專題一初中英語句子成分及基本句型ppt

1、1GrammarGrammarsentences2句子成分Parts of the Sentence3概念：概念：組成句子的各個部分，即主語、謂語、賓語、表語、賓語補足語、定語和狀語，主語和謂語是句子的主體部分。4句子成份句子成份 句子一般由兩個部分組成：句子一般由兩個部分組成：主語部分（主語部分（ subject group）謂語部分（謂語部分（ predicate group） 句子成份：句子成份：主主 謂謂 賓賓 表表補補定定 狀狀5Members of sentence: S - subjectP - predicative O - objectAttri.-attributeAdv.

2、- adverbOc - object complement predicate主主賓賓表表補補定定狀狀謂謂6主語（subject） 主語是謂語講述的對象，表示所說的主語是謂語講述的對象，表示所說的“是什么是什么”或或“是誰是誰”。一般由一般由名詞、代詞、不定代詞或相當于名名詞、代詞、不定代詞或相當于名詞的單詞或短語來充當詞的單詞或短語來充當，也有從句充當的，也有從句充當的現象?，F象。大多數主語都在大多數主語都在句首。句首。 7主語（主語（subject）:句子的主體，全句述說的對象句子的主體，全句述說的對象，一般位于句首，一般位于句首 The sun rises in the east. （

3、名詞）（名詞） He likes dancing. （代詞）（代詞） Twenty years is a short time in history. (數詞數詞) Seeing is believing. （動名詞）（動名詞） 8講述講述“誰誰”We work in a big factory. 講述講述“什么什么”The classroom is very big. 數詞作主語數詞作主語Three are enough. 三個人就夠了三個人就夠了不定式作主語不定式作主語To operate on the blind is one of the ORBIS Doctors job.從句作主語

4、從句作主語What we need is food. 我們最需要的是食物我們最需要的是食物.在在“There be ”句型中，主語的位置在中間。句型中，主語的位置在中間。如：如：There are some bottles of milk in the box.9在個別句型中，主語在整個句子后面，這時前面在個別句型中，主語在整個句子后面，這時前面用用it作形式主語。作形式主語。如：如： It is very interesting to play the game called “treat or trick”. It took two workers about three months t

5、o build the house.10 To see is to believe. （不定式）（不定式） What he needs is a book. （主語從句）（主語從句） It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.形式主語形式主語真正主語真正主語It=that the elephant is round and tall like a tree11 The rich should help the poor.名詞化的形容詞名詞化的形容詞121.Do exercise is good for yo

6、ur health.2.Eat too much meat is bad for your health.V.不能做主語！不能做主語！13指出下列句中主語的中心詞指出下列句中主語的中心詞 The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. 介詞不能作主語介詞不能作主語 There is an old man coming here.There is an apple on the table.An apple is there on the table.14 The useful dictionary was

7、given by my mother last year. To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.15 找出下面句子的主語找出下面句子的主語 1. Our school is not far from my home. 2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you. 3.Cleaning the house needs a lot of time.主語小測主語小測16 單選：單選： 1.Mary with her two daughters _ going to

8、 Shanghai for Explo 2010 next month. A. are B. was C. is D. were 2._ more exercise does good to your health. A. Do B. Does C. Did D. Doing 3._ is impossible to finish this job before Wednesday. A. That B. This C. It D. They17謂語謂語（predicate）：說明主語是什么，做什么或怎么樣。說明主語是什么，做什么或怎么樣。常置于常置于主語后。主語后。 由由動詞充當動詞充當，主

9、語和謂語在人稱和數上必須，主語和謂語在人稱和數上必須保持一致。保持一致。謂語動詞存在多種時態(tài)，它是句子的核心。謂語動詞存在多種時態(tài)，它是句子的核心。18He is very generous.She looks very smart and coolWe have finished the job.He can speak German.19謂語（謂語（predicate）:是對主語加以陳述，表示是對主語加以陳述，表示主語的行為或狀態(tài)，常用動詞或者動詞詞組主語的行為或狀態(tài)，常用動詞或者動詞詞組擔任，放在主語的后面。擔任，放在主語的后面。 I love you! They went to sle

10、ep very late last night. He practises running every morning.20 The plane took off at 10 oclock. How often do you go shopping? Why didnt you come back last night?簡單謂語：由一個動詞或動詞短語構成簡單謂語：由一個動詞或動詞短語構成21 You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cough. We are sudents. That idea sounds great

11、!復合謂語：復合謂語：1.情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞助動詞助動詞+v 2.系動詞系動詞+adj.22Open the door, please!Go and get some water for me.Dont laugh at others!Dont come back late tonight. 祈使句：祈使句：1.省略主語省略主語you2.謂語動詞用原形謂語動詞用原形23找出下列句子的謂語找出下列句子的謂語 I dont like the picture on the wall. The days get longer and longer when summer comes. Do you us

12、ually go to school by bus? Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?24 Tom didnt do his homework yesterday. We had better send for a doctor. He is interested in music. Whom did you give my book to? 11. Put away your books right now!25 按要求找出下列句子的主謂：按要求找出下列句子的主謂： 1. Trees turn green when spring

13、 comes. （主謂）（主謂） 2. He broke a piece of glass. （謂）（謂） 3. Dont get nervous，and help yourself to what you like （主謂）（主謂） 4. Luckily the 1989 earthquake did not happen in the center of town. （主謂）（主謂） 5. There are many people in the hall.（主）（主） 6. Would you please pass me the cup? （主謂）（主謂）主謂小測主謂小測祈使句祈使句,

14、省略主語省略主語you26 1.It is difficult for me _ so much work within one night. Can you help me? A. finish B. finishing C. to finish D. finished 2.John with two of his friends _ to play basketball every Sunday afternoon. A. go B. went C. goes D.gone單選：單選：Its adj. for sb to do sth.做某事對某人來說是做某事對某人來說是的的 形式主語形式

15、主語真正的主語真正的主語 to finish27 3._ up early, or you will miss the early bus. A. Got B. Get C. Getting D.Gets 4._ up early is good for your health. A. Got B. Get C. Getting D.Gets 5.Wow! The cake tastes _! Can I have one more? A. well B. deliciously C. bad D. good 祈使句，謂語動詞用原形祈使句，謂語動詞用原形動名詞做主語動名詞做主語感官動詞感官動詞

16、+adj.28表語表語（predicative）：說明主語是說明或怎么樣，說明主語是說明或怎么樣，由由名詞、形容詞、數詞、副詞、名詞、形容詞、數詞、副詞、不定式、介詞短語、句子等充當不定式、介詞短語、句子等充當。它的位置在系動詞后面。它的位置在系動詞后面。 29 形容詞作表語形容詞作表語You look younger than before. 名詞作表語名詞作表語 My father is a teacher. 副詞作表語副詞作表語Everyone is here.介詞短語作表語介詞短語作表語They are at the theatre.不定式作表語不定式作表語My job is to t

17、each them English.動名詞作表語動名詞作表語Her job is training the nurses.從句作表語從句作表語That is why he didnt come to school yesterday.30賓語賓語（object）:表示動作、行為的對象，表示動作、行為的對象，由名詞、代詞、不定式、由名詞、代詞、不定式、V-ing、從句充當，、從句充當，和及物動詞一起說明主語做什么。它和謂語和及物動詞一起說明主語做什么。它和謂語動詞一起說明主語是什么，通常放在謂語動動詞一起說明主語是什么，通常放在謂語動詞后面。有時，會有雙賓語。詞后面。有時，會有雙賓語。 31如：

18、如：名詞作賓語名詞作賓語He never forgives others for their mistakes.代詞做賓語代詞做賓語He often helps me.不定式作賓語不定式作賓語He likes to sleep in the open air.動名詞作賓語動名詞作賓語The Americans enjoyed living in China.從句做賓語從句做賓語I believe that they can finish the work in time. 32直接賓語和間接賓語直接賓語和間接賓語及物動詞作謂語時，后面要跟賓語，賓語分直接及物動詞作謂語時，后面要跟賓語，賓語分直

19、接賓語和間接賓語。直接賓語是及物動詞的對象。賓語和間接賓語。直接賓語是及物動詞的對象。但有些動詞除了直接賓語外，還需要有一個間接但有些動詞除了直接賓語外，還需要有一個間接賓語，間接賓語表語動作是對誰做的，所以只能賓語，間接賓語表語動作是對誰做的，所以只能用名詞或代詞來充當。用名詞或代詞來充當。如：如：We brought them some food.主主 謂謂 間賓間賓 直賓直賓間接賓語可以放在直接賓語后面，但必須加間接賓語可以放在直接賓語后面，但必須加to 或或 for。 33賓語的補足語（object complement）在英語的句子中有些句子里只有賓語并不能表達在英語的句子中有些句子

20、里只有賓語并不能表達完整的意思，還必須在賓語后面加上賓語的補足完整的意思，還必須在賓語后面加上賓語的補足語才能表達完整的意思。我們把語才能表達完整的意思。我們把“賓語賓語補賓語賓語補足語足語”合起來稱為復合賓語。復合賓語所表達的合起來稱為復合賓語。復合賓語所表達的意思相當于一個巨資的意思。名詞、動詞、形容意思相當于一個巨資的意思。名詞、動詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、不定式、現在分詞、過去詞、副詞、介詞短語、不定式、現在分詞、過去分詞都可以作賓語補足語分詞都可以作賓語補足語. 34名詞作賓補名詞作賓補If you let me go, Ill make you king.形容詞作賓補形容詞作賓補

21、Dont make your hands dirty.副詞作賓補副詞作賓補We found Li Ming out when we arrived.介詞短語作賓補介詞短語作賓補Make yourself at home.省略省略to的不定式作賓補的不定式作賓補I saw a girl go into the building.帶帶to的不定式作賓補的不定式作賓補The boy ordered the dog to lie down.現在分詞作賓補現在分詞作賓補The boss kept them working all day.過去分詞作賓補過去分詞作賓補Yesterday he got hi

22、s leg broken.35在英語中在英語中,常見的常見的“賓語賓語補足語賓語賓語補足語”的結構有：的結構有：“賓語賓語+名詞名詞”。常用于改結構的動詞有：。常用于改結構的動詞有：call, name, make, find, choose, think, leave等。等。 We call him Jack. They made Li Lei their monitor.“賓語賓語+形容詞形容詞”。常見的動詞有。常見的動詞有think, believe, leave, drive, make, keep, turn, wish, want等。如：等。如：Do you think his i

23、dea wrong?We must keep our classroom clean.We cant leave him alone.Can you get everything ready for the party before Friday?36“賓語賓語+副詞副詞”。副詞作賓補常表示賓語的狀態(tài)，與賓語有邏輯上的主表副詞作賓補常表示賓語的狀態(tài)，與賓語有邏輯上的主表關系。關系。常見的副詞有：常見的副詞有：down, up, here, there, home, in, out, anywhere等。如：等。如： Let him in/ out. Mr. Li drove us home.W

24、hen got there, we found him out.“賓語賓語+介詞短語介詞短語”。介詞短語作賓補常表示其邏輯主語（即賓語）所處的狀介詞短語作賓補常表示其邏輯主語（即賓語）所處的狀態(tài)，兩者有主表的關系。如：態(tài)，兩者有主表的關系。如： We found everything in good order. We regard him as our good friend.He opened the door and found some of his friends in the rain.37“賓語+不定式”。充當賓補的不定式有三種： A 要求帶to的不定式The cool wate

25、r of the lake invited us to swim. B 要求不帶to 的不定式 let, make, see, hear, watch等 The boss made the workers work 12 hours a day. I often hear him read English in his room. C 單詞help 后可加 to 或不加 to She sometimes helps her mother (to) do housework.“賓語+現在分詞”?，F在分詞作賓補，此時在該句型中的賓語即為現在分詞邏輯上的主語，有著主謂關系。 I saw them p

26、laying on the playground.I heard Mary singing in the classroom.“賓語+過去分詞”。賓語和賓補之間是被動關系，過去分詞表示被動和完成。 I had my bike stolen. The teacher explained again and again to make himself understood.38 形式賓語形容詞We found it impossible to get there before Saturday.賓語+what 從句Call me what you like.Mr. Li has made the

27、factory what it is today.The mountain village is different from what it was ten years ago.39動賓表示行為的對象，放在及物動詞或表示行為的對象，放在及物動詞或者介詞之后。者介詞之后。 I like China. He hates you. How many do you need? We need two We should help the old and the poor. I enjoy working with you I hope to see you again. Did you write

28、down what he said? 40 He is afraid of her-his headteacher. Under the snow, there are many rocks. 介詞后面的賓語：介詞后面的賓語：介賓介賓 注意：人稱代詞要用注意：人稱代詞要用賓格賓格 I decided to go with _. A. he B. his C. her D.they E.she41 He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money. 間接賓語間接賓語(sb)+直接賓語直接賓語(sth)： 雙賓雙賓42I think

29、 it hard to finish this difficult job before Sunday.形式賓語形式賓語真正賓語真正賓語43 My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. You must pay good attention to your job. How many new words did you learn last class?找出下列句子的賓語找出下列句子的賓語445.Some of the students in the school want to go

30、 swimming, how about you?6.The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.7.They made him monitor of the class.8.Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left.9.They think it impossible to get to the station in such a short time.45定語（attributive）：用來修飾名詞或代詞。由形容詞、代詞、用來修飾名詞或代詞。由形容詞、代詞、

31、數詞、介詞短語、不定式、從句充當。數詞、介詞短語、不定式、從句充當。單詞作定語一般放在被修飾詞之前，短語單詞作定語一般放在被修飾詞之前，短語或句子作定語放在被修飾才之后?；蚓渥幼鞫ㄕZ放在被修飾才之后。46定語（attributive）定語用來修飾名詞或代詞。形容詞、代定語用來修飾名詞或代詞。形容詞、代詞、數詞、名詞、介詞短語、不定式或詞、數詞、名詞、介詞短語、不定式或相當于形容詞的詞或短語等都可以充當相當于形容詞的詞或短語等都可以充當定語。因為它是修飾名詞或代詞的，而定語。因為它是修飾名詞或代詞的，而名詞和代詞可以作主語、表語或賓語，名詞和代詞可以作主語、表語或賓語，所以定語的位置很靈活，凡是

32、有名詞、所以定語的位置很靈活，凡是有名詞、代詞的地方都可以有定語。代詞的地方都可以有定語。 47形容詞作定語形容詞作定語 The black bike is mine. 代詞作定語代詞作定語 Whats your name?名詞作定語名詞作定語They made some paper flowers.介詞短語作定語介詞短語作定語 The boys in the room are in Class Three, Grade One.不定式作短語不定式作短語 I have lots to eat and drink.從句作定語從句作定語 The tall boy who is standing t

33、here is Peter.48 在英語中，并不是所有的定語都放在被修飾詞的前面，在英語中，并不是所有的定語都放在被修飾詞的前面，有的是放在被修飾詞的后面，故稱有的是放在被修飾詞的后面，故稱“后置定語后置定語”。 修飾不定代詞修飾不定代詞 something, anything, nothing, something, anyone, somebody, anybody, nobody 的的定語必須后置。如：定語必須后置。如： Well go to have something English. If you dont know the answer, ask someone else. Do

34、 you have anything important to tell me?介詞短語作定語時要后置。如：介詞短語作定語時要后置。如： Do you know the boy behind the tree?The students in the room are all my friends. I think the picture on the left is better than the one on the right.49動詞的不定式作定語時要后置動詞的不定式作定語時要后置What about something to drink? I have no time to travel to China is in Autumn or in Spring.注注 動詞不定式作主語時，動詞不定式作主語時，to 后面的動詞必須是及物動詞后面的動詞必須是及物動詞或相當于及物動詞的短語。如果時短語時，那么與動詞搭或相當于及物動詞的短語。如果時短語時，那么與動詞搭配的介詞或副詞是不能少的。配的介詞或副詞是不能少的。 Do you have any piece of music to listen to? nea