定語從句專輯 01 如何寫出定語從句

1、第1章 如何寫出定語從句 2016 定語從句專輯 、如何寫出定語從句定語從句就是形容詞從句，在漫長的學習歲月中，成功地狙擊著中國學生，極大程度削弱了學生的信心與興趣。定語從句的嵌入式存在，造成閱讀的障礙，又喜用支離破碎的省略型出現(xiàn)，益增學習者的困擾。其實定語從句是很簡單的。1-1、學習定語從句前的鋪墊學習定語從句之前，要明了兩個細節(jié)：單字形容詞與復字形容詞的區(qū)別；先行詞與關系詞的互動。1-1-1、單字形容詞與復字形容詞的區(qū)別（位置與翻譯）單字形容詞：（位置）單字形容詞要放在名詞(即修飾對象)的“前”面。a new book a, new都是單個字的形容詞，都要放在book前面。復字形容詞：（位

2、置）復字形容詞要放在名詞(即修飾對象)的“后”面。a new book on the desk on the desk是復字形容詞，要放在book后面。單字形容詞：（翻譯）翻譯時，單字形容詞要譯在名詞“前”面。a new book 一本 新 書譯文：“一本/新”在“書”的左方。v所以說，單字形容詞是“前置前譯”。復字形容詞：（翻譯）翻譯時，復字形容詞也要譯在名詞“前”面。a book on the desk 一本 在桌上的 書譯文：“在桌上的”也在“書”的左方。v所以說，復字形容詞是“后置前譯”。1-1-2、先行詞與關系詞的互動The book which describes the pand

3、a is very interesting.2、先行詞/關系詞（who, whom, which, that）：1、先行詞是定語從句修飾的對象，此處是The book。2、定語從句which describes the panda由多字組成，就是復字形容詞，既然修飾先行詞，當然要放在先行詞后面（此處等于嵌入主句的book/is之間）。3、定語從句要由關系詞引出，關系詞的選用視先行詞而定。本例先行詞book是物，關系詞選which；若先行詞是人，則選who。雖然that可兼用，初學時未全然了解who/which之前，不該使用that。定語從句先行詞book關系詞whichv如果沒有先行詞，定語從

4、句就沒有存在的前提，因此“定語從句不可能單獨出現(xiàn)”，一定要有先行詞。v是定語從句修飾先行詞，不是關系詞修飾先行詞，別弄錯了。1-2、不同的關系詞引出不同的定語從句關系代名詞who, which, that關系副詞when, where, how, why關系形容詞whose由于97%的定語從句都由關系代名詞who/which/that引出，所以學習定語從句一定要從關系代名詞這一型開始。定語從句有三類，分別由關系代名詞(即名詞)、關系副詞及關系形容詞引出。如圖：關系代名詞who/which/that本身就是名詞，名詞有兩個特性：1、做主語或賓語(間或表語)，因此關系代名詞who, which,

5、that在引出的定語從句中，也要擔任主語或賓語(間或表語)，二者必得其一。2、名詞不可任意增減（相對而言，副詞/形容詞都可任意增減或刪除）。1-3、如何寫出（關系代名詞引領的）定語從句寫定語從句有三個黃金要訣：位置、關系詞、名詞的增減。1、位置定語從句要修飾哪個名詞，就接在那個名詞后面。（因為定語從句是復字形容詞）2、關系詞關系代名詞的選用視先行詞而定。先行詞是人則選who；先行詞是物則選which。（v that雖可兼用，但初學者最好先不要用，不等who/which用熟，是沒資格用that的。)3、名詞的增減名詞不可任意增減。既然用了關系代名詞，等于添加了一個名詞，因此關系代名詞后面對應的名

6、詞就要刪除。（v千萬記住這一條，定語從句學垮的，幾乎都是墮入這個陷阱?。﹥瑟毩⒕洌篢he student knows the answers. He is in my class. 將后句寫成定語從句并融入前句。位置：定語從句是復字形容詞，要修飾誰，就放到誰后面。The studentknows the answerHe is in my classvHe is in my class論及前句student，所以要置于student之后（此處等于嵌入前句student/knows之間）。關系詞：先行詞student是人，指導關系代名詞選who。The studentknows the answ

7、erwho He is in my classv為什么who稱關系詞呢？就是使主句和定語從句產(chǎn)生關聯(lián)。v先行詞與關系代名詞是同一人、同一物。名詞的增減：增加了關系代名詞who，所以后面對應的名詞He要刪除。The studentknows the answerwho He is in my classv一定要刪除，千萬小心！答案：The student who is in my class knows the answers.我班上的那位學生知道這些答案。- who is in my class即為定語從句。v定語從句是“后置前譯。”1-3-1、定語從句，關系代名詞(簡稱關代)做主語關代who

8、/which做“主語”，以下如左右欄：（改后句入前句）The girl is Janet who The girl is reading thereThe girl is Janet The girl is reading thereThe girl is Janet. The girl is reading there.The girl who is reading there is Janet. 在那邊念書的女孩是珍妮。關代who做主語：The book is very good which The book is on the deskThe book is very good The

9、book is on the deskThe book is very good. The book is on the desk.The book which is on the desk is very good. 在桌上的那本書非常好。關代which做主語：以左圖為例(右圖比照)，who is reading there是定語從句。按句的觀念，who是第一個出現(xiàn)的名詞（關系代名詞就是名詞）且后面立即跟出動詞is，所以關代是主語。1-3-2、定語從句，關代做賓語以下就關代which/who(m)做“賓語”，分別示范如左右欄：（改后句入前句）The girl is Janet who He

10、met the girl The girl is Janet He met the girlThe girl is Janet. He met the girl.The girl who he met is Janet. 他遇到的那個女孩是珍妮。關代who：The book is very good which she bought the book The book is very good She bought the bookThe book is very good. She bought the book.The book which she bought is very good.

11、 她買的那本書非常好。關代which：見左圖：which she bought是定語從句。其中she毫無疑問是主語，bought及物而右邊見不到賓語，賓語就是which。只是任何關系詞的第一優(yōu)先任務是做連接詞，因此which雖是bought的賓語，卻必須移到she bought的左邊，語法稱之為：關系詞引領出定語從句。同理，見右圖：who he met是定語從句，who是met的賓語。vvv然而，who做賓語是一般用法，正式演說或書寫時，應該用whom，顯得嚴謹。因此，右圖的定語從句有兩個筆法：The girl who(m) he met is Janet. 1-4、高級筆法“介詞關代”理解了

12、“做賓語可用who(m)”后，再來看一個有趣的對照，如以下左右欄：The man is a teacher. I sold my car to the man.The man is a teacher I sold my car to the manThe man is a teacher who I sold my car to the man v定語從句結(jié)尾是介詞to。The city is far away She lives in the cityThe city is far away which she lives in the city The city is far away.

13、 She lives in the city.The city which she lives in is far away. 她所住的那城市非常遠。v定語從句結(jié)尾是介詞in。The man who I sold my car to is a teacher我賣車給他的那個人是老師。巧妙就在介詞to/in上面。書寫要盡量避免用介詞結(jié)尾，于是這就引出了另一個重點：定語從句高級筆法“介詞關代”，就是“將介詞移到關系代名詞之前”，這時只能用which/whom，不可用who，也不可用that。如下：標 準 句：The man who(m)I sold my car to is a teacher.

14、高級筆法：The man towhom I sold my car to is a teacher.v介詞to移到關系代名詞whom之前。因此，請注意以下各句的用法：()The city which she lives in is far away.()The city that she lives in is far away.()The city she lives in is far away.（賓語關代省略）()The city in which she lives is far away.（介移）()The city in that she lives is far away.（介移

15、）()The man who I sold my car to is a teacher.（口語）()The man whom I sold my car to is a teacher.（書寫）()The man that I sold my car to is a teacher.()The man I sold my car to is a teacher.（賓語關代省略）()The man to whom I sold my car is a teacher.（介移）()The man to who I sold my car is a teacher.（介移）()The man to

16、 that I sold my car is a teacher.（介移）v關代作賓語時，可省略。1-5、主動/被動型的定語從句1).The book which Mary wrote is very expensive. 瑪莉?qū)懙倪@本書很貴。 = The book which was written by Mary is very expensive. (被)瑪莉所寫的這本書很貴。2).The cake which Janet baked smells good. 珍妮烤的這個蛋糕聞起來很香。= The cake which was baked by Janet smells good. (

17、被)珍妮所烤的這個蛋糕聞起來很香。定語從句有時以主動或被動出現(xiàn)而表達相同的意思，如下：1-6、關系副詞引出的定語從句任何修飾名詞的從句，都是定語從句。副詞when/where/how/why經(jīng)常引領從句來修飾名詞，這時這四個詞就成為了關系詞（關系詞的用途是引出定語從句）。先已是副詞，現(xiàn)又是關系詞，所以這四個詞稱為“關系副詞”。由于先行詞決定了關系詞的選用，因此先行詞“時間/場合/方法/原因”分別對應到這四個關系副詞when/where/how/why。（以下稱關系副詞為關副）兩獨立句：I dont know the reason. He didnt come today. 將后句寫成定語從句并

18、融入前句。vHe didnt come today論及前句的reason，所以置于reason之后。位置： I dont know the reasonHe didnt come todayv由于reason所以選why。reason和why是一伙的。關系詞： I dont know the reasonwhy He didnt come todayvwhy是副詞，不存在名詞重復的問題。答案： I dont know the reason why He didnt come today.我不知道他今天沒來的原因。1-7、關系形容詞引出的定語從句關系形容詞（以下稱關形）只有一個，就是所有格who

19、se的，引出的定語從句相當單純。兩獨立句：The boy is one of my pupils. His bike was stolen. 將后句寫成定語從句并融入前句。vHis bike was stolen論及前句的The boy，所以置于boy之后。位置： The boy is one of my pupilsHis bike was stolenv先行詞boy決定關系詞選用。按句意論及所有格，選whose的。關系詞： The boy is one of my pupilswhose His bike was stolenv關系形容詞whose沒有名詞增減的問題，但whose/His語

20、義重復，所以刪除后面相對應的贅字His。贅字： The boy is one of my pupilswhose His bike was stolen答案： The boy whose bike was stolen is one of my pupils自行車被偷的那個男孩是我的一個學生。- whose bike was stole即為定語從句。1-8、論what-從句what-從句永遠是名詞從句。所有名詞從句（除了what-從句之外）都要視其在句中的位置來決定屬性，有可能做名詞從句定語從句或狀語從句。v唯獨what-從句永遠只做名詞從句，因此有必要分離出來單獨討論。what-從句來自于定

21、語從句。定語從句都有先行詞(即修飾對象)，可能單數(shù)或復數(shù)。不論先行詞是什么(通常是物)，也不論關系代名詞是什么(通常是which/that)，只要二者合一就是what，稱為“復合關系代名詞”。如下：先行詞關代復合關系代名詞what：What you told me is incorrect. 你跟我說的不對。復合關系代名詞WhatThe answer that you told me is incorrect. 你跟我說的答案不對。關系代名詞that先行詞The answer定語從句that you told me01).The answer that you told me is incor

22、rect. 你告訴我的答案不正確。= What you told me is incorrect. 你所告訴我的不正確。 02).Please tell me the idea that you have thought of. 請告訴我你所想到的點子。 = Please tell me what you have thought of. 請告訴我你所想到的。 03).He would not give them everything that they wanted. 他不會把他們要的東西都給予他們。 = He would not give them what they wanted. 他不

23、會把他們要的給予他們。 04).She is not in the shape that she used to be. 她不再是以前那幅模樣。 = She is not what she used to be. 05).He is the kind of person that is called a genius. 他就是那種被稱為天才的人。 = He is what is called a genius. 1-9、逆用what-從句01).What is called traditional friendship between two nations is not friendship

24、 at all. 兩個國家之間所謂的傳統(tǒng)友誼，根本不是友誼。 = The relationship that is called traditional friendship between two nations is not friendship at all. 02).What cannot be done by virtue can be done by money. 道德上辦不到的事，可用金錢辦到。 = The thing that cannot be done by virtue can be done by money. 03).What you do speaks louder

25、 than what you say. 你所做的事比你所說的話更讓人注意。 = The deeds that you do speaks louder than the words that you say. 04).We rate ability in men by what they finish, not by what they attempt. 衡量人的能力，是看他的成果，不是看夢想。 = We rate ability in men by the works that they finish, not by the dreams that they attempt. 遇到有what

26、的句子，若看不懂時，只要將之拆開為“適當?shù)南刃性~適當?shù)年P代”，然后佐以定語從句概念，即可輕易解出。如下例：練習（關代定語從句）以下各題中，請用“目視口述”方法，將后句轉(zhuǎn)為定語從句并融入前句中。要求：1、說明關代在定語從句中做主語還是賓語（若做賓語，請說明做哪個字的賓語）。01).The big store is interesting. It is near the bank.02).The student is from Peru. You just met the student in the lab.03).All the teachers like the girl. The girl

27、 is never late for class.04).The food saved the beggars life. She provided the beggar with the food.05).I read the book. The book describes California.06).The girl brought the book. John likes the girl very much.07).The short story is interesting. You told me the short story yesterday.08).The girl i

28、s the youngest in the class. The girls work got the prize.09).The book is not very expensive. John bought the book.10).I apologized to the girl. The girls books were hit fallen on the ground.11).The doctor gave me a book. My father visited the doctor.12).The winter sun brought me a new hope. The sun

29、s rays were so warm.13).The book is not very expensive. You are reading the book.14).The man is Mr. Smith. I sold my car to the man.15).The short story is interesting. It is about baseball.16).The car can go two hundred miles an hour. John wants the car.17).The cake smells good. Mary made the cake.1

30、8).The new house is on Fifth Street. John lives in the new house.19).Yesterday he delivered a long speech. We were bored with the speech.20).The tall girl is from California. I am acquainted with the tall girl.21).I am going to the shoe store. Helen recommended the shoe store.22).The man is Mr. Smit

31、h. I sold my car to Mr. Smith.23).The man is in New York now. The man was here yesterday.24).The book belongs to the tall man. The mans name is on the cover.2、若定語從句是介詞結(jié)尾，請將之改為高級筆法。01).The big store which is near the bank is interesting. 靠近銀行的那間大書局是有趣的。vwhich在定語從句中做主語。02).The student who(m) you just

32、met in the lab is from Peru. 你才在實驗室遇到的那位學生來自于秘魯。vwho(m)在定語從句中做動詞met的賓語。03).All the teachers like the girl who is never late for class. 所有老師都喜歡那位從不遲到的女生。vwho在定語從句中做主語。04).The food which she provided the beggar with saved his life. 她提供給這乞丐的食物救了乞丐的命。= The food with which she provided the beggar saved h

33、is life.vwhich在定語從句中做介詞with的賓語。高級筆法。05).I read the book which describes California. 我讀了這本描寫加州的書。vwhich在定語從句中做主語。解答（關代定語從句）06).The girl who John likes very much brought the book. 約翰特喜歡的那位女生買了這本書。vwho在定語從句中做主語。07).The short story which you told me yesterday is interesting. 你告訴我的那個小故事很有趣。vwhich在定語從句中做動

34、詞told的賓語。Tell sb sth 告訴某人某事。08).The girl whose work got the prize is the youngest in the class. 作品得獎的那位女生是全班最年輕的。09).The book which John bought is not very expensive. 約翰買的那本書不很貴。vwhich在定語從句中做動詞bought的賓語。10).I apologized to the girl whose books were hit fallen on the ground. 我向那位書本被撞落地的女生道歉了。11).The

35、doctor who my father visited gave me a book. 我父親拜訪過的那位醫(yī)生給了我一本書。vwho在定語從句中做動詞visited的賓語。12).The winter sun whose rays were so warm brought me a new hope. 溫暖和煦的冬陽帶給我了新的希望。13).The book which you are reading is not very expensive. 你現(xiàn)在正在讀的書不很貴。vwhich在定語從句中做動詞are reading的賓語。14).The man who(m) I sold my car to is Mr. Smith. 我把車賣給他的那個人是史密斯先生。= The man to whom I sold my car is