七年級英語 (講義14：動詞用法綜述) 張世佳

1、輔 導 講 義年 級：初中+高中 輔導科目： 英語 培訓師： 課 題動詞用法綜述及動詞詞義辨析教學目標1. 動詞的分類2. 動詞詞義辨析3. 不同種類動詞的用法重點、難點1. 動詞詞義辨析2. 不同種類動詞的用法教學內(nèi)容動詞用法綜述英語動詞是句子的核心。它既決定著句子意思的表達同時又決定著句子的語法結(jié)構(gòu)。難怪有人說，英語是動詞和介詞的語言。可見研究動詞的用法在英語學習中是十分重要的。一、分清及物不及物分清動詞的及物不及物是在英語學習中必須解決的首要問題。動詞及物與不及物通常有以下幾種情況：主要用作及物動詞。及物動詞后面必須跟賓語?？梢杂糜冢骸爸髦^賓”；“主謂雙賓”；“主謂賓賓補”結(jié)構(gòu)。如：He

2、 reached Paris the day before yesterday.please hand me the book over there.they asked me to go fishing with them.類似的還有：buy, catch, invent, found, like, observe, offer, prevent, promise, raise, find, forget, receive, regard, see, say, seat, supply, select, suppose, show, make, take, tell.主要用作不及物的動詞。不

3、及物動詞后面不跟賓語。只能用與：“主謂”結(jié)構(gòu)。this is the room where i once lived.類似的還有：agree, go, work, listen, look, come, die, belong, fall, exist, rise, arrive, sit, sail, hurry, fail, succeed.既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的動詞，其意義不變。如begin 都是作“開始”講。例如：Everybody, our game begins. Let us begin our game. 類似的還有：start, answer, sing, clos

4、e, consider, insist, read, learn, prepare, pay, hurt, improve.既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的動詞，其意義完全不同。這類動詞作不及物動詞是一個意義；而作及物動詞時卻是另一個意義。如lift作不及物動詞時是指煙霧的“消散”。we saw the mountain when the clouds lifted. 作及物動詞時是“升高；舉起”。he lifted his glass and drank.類似的還有：beat vi.跳動 vt. 敲、打; grow vi.生長 vt.種植play vi.玩耍 vt. 打（牌、球）,演奏 sm

5、ell vi.發(fā)出（氣味） vt. 嗅 ring vi.（電話、鈴）響vt.打電話speak vi.講話 vt. 說（語言） hang vi. 懸掛 vt.絞死 operate vi.動手術(shù) vt. 操作二、辨別表動作與表結(jié)果的動詞表動作的動詞強調(diào)動作的發(fā)生，不涉及該動詞的結(jié)果。如：he looked at the picture. he saw a picture .前一句中的動詞強調(diào)“看”這一動作；而后一句中的動詞表示“看到”這一結(jié)果。類似的還有：tear at; tear, look for; find, try to do sth.; manage to do sth., prepar

6、e for; be prepared for, advise; persuade 等。三、記住瞬間動詞英語中不少動詞所表示的動作在瞬間就可以完成如：he arrived in paris yesterday. 而另一些動詞所表示的動作則可以延續(xù)如：they worked until 12 oclock last night.特別是在現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)的句子中，瞬間動詞的完成時態(tài)不能跟表示一段時間的時間狀語連用。瞬間動詞有：arrive, borrow, buy, close, fall, finish, go, join, kill, hit, leave, lend, die, marry, op

7、en, reach, return, start, stop, recognize.等。四、掌握好表狀態(tài)的連系動詞與表變化的連系動詞英語中的連系動詞主要分為兩大類：表狀態(tài)的連系動詞。如：he is a good worker. 除了be 而外，還有：stand(位于),lie(位于),stay, have, consist of, belong to, exist, weigh, own.等。另一類連系動詞表示動作或變化，是由行為動詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來的。一般在這些連系動詞后跟形容詞作表語如：his hair grows grey. 這類連系動詞還有: turn, become, taste, smel

8、l, sound, look, feel, get. 五、注意詞義相近，用法不同的動詞表主觀與客觀的動詞I received his invitation last night, but i didnt want to accept it. 該句中，動詞receive, accept 都表示“接受”但前者表示客觀地接收到什么東西；后者表示 “i” 的主觀意愿。類似用法的動詞還有：listen to; hear, look at; see, must; have to等。2表直接與間接的動詞he heard that the scientist would come to our school.

9、 he heard of the news that the scientist would come to our school.前句中hear的表示直接聽說的，而后一句中hear of 的表示間接聽說的。類似用法的動詞還有：know; know of, speak; speak of, talk; talk of等。六、重視多字動詞的用法所謂多字動詞是指動詞與某些副詞、介詞構(gòu)成的動詞詞組。一般有四種形式：1“動詞+介詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。 該結(jié)構(gòu)中的動詞是不及物動詞，當和一些介詞搭配后，則把它看成一個整體，即把它看成一個及物動詞。如：we never thought of such success w

10、hen we first started.類似用法的還有：agree to, ask for, attention to, break into, call upon, deal with, laugh at, dream of, listen to, look at, operate on, talk about, rely on, refer to.2“動詞+副詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。該結(jié)構(gòu)中的動詞是及物動詞的，該結(jié)構(gòu)及物；是不及物的，則不及物。如：we put off the sports meet.after he grew up, he went to London to work for a c

11、ompany.類似用法的還有: bring about, bring up, call up, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, help out, look up, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put down, put away, put down, put off, put on, ring up, set up, take up, think over, turn down, use up, work out., wake up, shut up, come about, break out

12、, carry on, come up, fall over, get away, get back, look out, go up, go out, stay up.在這類結(jié)構(gòu)中，必須注意有的多字動詞即及物又可不及物。有的甚至漢語意義也完全不相同。如：he looked up and saw his teacher in front of him. (vi. 抬起頭看)he looked up the word in the dictionary. (vt. 查找)類似的有break down vi.（車等）壞了 vt. 分解，分為 ;go over vi. 走過去 vt. 復(fù)習，仔細查看

13、等。3“動詞+副詞+介詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。如：we should do away with that sort of thing.類似的有：give in to, catch up with, look down upon, make up for, put up with.4“動詞+名詞+介詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。該結(jié)構(gòu)是最多，最常見的多字動詞。如：we will take care of them. 類似的有：catch sight of, keep an eye on, make use of, make a fool of, make fun of, make room for, make sure of,

14、knock out of, have a word with, pay attention to, put an end to, set fire to, take advantage of, take hold of, take note of, take notice of, take part in, take pride in, take possession of, play a trick on, play a part in.動詞詞義辨析動詞辨義主要指：1、形狀相同的動詞之間辨義。如：lie, lay; hanged, hung; rise, raise; sit, seat等。

15、2、意義相近的動詞之間辨義。如：borrow, lend; speak, say, talk; hope, wish等。3、動詞與其它詞形相近、意義相似的詞的辨義。如：advise, advice; cost, worth; pass, past 等。4、意義不同，但容易混淆的動詞的辨義。如：explain, say; discover, invent, uncover; find, find out等。5、某些常用動詞的習慣用法的辨義。如：ask, give, call, make, find, get, keep, want, see, hear等。6、某些常用動詞短語的辨義。如：give

16、 in, give up, turn on, turn off, turn down, turn up等。（一）易混動詞1、lay（放）, lie（躺）與lie（說謊）：這三個易混動詞構(gòu)成見下表：中 文原 形過 去 式過去分詞現(xiàn)在分詞說 明放laylaidlaidlaying及物動詞躺lielayainlying不及物動詞說謊lieliedliedlying不及物動詞2、rise和raise：rise是不及物動詞，其過去式是rose，過去分詞是risen，而raise是及物動詞，是規(guī)則動詞。3、hear與listen to：hear側(cè)重點是聽到，聽見什么，而listen to是側(cè)重于聽的傾向，

17、但hear用于無意中的聽見，而listen to卻用于集中注意力的聽。4、see, watch和look：see用作看電影，劇目；watch則用作看電視比賽，而watch還有在旁觀看之意。如：Are you going to play or only watch?；look一般用作不及物動詞，只是當盯著某人看時用作及物動詞，如：The little boy looked me in the face.（小男孩直盯著我的臉。）5、wind和wound：wind意為蜿蜒而行，其過去式與過去分詞都是wound，而動詞原形wound意為傷害，其過去式、過去分詞都是wounded。6、hang的用法：h

18、ang有兩個意思：一為懸掛，是不規(guī)則動詞，過去式、過去分詞都是hung；二為絞刑，是規(guī)則動詞，其過去式、過去分詞都是hanged。7、bear的過去分詞born與borne：bear作為出生講有兩個過去分詞born，borne。只有當be+born短語后沒有by介詞短語時，才可用born。如:He was born in Shanghai. 而作它用時要用borne。如：She has borne five children. 但如果作忍受講，則一律用borne。8、sit與seat：seat為及物動詞時是作容納講，sit只是表示一動作。seat如果表示就座時要用be seated。如：The

19、y were seated at their desks. 或用seat oneself, 比如:I seated myself in the armchair.9、borrow, lend與keep：借入英文中用borrow，借出用lend，但這兩個詞都是截止性動詞或瞬間動詞，不能用于長時間的動作，所以我能借多久應(yīng)用keep。10、win與beat：win作勝、贏講時其后應(yīng)接，a game, an argument, a battle, a prize, a contest, a race, a bet，但不能接人，如果接人則有另外的含意。如:I have won him. 即我已說服他了，

20、我贏得他的好感。而beat是及物動詞為擊敗、勝過講，直接接人、隊。11、steal與rob：steal為偷。rob為搶，其用法不同。steal其后接物+from+某人、某地，而rob其后接人+of+搶的物品。12、fit與suit：fit與suit均可作合適講，但英文中卻用在不同的地方。如fit用于尺寸大小的合適，而suit則多用于顏色式樣的合適。 13、take, bring 與fetch：英文中拿三個詞，即拿來，拿去，去取然后回來(即雙程)。所以拿來，帶來是bring，拿去帶走是take，而去取回來是fetch。14、shut與close：shut與close有時是可以互換的，但有些地方則

21、不可這樣做。如:在正式場合多用close，而在命令，態(tài)度粗暴的場合則用shut。如:Shut your mouth!(閉嘴)；又如:Shut up. 在指鐵路、公路交通關(guān)閉或停止使用的場合，則要用close。15、answer與reply：作為回答講answer是及物動詞，如作不及物動詞，則意義不同，如answer for，意為向某人或向某事負責。而reply作回答講是不及物動詞，后跟賓語時，要加上to。16、reach，arrive與get to：reach當?shù)竭_講是及物動詞，而當延伸和拿得到、拿不到時講，則是不及物動詞。作到達講時還有g(shù)et to, arrive(at/in)。17、cos

22、t，spend與take：英文中花費有三個詞cost, spend, take，但各有不同用法。cost作 “花費”講，主語不能是人，而spend的主語不能是物。如: she spent all his money on stamps.而take作花費講時，可用人也可用物做主語。更多的用法是用形式主語it，如It takes me three hours to finish this work.18、lost, gone與missing：作補足語時意為丟失、不見了，可以用lost, gone，但要用 miss時則不能用missed, 而要用missing.19、have on, wear, p

23、ut on及dress：作穿衣服講的動詞分為狀態(tài)和動作兩種。have on與wear作穿著狀態(tài)講;但have on不用進行時態(tài)，而wear則常要用進行時態(tài)。put on是動作，但dress既可用作狀態(tài)，又可用作穿衣動作，但用作狀態(tài)時要用其過去分詞作形容詞如:He was dressed in a b1ue suit作動作講時，其后不要接衣物而要接反身代詞或表示人、物的名詞，如：I dress my children in the morning every day.20、begin與start begin與Start 均可作開始講，并無多少區(qū)別，同樣可接不定式或動名詞，但在下面的場合多要用St

24、art：1)機器的開動發(fā)動；2)旅途的開始。如:we shou1d have to start early because there was a lot traffic in the street。21、allow 與permit allow與permit其后直接接動作時要用動名詞，如接人后再接動詞則要用不定式，所以用在被動語態(tài)時一定要用不定式。如：People are not allowed to spit.22、find與foundfind找到的過去式和過去分詞都是found，而found是動詞“建立”的原形，其過去式和過去分詞是founded，founded，如：The Peoples

25、 Republic of China was founded in 1949.23、speak, say, talk 與tell英文中講有4個詞，speak, say, talk, tell，但其中speak, talk多用作不及物動詞，但speak后加語言名詞時則用作及物動詞，如：Please speak English。而say與tell是及物動詞，其中tell常用作接雙賓語，如：Tell me a story。但也有些特定的習慣用法，如：在作講實話，講謊言，表示時間常用單賓語而不能換其它詞，如：My watch was broken. It couldnt tell time corre

26、ctly。在書信、便條、海報上寫著英文應(yīng)為It said 。在作辨別不同講時是tell，如：Can you tell me the difference between the two？而講別人好壞話時用speak，如：The father always speaks well of his son.。24、excuse me 與sorryexcuse me用于來打攏對方前以提醒對方注意的提示語，而sorry則表達因作了某事向?qū)Ψ降狼浮?5、care for 與care to docare for其后要接不定式時則要省去for或換用名詞，如：Would you care for a cup o

27、f tea？但care for作照顧講時與look after相同。26、與名詞易混的動詞有：advise(v.), advice (n.); accept(v.), except(prep.); pass(v.), past(prep.); bathe(v.), bath(n.); breathe(v.), breath(n.); choose(v.), choice(n.); succeed(v.), success(n.); 27、意義相近的動詞：ring搖鈴，打鈴，電話鈴響，strike專指敲鐘，打幾點，撞擊；suggest提出實驗性或推測性的建議，advice表示對經(jīng)驗不足人的一種忠

28、告；look由視覺得出的印象，seem暗示一定根據(jù)的判定，appear外表印象而實際或結(jié)果并非如此；stay停留，逗留，remain遺物，某物被取走一部分后剩余部分；discover（發(fā)現(xiàn)）找到早已存在但未被人所了解的東西，invent（發(fā)明）研制出不存在的東西；remember記憶起以前經(jīng)歷或知道的事，remind提醒某人做某事。28、動詞 + 副詞 + 介詞：catch up with, look forward to, come up with, keep up with, go in for, look down on, get on with 29、動詞 + 介詞to的詞組有：com

29、e to, stick to, object to, agree to, turn to, attend to, belong to, devote to, reply to 30、與in相結(jié)合的動詞有：give in, hand in, bring in, drop in, succeed in, take in, check in, engage in, fill in, trade in 課內(nèi)練習1( ) 1.-Is this your ruler? -No, I _ it's his pen.A. think B. see C. look D. watch( ) 2 Will

30、you go and _ the match with us?A. see B. watch C. look D. look at( ) 3 The old worker asked me if I _ what the speaker said.A. listened B. caught C. saw D. took( ) 4 After supper, he listens to the radio and_ a newspaper.A. sees B. reads C. watches D. looks2( ) 1. We don't know the word. Let'

31、;s _ in the dictionary.A. look it B. look at C. look up it D. look it up( ) 2 Please_ before you cross the road.A. look up B. look yourself C. look around D. look again( ) 3 Smith took the dictionary, _ it and then_ it on to Philip. A. looked at; passed B. put away; tried C. looked up; spent D. paid

32、 for; put( ) 4 -What are you _?-My key.A. look for B. finding C. look after D. looking for( ) 5 Could you please _ my cat while I'm out?A. look for B. look out C. look after D. look at3( ) 1 I can't_ my pen. Can you see it?A. look B. see C. find D. watch( ) 2 In the old days it was difficult

33、 for the poor to _ a job.A. find B. look for C. find out D. look after( ) 3 He_ his watch everywhere, but he didn't_ it.A. looked for; find B. found; look for C. looked after; find D. looked at; find( ) 4 Please_when we'll start tomorrow.A. lookout B. find out C. find D. look for4( ) 1 It _

34、me about a quarter to go to school on foot every day.A. pays B. spends C. costs D. takes( ) 2 My parents _ about 1, 000 yuan for my school education each year.A. spend B. take C. cost / D. pay( ) 3 How much_this coat_?A. pay; for B. does; cost C. does; spend D. does; take( ) 4 Quite a lot of people

35、watch TV only to_time.A. have B. pass C. take D. pay( ) 5 He _ one hour on his homework yesterday.A. spent B. got C. took D. cost5( ) 1 Will you_ your new book here? I'd like to have a look at it.A. bring B. take C. get D. carry( ) 2 A strong wind will arrive in Harbin. It will_ much rain.A. bri

36、ng B. take C. carry D. get( ) 3 Don't forget to_ your school bag with you when you come here this evening.A. take B. bring C. keep D. hold6( ) 1. -Do you know Mr Brown?-No, but I _ him before.A. often heard of B. have known C. have heard of D. often listen to( ) 2 Tom is listening to the teacher

37、. But he can't _ him.A. listen B. listening to - C. hear D. heard( ) 3 I haven't_ my good friend, John for years, iA. hear of B. hear C. hear from D. heard from( ) 4 He _ and_ a sound in the next room.A. listened to; heard B. listened; heard C. heard; listened to D. heard; listened7( ) 1 It

38、was eight o'clock when I _ the station.A. got B. arrived in C. arrived at D. reached to( ) 2 Did you _ the station on time?A. get B. arrive C. reach D. arrived at( ) 3 What time did you _ to school this morning?A. get B. got C. reach D. reached8( ) 1 -Will you please _ us a story, Miss Gao?-OK.

39、Shall I _ it in English or in Chinese?A. tell; speak B. talk; speak C. tell; say D. talk; say( ) 2 He went on _ for a long time, but he _ so fast that few of us could catch what he_.A. talking; spoke; said B. speaking; told; saidC. talking; spoke; told D. telling; spoke; talked( ) 3 Could you _ me h

40、ow to _ this word in French?A. tell; speak B. speak; talk C. talk; say D. tell; say( ) 4 I saw him, but I didn't _ to him.A. say B. tell C. speak D. talked( ) 5 Let's go and_ hello to him.A. speak B. talk C. tell D. say( ) 6 Do you_English, sir?A. talk B. tell C. say D. speak9( ) 1 Could you

41、 _ me your dictionary? I want to find the meaning of this new word.A. keep B. lent C. borrow D. lend( ) 2 I can _ you my dictionary, but you can _ it for only a week.A. borrow; borrow B.' lend; borrow C. borrow; keep D. lend; keep( ) 3 -May I_ your bike?-Certainly, but you mustn't_ it to oth

42、ers.A. lend; lend B. borrow; lend C. borrow; borrow D. lend; borrow10( ) 1 Why not_ us in singing some new songs?A. take part in B. join to C. join D. to join( ) 2 He was ill, so he didn't _ yesterday's leesons.A. join B. attend C. take part D. join in( ) 3 Next week we'll have a meeting

43、_.A. to take part in B. to join C. to attend D. attending( ) 4 All of us _the spring sports meet last Saturday.A. joined B. took part in C. attend D. joined in1( ) 1 Every night the noise_.A. wakes him out B. wake up himC. wakes him up D. wake him up( ) 2 She _ to sleep, but she was never able to sl

44、eep well.A. came B. fell C. tried D. missed( ) 3 I like what she _. I hate what she _.A. likes; hates B. like; hate C. liked; hates D. to like; to hate( ) 4 She picked it up and _. A. gave me it B. gave to me it C. gave it me D. gave it to me( ) 5 The shoes are yours. Please_.A. put it away B. put t

45、hem away C. put away it D. put away them2( ) 1 The stars _ very small because they're very far away from us.A. are B. look C. change D. become( ) 2 The room _ cool in summer and'warm in winter.A. feels B. is felt C. feels to be D. is felt to be( ) 3 You don't look so_ as usual. Why not g

46、o to see a doctor?A. well B. better C. badly D. worse( ) 4 His temperature seems _.A. right B. all right C. well D. true( ) 5 The cake smells        .A. well B. badly C. good D. terribly3( ) 1 Will you go to the Great Wall if it _ fine tomorrow?A. will B. was C. is

47、 going to be D. is( ) 2 Please come to our meeting if you _ free tomorrow.A. will B. will be C. are D. were( ) 3 _ you free now? I have some questions to ask you.A. Will B. Do C. Are D. Would4( ) 1 His grandpa_for a year.A. died B. has been deadC. has been death D. was died( ) 2 I won't go to be

48、d until my mother _ back.A. came B. comes C. will D. come( ) 3 The pupils _ the Summer Palace tomorrow afternoon.A. visit B. visited C. have visited D. are going to visit( ) 4 He_ his homework this time yesterday.A. is doing B. was doing C. did D. will do( ) 5 Two years ago, he_the Youth League.A. h

49、as joined B. joined C. took part in D. entered5( ) 1 -Were you here yesterday?-Yes, I_.A. am B. was C. are D. were( ) 2 What _ they doing now in the forest?A. is B. are C. were D. was( ) 3 The young people _ in the mountain area and they _ planting trees now.A. is; are B. are; are C. are; were D. wa

50、s; were6( ) 1 The girl_beautiful at all.A. isn't B. doesn't C. didn't D. aren't( ) 2 I've told him _ the dog any more.A. don't play with B. not to play withC. don't play D. not to play( ) 3 -My pen_.-Neither does mine.A. won't write B. didn't write C. doesn't

51、write D. is not written( ) 4 He_ his homework last week. He_ ill.A. doesn't do; is B. didn't; /C. didn't do; was D. not did; was7( ) 1 I think Miss Gao is the best teacher in our school. _ you_ me? A. Do; agree with B. Are; agree with C. Are; angry with D. Are; agree with( ) 2 _ your mot

52、her a bus driver?A. Are B. Is C. Did D. Does( ) 3 _ you been to the Great Wall?A. Has B. Have C. Do D. Does8( ) 1 He _ in the reading room just now.A. is B. was C. will be D. will( ) 2 The boys_ very happy during the holidays.A. is B. were C. am D. was( ) 3 How many deer _ there on the farm last yea

53、r?A. are B. were C. is D. was9( ) 1 My mother_free last week.A. isn't B. aren't C. not was D. wasn't( ) 2 They_busy the other day.A. aren't B. weren't C. is D. wasn't10( ) 1 _ there many trees on both sides of the river last summer?90 It's a Haidian top probleA. Are B. Is

54、 C. Was D. Were( ) 2 _ there any snow on the ground last night?A. Are B. Were C. Is D. Was( ) 3 _ her sister at home yesterday evening?A. Is B. Was C. Will be D. Are11( ) 1 Who_ in the next room, singing the song just now?A. are B. is C. was D. am( ) 2 -When _ they going to start?-Next week.A. is B.

55、 are C. were D. will be( ) 3 -Where_you last week?-We went to London for a holiday.A. are B. were C. is D. am12( ) 1 Could you tell me if there _ plenty of rain in the east of China?A. has B. have C. is D. are( ) 2 Can you tell me if _ any books in the bookstore?A. are there B. were there C. there a

56、re D. there have( ) 3 There _ a modern hospital in my hometown.A. have B. has C. are D. is13( ) 1 Here_.A. comes the bus B. the bus comes C. does the bus come D. coming the bus( ) 2 There_.A. come they B. they come C. they are coming D. they will come( ) 3 Now_.A. comes your turn B. your turn comes C. does your turn come D. your turn coming14( ) 1 There is _ by the lake.A. hills B. the hill C. a hill D. hill( ) 2 _