/ having done /having been done, to do/to have d

8、one /to have been)  To在什么情況下作介詞,什么情況下作不定式引導詞。  真題剖析  (2000) In the inner cities of America, newspapers regularly report on newborn babies60into garbage bins by drug-addicted mothers.  60. A. dropped B. to drop C. dropping D.drops  (2001.3) A heroin addict, for instance, lead

9、s a59life: his increasing need for heroin in increasing doses prevents him from working, from maintaining relationships, from developing in human ways. 59. A. destructive  B. dissatisfied C. damaged  D. derivative 主謂一致  1. 整體及抽象概念作主語,謂語通常用單數形式。  How you got there doesnt concern m

10、e.  Growing vegetables needs constant watering.  2.表示時間、距離、重量、容量、價值等概念作主語,謂語多用單數。  Eight hundred dollars is enough to live on. 3. 以-s結尾的專有名詞(linguistics, economics, measles, diabetes等),謂語通常用單數形式。  4. “分數或百分數+主語”,謂語跟主語保持一致。  Two thirds of the villages are flooded (the area is

11、 under water).  5. 不定代詞(one, each, everyone, everybody, everything, no one, nobody, nothing, anyone, anybody, anything, someone, somebody, something等)作主語,謂語用單數。  Everyone knows that youve come here. If anybody wants to see me, let them wait till I come back.(-thing 的情況例外)  6. 謂語同并列主語的

12、第一部分保持一致(as well as, with, along with, together with, as much as, accompanied by, besides, but, except, in addition to, like, more than, no less than, rather than, including等)  He no less than John is interested in literature.  7. 謂語同最貼近的主語保持一致。(or, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also,

13、notbut, partlypartly等)  Either my father or my brothers are coming. 8. each,every,many a, no +主語,謂語用單數。  Many a student and teacher has been to the Great Wall.  真題剖析  (2000) Mexico City already 52 twenty million people and Calcutta twelve million. According to the World Bank, 53

14、of Africas cities are growing by 10% a year,54 of urbanization ever recorded.  53. A. none  B. few  C. any  D. some 倒裝  全部倒裝  1. “There (Here) +be+主語” There stand big buildings in this district.  Here on the desk lies a pile of books.  2. 單個副詞(in, out, now, up

15、, down, away, off, then)位于句首(短語動詞不可拆,如it blew up.)  In came the boss. / Ahead sat an old man. 轉貼于:考博_考試大【責編:xx  糾錯】限定詞的用法 1. Both, each, either, neither (只指兩個) 2. All, every, each, some, any, no (指兩個以上) 3. Some, any, more, (the) most, all, a lot, lots, enough, none (復數可數或不可數) 4. Much,

16、 (a) little, a good/great deal, less, (the) least (不可數) eg. “Got any money?” “None at all.” eg. “Does either side of this street get more sun that the other?” “No, neither side is sunnier than the other.” 從句為考察重點 (1999) The answers given by 200 women to those intimate open-ended questions made me re

17、alize that51was wrong could not be related to education in the way it was then believed to be. 51. A. whichB. whatC. itD. that(1998) They learned to51their farming habits to the climate and soil.52they selected the fourth Thursday of November for their Thanksgiving53, they invited their neighbors, 5

18、2. A. WhileB. WhenC. SoD. If(1993) In the United States a commentator remarked that45Japan apparently still used some “primitive tools”,46a Japanese commentator expressed astonishment that the American pens wrote so poorly they could safely be used only once and then discarded.46. A. thoughB. whenC.

19、 whileD. and thatomitting the subjectRather formal use 讓步狀語從句以 although, though, while, or whilst 開頭時通常與主句共享主語, 從句謂語用分詞形式。 Whilst he liked cats, he never let them come into his house. Whilst liking cats, he never let them come into his house. Both the journalists, though greeted as heroes on their r

20、eturn from prison, not long afterwards quietly disappeared from their newspapers.這四個詞還可用在名詞、形容詞或副詞詞組前,如: It was an unequal marriage, although a stable and long-lasting one.Though not very attractive physically, she possessed a sense of humour. WHILE 1.He stayed with me while Dad talked with Dr. Smit

21、h. 2.I often knit while watching TV. 3.While I have some sympathy for these fellows, I think they went too far. AND 1. often used to link clauses I came here in 1922 and I have live here ever since. 2. When you are giving advice or a warning, you can use “and” to say what will happen if something is

22、 done. Go by train and youll get there quicker. Do as youre told and youll be all right. WHERE1. She was standing exactly where you are standing now.2.In 1963 we moved to Boston, where my grandparents lived. 3.The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point where he can walk correctl

23、y and safely.4.You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is where I disagree.5.Now, where were we? Oh yes, we were talking about John. 6.Where others might have been satisfied, Dawson had higher ambitions. (difference) WHICH(本身無意義,必須接在名詞或代詞后面) 1.定語從句引導詞 Did you see the letter which came

24、 today?Now they were driving by the houses which Andy had described. 2.分割句子,補充說明 The house, which was completed in 1856, was famous for its huge marble staircase.He was educated at the local grammar school, after which he went on to Cambridge.She may have missed the train, in which case she wont arr

25、ive for another hour. THAT多用于同位語從句和thing的定語從句中。WHAT (有實際意義,可用于賓語從句和主語從句) 1. No one knows exactly what happened. 2.It is not clear to what extent these views were shared. 3.I could get you a job here if thats what you want. 4. What that kid needs is some love and affection.5. What matters is the Brit

26、ish people and British jobs. AS 1.比較 His last album sold half a million copies and we hope this one will be just as popular./ They want peace as much as we do.2.作為,正如 Wed better leave things as they are until the police arrive.David, as you know, has not been well lately.3.看作,看待 The result of last w

27、eeks election will be seen as a victory. 4.當時候= while or whenI saw Peter as I was getting off the bus.5.原因 As it was getting late, I turned around to start for home.6.讓步= though Try as she might, Sue couldnt get the door open. The bag has narrow straps, so it may be worn over the shoulder or carried

28、 in the hand. Id be in trouble if I let on. So I kept mum. When the meal was finished, Rachel washed up and made coffee. I would have liked to have learnt French, but I was denied (=not given) the opportunity.The opportunity was denied (to) me at school. The prestige is denied (to) the classroom tea

29、cher. The classroom teacher is denied the prestige.· 過去分詞與形容詞的語義差: 1.Destructive:causing damage to people or things the destructive power of modern weapons Damaged: being in a bad state emotionally damaged children 2.Respected:admired by many because of achievementsHes one of the most respected

30、 managers in the game. Respectful: feeling or showing respect They listened in respectful silence. 3. Preferred : Her own preferred methods of exercise are hiking and long cycle rides. Preferable: A big earthquake a long way off is preferable to a smaller one nearby. Preferential: Bank officials den

31、ied giving the senator any preferential treatment. 4. Unimagined:Others see a new golden age of business and technology that will lift the market to unimagined heights.Unimaginative:That means the traditional office layout of lined-up cubicles and work stations is seen as rigid and unimaginative. 5.

32、Loving: She was a devoted wife and a very loving mother. Lovable: a sweet lovable child Lovely: We had a lovely holiday. 6. Tolerated: While Patches are generally well tolerated they are not always suitable for everyone. Tolerant: trees that are tolerant of salt sea winds Tolerable: All in all, it w

33、as better to have a tolerable tenement than the ideal which no one could afford. 虛擬語氣 非謂語動詞主要包括不定式、動名詞和現在分詞。為了區(qū)分這三種不同的非謂語動詞的用法和含義,我們將分別從三種非謂語動詞在句子中做主語、賓語、賓語補足語、定語、狀語、表語以及一些特殊結構句型等角度來區(qū)分其用法和細微含義。 1不定式和動名詞作主語的區(qū)別(1)動名詞作主語通常表示抽象動作;而不定式作主語表示具體動作。 Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here這里禁止抽煙。(抽象) It is not very goo

34、d for you to smoke so much你抽這么多煙對你身體很不好。(具體)(2)動名詞作主語時,通常用以表示一件已知的事或經驗。不定式短語通常用來表示一件未完成的事或目的。Climbing mountains is interesting爬山很有趣。(經驗)Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring在高峰時刻開車令人厭煩。(經驗)(3)不定式做主語,一般用it當形式主語,把作主語的不定式短語后置。It took me only five minutes to finish the job.2不定式、動名詞和分詞作表語的區(qū)別(1)不定式

35、作表語1)不定式作表語一般表示具體動作,特別是表示將來的動作。To do two things at a time is to do neither-次做兩件事等于未做。What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建議是立刻開始干。2)如果主語是不定式(表示條件),表語也是不定式(表示結果)。To see is to believe.百聞不如一見。To work means to earn a living工作就是為了生活。3)如果主語是以aim,duty,hope,idea,happiness,job,plan,problem,purpos

36、e,thing,wish等為中心的名詞,或以what引導的名詞性從句,不定式作表語是對主語起補充說明作用。His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future他的希望是在不遠的將來買一輛豪華轎車。The function of Louis Sullivans architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.The most important thing is to negotiate

37、 with them about the future of the plant(2)動名詞作表語:動名詞作表語,表示抽象的一般性的行為。Our work is serving the people我們的工作是為人民服務。His hobby is collecting stamps他的愛好是集郵。(注)動名詞作表語時與進行時態(tài)中的現在分詞形式相同,但其所屬結構迥異,進行時態(tài)說明動作是由主語完成的。動名詞做表語,說明主語的性質或情況。People cannot but feel puzzled,for they simply cannot understand how he could have

38、 made such a stupid mistake.His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected(3)分詞作表語分詞做表語有兩種情況,一種是現在分詞做表語,一種是過去分詞做表語,這兩者區(qū)別是考試中經??嫉降牡胤健R话銇碚f,表示心理狀態(tài)的動詞如excite,interest等都是及物動詞,漢語意思不是“激動”,“高興”,而是“使激動”、“使高興”,因而現在分詞應該是“令人激動的”、“令人高興的”,過去分詞則是“感到激動的”和“感到高興的”。所以,凡表示“令人的”都是-ing形式,凡是表示“感到”都用-e

39、d形式。換句話說,若人對感興趣,就是somebody is interested in.,若人/物本身有興趣時,就是說sb./sth. is interesting.這類詞常見的有:interesting使人感到高興-interested感到高興的exciting令人激動的-excited感到激動的delighting令人高興的-delighted感到高興的disappointing令人失望的-disappointed感到失望的encouraging令人鼓舞的-encouraged感到鼓舞的pleasing令人愉快的-pleased感到愉快的puzzling令人費解的-puzzled感到費解的

40、satisfying令人滿意的-satisfied感到滿意的surprising令人驚異的-surprised感到驚異的worrying令人擔心的-worried感到擔心的Travelling is interesting but tiring旅行是有趣的,但是使人疲勞。The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much如果要學生學得太多,他們會感到糊涂的。The argument is very convincing他的論點很令人信服。They were very excited at the news聽到這個消息,

41、他們非常激動。3不定式和動名詞作賓語的區(qū)別英語中大多數動詞既可跟不定式,也可跟動名詞作直接賓語,但有些動詞要求:(1)不定式做賓語和賓語補足語1)下面的動詞要求不定式做賓語attempt企圖enable能夠neglect忽視afford負擔得起demand要求long渴望arrange安排destine注定mean意欲,打算begin開始expect期望omit忽略,漏appear似乎,顯得determine決定manage設法cease停止hate憎恨,厭惡pretend假裝ask問dread害怕need需要agree同意desire愿望love愛swear宣誓volunteer志愿wish

42、希望 bear承受endeavor努力offer提供beg請求fail不能plan計劃bother擾亂;煩惱forget忘記prefer喜歡,寧愿care關心,喜歡happen碰巧prepare準備decide決定learn學習regret抱歉,遺憾choose選擇hesitate猶豫profess表明claim要求hope希望promise承諾,允許start開始undertake承接want想要consent同意,贊同intend想要refuse拒絕decide決定learn學習vow起contrive設法,圖謀incline有傾向propose提議seek找,尋覓try試圖2)下面的動詞

43、要求不定式做賓補:動詞+賓語+動詞不定式ask要求,邀請get請,得到prompt促使allow允許forbid禁止prefer喜歡,寧愿announce宣布force強迫press迫使bride 收買inspire鼓舞request請求assist協(xié)助hate憎惡pronounce斷定,表示advise勸告exhort告誡,勉勵pray請求authorize授權,委托 help幫助recommend勸告,推薦bear容忍implore懇求remind提醒beg請求induce引誘report報告 compel強迫invite吸引,邀請,summon傳喚command命令intend想要,企圖

44、show顯示drive驅趕mean意欲,打算train訓練cause引起instruct指示require要求deserve應受leave使,讓tell告訴direct指導like喜歡tempt勸誘entitle有資格order命令warn告誡enable使能夠need需要urge激勵,力說encourage鼓勵oblige不得不want想要condemn指責,譴責lead引起,使得teach教entreat懇求permit允許wish希望(2)有少數動詞只能用動名詞作賓語acknowledge承認,自認cease 停止mention說到,講到admit 承認tolerate忍受dislike

45、不喜歡,討厭advocate:提倡,主張complete完成dread可怕appreciate 感激,欣賞confess坦白endure忍受avoid避免contemplate細想enjoy享有,喜愛bear忍受defer拖延envy嫉妒cant help不禁delay延遲escape逃跑,逃避cant stand受不了deny否認excuse借口consider 考慮detest嫌惡fancy幻想,愛好favor 造成,偏愛mind 介意repent悔悟figure描繪,計算miss錯過resent怨恨finish完成,結束不得pardon原諒,饒恕resist抵抗,阻止forgive原諒p

46、ermit 允許resume恢復imagine設想postpone延遲,延期risk冒險involve卷入,包含practise 實行,實踐suggest建議hate討厭prevent阻止save營救,儲蓄keep保持quit放棄停止stand堅持,忍受loathe非常討厭,厭惡recall回想例如:I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激兩年前給我出國學習的機會。(3)有些動詞后使用動名詞和動詞不定式作賓語的差別1)forget to do 忘記要去做某事(此事未做)fo

47、rget doing忘記做過某事(此事已做過或已發(fā)生)2)stop to do 停止、中斷(某件事),目的是去做另一件事stop doing 停止正在或經常做的事3)remember to do 記住去做某事(未做)remember doing記得做過某事(已做)4) regret to do對要做的事遺憾regret doing對做過的事遺憾、后悔5)try to do努力、企圖做某事try doing試驗、試一試某種辦法6) mean to do打算,有意要mean doing意味著7)go on to do 繼而(去做另外一件事情)go on doing 繼續(xù)(原先沒有做完的事情)8)p

48、ropose to do 打算(要做某事)proposing doing建議(做某事)9) like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具體行為;+doing sth 表示抽象、傾向概念(注)如果這些動詞前有should一詞,其后賓語只跟不定式,不能跟動名詞。例如:I should like to see him tomorrow10) need, want, deserve +動名詞表被動意義;+不定式被動態(tài)表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。Dont you remember seeing the man before?你不記得以前見過那個人嗎?You must remem

49、ber to leave tomorrow你可要記著是明天動身。I dont regret telling her what I thought我不后悔給她講過我的想法。(已講過)I regret to have to do this,but I have no choice我很遺憾必須這樣去做,我實在沒辦法。(未做但要做)You must try to be more careful你可要多加小心。Lets try doing the work some other way讓我們試一試用另外一種辦法來做這工作。I didnt mean to hurt your feeling我沒想要傷害你的

50、感情。This illness will mean(your)going to hospital得了這種病(你)就要進醫(yī)院??疾┯⒄Z語法重點總結4不定式、現在分詞和過去分詞作定語的區(qū)別(1)不定式作定語1)不定式與其所修飾的名詞可能是主謂關系He was the last one to leave school yesterday昨天他是最后一個離開教室的。The train to arrive was from London將要到站的火車是從倫敦開來的。2)不定式與其所修飾的名詞可能是動賓關系Get him something to eat給他拿點兒東西吃。She has a lot of

51、work to do in the morning早上他有很多工作要做。3)不及物動詞構成的不定式做定語,要加上適當的介詞和被修飾的名詞形成邏輯上的動賓關系,這里的介詞不能省去。I need a pen to write with我需要一支筆寫字。There is nothing to worry about沒有什么值得發(fā)愁的。4)不定式修飾一些表示方向、原因、時間、機會、權利等抽象名詞如:ability能力,本領drive趕,駕駛movement運動,活動ambition抱負,野心effort努力,嘗試need需要,需求campaign戰(zhàn)役,運動failure失敗,不及格opportunit

52、y機會chance機會force力,壓力,要點promise許諾,希望courage勇氣intention意向,意圖reason理由,原因decision決定method方法,方式light光,光線,亮光determination決心,決定motive動機,目的struggle奮斗,努力,tendency傾向,趨勢wish希望,愿望,祝愿5)被修飾的名詞前有序數詞、形容詞最高級或next, second, last, only和not a,the等限定詞時候,只能用不定式。6)不定代詞something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等習慣上用不定式做定語。Joh

53、n will do anything but work on a farm除了農活,約翰什么都愿意干。7)如果其動詞要求用不定式做賓語,或者其形容詞要器接不定式做補語,則相應的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如: tend to do-tendency to do;decide to do = decision to do;be curious to do = curiosity to doHis wish to buy a car came true他要買輛車的愿望實現了。Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us他們放棄這個實驗的決定

54、使我們大吃一驚。He is always the first to come and the last to leave他總是第一個到來,最后一個離去。(2)分詞作定語分詞作定語時有下面幾個特點:1)現在分詞表示主動意義,過去分詞一般表示被動含意。2)現在分詞表示正在進行,過去分詞表示狀態(tài)或做完(完成)的事。He rushed into the burning house他沖進了正在燃燒著的房子。The child standing over there is my brother站在那兒的男孩子是我弟弟。The room facing south is our classroom朝南的房間是

55、我們的教室。Have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那個修好的表了嗎?He is an advanced teacher他是個先進教師。3)下列不及物動詞也以過去分詞形式做定語或表語,但不具有被動意義,這點要注意:departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come(3)不定式和分詞作定語時的時間關系一般來說,不定式所表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示

56、的動作之后;現在分詞所表示的動作與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生;過去分詞表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前。例如:Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing?你要見那位將從北京請來的醫(yī)生嗎?Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office?你要見那位正在辦公室里寫病歷的醫(yī)生嗎?5不定式和分詞作狀語的區(qū)別(1)現在分詞與過去分詞作狀語的區(qū)別?,F在分詞做狀語與過去分詞做狀語的最主要區(qū)別在于兩者與所修飾的主語的主動與被動關系的區(qū)別。1)現在分詞作狀語時,現在分詞的動作就是句子主語的動作,它們之間的關系是主動關系。He went out shutting the door behind him.他出去后將門隨手關上。Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.由于不知如何辦是好,他去找父母幫忙。2)過去分詞作狀語時,過去分詞表

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