生理學(xué)專業(yè)英語詞匯

1、第一章 緒 論 【專業(yè)英語詞匯】生理學(xué)physiology內(nèi)環(huán)境internal environment神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)nervous regulation體液調(diào)節(jié)humoral regulation旁分泌paracrine自身調(diào)節(jié)autoregulation正反饋positive feedback組織液interstitial fluid穩(wěn)態(tài)homeostasis反射弧reflex arc激素hormone神經(jīng)分泌neurosecretion, neurocrine負反饋negative feedback前饋feed-forward第二章 細胞的基本功能【專業(yè)英語詞匯】單純擴散simple diff

2、usion失活inactivation鈉-鉀泵sodium-potassium pump入胞endocytosis易化擴散facilitated diffusion主動轉(zhuǎn)運active transport出胞exocytosis化學(xué)門控通道chemically gated channel跨膜信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)transmembrane signal transduction電壓門控通道voltage-gated channel促離子型受體ionotrpic receptor鳥苷酸結(jié)合蛋白, G-蛋白guanine uncleotide-binding protein, G-protein環(huán)一磷酸腺苷cy

3、cle adenosine monophosphate, cAMP第二信使second messenger三磷酸肌醇inositol triphosphate, IP3G-蛋白耦聯(lián)受體G-protein coupled receptor酪氨酸激酶受體tyrosine kinase receptor興奮性excitability刺激stimulus閾值threshold動作電位action potential超極化hyperpolarization復(fù)極化repolarization鋒電位spike potential膜片鉗patch clamp相對不應(yīng)期relative refractory p

4、eriod局部興奮local excitation時間性總和temporal summation跳躍式傳導(dǎo)saltatory conduction終板電位end-plate potential膽堿酯酶cholinesterase滑行理論sliding theory等長收縮isometric contraction完全強直收縮complete tetanus后負荷afterload長度-張力曲線length-tension curve磷脂酶Cphospholipase C二酰甘油diacylglycerol, DG促代謝型受體metabotropic receptor一氧化氮nitric oxi

5、de, NO興奮excitation閾強度 threshold intensity靜息電位resting potential極化polarization去極化(除極化)depolarization超射overshoot (potential)“全或無”現(xiàn)象“all or none” phenomenon絕對不應(yīng)期 absolute refractory period閾電位 threshold (membrane) potential電緊張性擴布electrotonic propagation空間性總和 spatial summation量子式釋放 quantal release乙酰膽堿acet

6、ylcholine, ACh興奮-收縮耦聯(lián)excitation-contraction coupling等張收縮isotonic contraction單收縮 single twitch前負荷 preload初長度 initial length(肌肉)收縮能力contractility (of muscle)張力-速度(關(guān)系)曲線 force velocity (relation) curve鈣調(diào)蛋白 calmodulin, CaM 第三章 血 液【專業(yè)英語詞匯】血漿plasma粘滯性viscosity膠體滲透壓colloid osmotic pressure造血微環(huán)境hemopoietic

7、microenvironment血細胞比容hematocrit晶體滲透壓crystal osmotic pressure滲透脆性osmotic fragility懸浮穩(wěn)定性suspension stability紅細胞沉降率erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ESR集落刺激因子colony stimulating factor, CSF內(nèi)因子intrinsic factor促紅細胞生成素erythropoietin, EPO血小板粘附thrombocyte adhesion血栓烷A2(血栓素A2) thromboxane A2, TXA2血液凝固blood coag

8、ulation凝血因子blood clotting factor外源性凝血extrinsic coagulation纖維蛋白溶解系統(tǒng)fibrinolytic system爆式促進因子burst promoting actvator, BPA肝素heparin生理性止血physiological hemostasis血小板聚集thrombocyte aggregation前列環(huán)素prostacyclin, PGI2血清serum內(nèi)源性凝血intrinsic coagulation凝血酶thrombin纖溶酶原 plasminogen組織因子途徑抑制物 tissue factor pathway

9、inhibitor, TFPI纖溶酶(血漿素) plasmin(紅細胞)凝集 agglutination凝集素 agglutinin交叉配血試驗 cross-match test血型blood group凝集原agglutinogen人白細胞抗原h(huán)uman leukocyte antigen, HLA成分輸血transfusion of blood components 第四章 血液循環(huán)【專業(yè)英語詞匯】心動周期cardiac cycle心室舒張期 ventricular diastole快速射血期 rapid ejection period心音cardiac sound每搏輸出量(搏出量)st

10、roke volume output心輸出量cardiac output心房收縮期atrial systole等容收縮期isovolumic systole減慢充盈期reduced filling period心音圖phonocardiogram射血分數(shù)ejection fraction心指數(shù)cardiac index心臟作功(量)myocardial work心力儲備cardiac reserve傳導(dǎo)性conductivity有效不應(yīng)期effective refractory period代償間歇compensatory pause起搏點pacemaker異位心律ectopic rhythm

11、超速驅(qū)動壓抑overdrive suppression心電圖electrocardiogram, ECG阻力血管resistant vessel容量血管capacitance vessel血流量blood flow血流速度velocity of blood flow順應(yīng)性compliance收縮壓systolic pressure脈搏壓(脈壓)pulse pressure中心靜脈壓central venous pressure微循環(huán)microcirculation直捷通路thoroughfare channel迂回通路circuitous channel重吸收reabsorption縮血管神經(jīng)

12、纖維vasoconstrictor fiber心血管中樞cardiovascular center壓力感受器baroreceptor心肺感受器cardiopulmonary receptor化學(xué)感受器chemoreceptor腦內(nèi)滲透壓感受器brain osmoreceptor心室功能曲線ventricular function curve自動節(jié)律性(自律性)autorhythmicity平臺(期)plateau期前收縮premature systole起搏離子流 pacemaker current竇性心律(normal) sinus rhythm搶先占領(lǐng)capture, preoccupat

13、ion房-室延擱atrioventricular delay彈性儲器血管windkessel vessel毛細血管前阻力血管precapillary resistant vessel短路血管shunt vessel血壓blood pressure外周阻力peripheral resistance舒張壓 diastolic pressure動脈脈搏arterial pulse靜脈回心血量venous return毛細血管前括約肌precapillary sphincter動-靜脈短路arteriovenous shunt濾過filtration有效濾過壓effctive filtration p

14、ressure, EFP舒血管神經(jīng)纖維 vasodilator fiber壓力感受性反射 baroreceptor reflex緩沖神經(jīng)buffer nerve容量感受器 volume receptor防御反應(yīng)defence reaction腎素-血管緊張素系統(tǒng)renin-angiotensin system循環(huán)系統(tǒng)平均充盈壓mean circulatory filling pressure血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)換酶angiotensin-converting enzyme, ACE腎上腺素epinephrine, E, or adrenalone, A去甲腎上腺素norepinephrine, NE,

15、 or noradrenalone, NA血管升壓素(抗利尿激素)vasopressin, VP (antidiuretic hormone, ADH)血管活性腸肽vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, VIP內(nèi)皮舒張因子endothelium-derived relaxing factor, EDRF內(nèi)皮縮血管因子 endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor factor, EDRF激肽釋放酶-激肽系統(tǒng)kallikrein-kinin system血管舒張素kalidin前列腺素prostaglandin, PG冠脈循環(huán)coronar

16、y circulation血-腦屏障blood-brain barrier, BBB緩激肽bradykinin心房鈉尿肽atrial natriuretic peptide, ANP組胺histamine腺苷adenosine血-腦脊液屏障blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier 第五章 呼 吸 【專業(yè)英語名詞】呼吸respiration吸氣inspiration腹式呼吸abdominal breathing平靜呼吸eupn(o)ea,or quiet breathing呼吸困難dysp(o)nea氣胸pneumothorax比順應(yīng)性specific complian

17、ce氣道阻力airway resistance肺通氣pulmonary ventilation呼氣expiration胸式呼吸thoracic breathing用力呼吸forced breathing肺內(nèi)壓intrapulmonary pressure胸膜腔內(nèi)壓intrapleural pressure肺表面活性物質(zhì)pulmonary surfactant潮氣量tidal volume, TV補吸氣量(吸氣儲備量)inspiratory reserve volume, IRV補呼氣量(呼氣儲備量)exspiratory reserve volume, ERV功能殘氣量(功能余氣量)funct

18、ional residual capacity, FRC殘氣量(余氣量)residual volume, RV肺活量vital capacity, VC時間肺活量timed vital capacity肺總量total lung capacity, TLC解剖無效腔anatomical dead space肺泡通氣量alveolar ventilation氣體擴散速率diffusion rate of gas氧合oxygenation氧含量oxygen content氧解離曲線oxygen dissociation curve肺牽張反射pulmonary stretch reflex深吸氣量i

19、nspiratory capacity, IC用力肺活量forced vital capacity, FVC用力呼氣量forced expiratory volume, FEV每分通氣量minute ventilation volume肺泡無效腔alveolar dead space氣體交換gas exchange通氣/血流比值ventilation/perfusion ratio氧容量oxygen capacity氧飽和度oxygen saturation呼吸調(diào)整中樞pneumotaxic center吸氣切斷機制inspiratory off-switch mechanism 第六章 消化

20、和吸收【專業(yè)英語名詞】消化digestion基本電節(jié)律basic electrical rhythm, BER粘膜下神經(jīng)叢submucosal plexus胃腸激素gastrointestinal hormone膽囊收縮素cholecystokinin, CCK抑胃肽gastric inhibitory polypeptide唾液saliva胃液gastric juice吸收absorption慢波slow wave肌間神經(jīng)叢myenteric plexus胃泌素gastrin胰泌素secretin營養(yǎng)作用trophic action蠕動peristalsis鹽酸hydrochloric ac

21、id胃蛋白酶原pepsinogen粘液-碳酸氫鹽屏障mucus-bicarbonate barrier假飼sham-feeding胃泌素釋放肽gastrin-releasing peptide, GRP腸-胃反射entero-gastric reflex胃排空gastric emptying胰液pancreatic juice胰脂肪酶lipase胰蛋白酶trypsin糜蛋白酶chymotrypsin膽汁bile, or gall胃蛋白酶pepsin生長抑素somatostatin蛙皮素bombesin腸抑胃素enterogastrone容受性舒張receptive relaxation迷走-迷

22、走反射vago-vagal reflex胰淀粉酶pancreatic amylase胰蛋白酶原trypsinogen糜蛋白酶原chymotrypsinogen腸致活酶enterokinase膽鹽bile salt膽鹽的腸肝循環(huán)enterohepatic circulation of bile salt排便defection分節(jié)運動segmentation contraction 第七章 能量代謝和體溫【專業(yè)英語詞匯】能量代謝energy metabolism食物的熱價thermal equivalent of food氧債oxygen debt呼吸商respiratory quotient,

23、RQ氧熱價(氧卡價)thermal equivalent of oxygen (caloric value of oxygen)食物特殊動力效應(yīng)specific dynamic effect of food體溫body temperature生物節(jié)律biorhythm戰(zhàn)栗產(chǎn)熱shivering thermogenesis寒冷性肌緊張thermal muscle tone輻射散熱t(yī)hermal radiation對流散熱t(yī)hermal convection不感蒸發(fā)(不顯汗)insensible perspiration體溫調(diào)節(jié)regulation of body temperature熱敏神經(jīng)元

24、 warm-sensitive neuron基礎(chǔ)代謝率basal metabolism rate, BMR晝夜節(jié)律circadian rhythm生物鐘biologic clock產(chǎn)熱heat production, or thermogenesis散熱t(yī)hermolysis, or body heat loss傳導(dǎo)散熱t(yī)hermal conduction蒸發(fā)(散熱)evaporation發(fā)汗perspiration, or sweating調(diào)定點set point冷敏神經(jīng)元cold-sensitive neuron致熱源 pyrogen視前區(qū)-下丘腦前部preoptic-anterior h

25、ypothylamus area, POAH第八章 尿的生成和排出【專業(yè)英語詞匯】尿生成urine formation球旁器(近球小體)juxtaglomerular apparatus腎血流量renal blood flow腎小球濾過率glomerular filtration rate, GFR濾過平衡filtration equibibrium分泌secretion尿的濃縮urine concentration滲透性利尿osmotic diuresis定比重吸收constant fraction reabsorption內(nèi)移(內(nèi)化)internalization醛固酮aldosteron

26、e菊粉(菊糖)inulin尿排出urine excretion致密斑macula densa管-球反饋tubuloglomerular feedback濾過分數(shù)filtration fraction腎血漿流量renal plasma flow腎糖閾renal glucose threshold尿的稀釋urine dilution球-管平衡glomerulotubular balance回漏back leak水利尿water diuresis清除率clearance排尿micturition 第九章 感覺器官的功能【專業(yè)英語詞匯】感覺器官sense organ適宜刺激adequate stimu

27、lus發(fā)生器電位generator potential編碼(作用)encoding視覺vision視敏度(視力)visual acuity近點near point眼球會聚convergence of the eyeball視桿細胞rod晚光覺系統(tǒng)nightlight perceptive system視錐系統(tǒng)cone system視紫紅質(zhì)rhodopsin視黃醛retinene暗適應(yīng)dark adaptation視野visual field氣傳導(dǎo)air conduction螺旋器(柯蒂器)Cortis organ感受器receptor換能作用transducer function感受器電位re

28、ceptor potential適應(yīng)adaptation簡化眼reduced eye(眼的)調(diào)節(jié)accommodation (of the eye)瞳孔近反射pupillary near reflex瞳孔對光反射pupillary light reflex視桿系統(tǒng)rod system視錐細胞cone晝光覺系統(tǒng)daylight perceptive system視蛋白opsin傳遞蛋白transducin明適應(yīng)light adaptation聽覺audition骨傳導(dǎo)bone conduction行波理論travelling wave theory(耳蝸)微音器電位(cochlear) micr

29、ophonic potential前庭自主神經(jīng)性反應(yīng)vestibular autonervous reaction平衡感覺quilibrium sensation嗅覺olfactory sensation, or smell皮膚感覺cutaneous sensation溫度覺temperature sensation眼震顫nystagmus味覺gustatory sensation, or taste觸-壓覺touch and pressure sensation痛覺pain 第十章 神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的功能【專業(yè)英語詞匯】神經(jīng)沖動nerve impulse神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)性因子neurotrophin, NT

30、順向軸漿運輸anterograde anxoplasmic transport逆向軸漿運輸retrograde axoplasmic transport興奮性突觸后電位excitatory postsynaptic potential, EPSP抑制性突觸后電位inhibitory postsynaptic potential, IPSP突觸后抑制postsynaptic inhibition突觸前易化presynaptic facilitation回返性抑制recurrent inhibition強直后增強posttetanic potentiation敏感化sensitization長時程

31、抑制long-term depression, LTD突觸前抑制 presynaptic inhibition傳入側(cè)支性抑制 afferent collateral inhibition可塑性 plasticity習(xí)慣化 habituation長時程增強 long-term potentiation, LTP突觸延擱 synaptic delay非突觸性化學(xué)傳遞non-synaptic chemical transmission電突觸傳遞electrical synaptic transmission局部神經(jīng)元回路local neuronal circuit, LNC交互性突觸reciproc

32、al synapse神經(jīng)調(diào)質(zhì)neuromodulator遞質(zhì)共存coexistence of transmitters同源脫敏homologous desensitization膽堿能纖維cholinergic fiber毒蕈堿樣作用muscarine-like action煙堿樣作用nicotine-like action肌肉型煙堿受體muscle-type nicotinic receptor兒茶酚胺catecholamine腎上腺素能纖維adrenergic fiber局部回路神經(jīng)元 local circuit neuron, LCN串聯(lián)性突觸 serial synapse神經(jīng)遞質(zhì) ne

33、urotransmitter調(diào)制作用 modulation突觸前受體 presynaptic receptor異源脫敏 heterologous desensitization膽堿能受體 cholinergic receptor毒蕈堿受體 muscarinic receptor煙堿受體 nicotinic receptor神經(jīng)元型煙堿受體 neuronal-type nicotinic receptor多巴胺 dopamine, DA腎上腺素能受體 adrenergic receptor5-羥色胺5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT or serotonin谷氨酸glutamic

34、 acid, or glutamate非條件反射unconditioned reflex輻散狀聯(lián)系divergence connection后放(后發(fā)放)after discharge多突觸反射polysynaptic reflex非特異投射系統(tǒng)non-specificprojection systemg-氨基丁酸g-aminobutyric acid, GABA條件反射conditioned reflex聚合狀聯(lián)系convergence connection單突觸反射monosynaptic reflex特異投射系統(tǒng)specific projection system感覺柱sensory c

35、olumn網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu)上行激動系統(tǒng)ascending reticular activating system本體感覺peoprioception皮層誘發(fā)電evoked cortical potential牽涉痛referred pain腦電圖electroencephalogram, EEG自發(fā)腦電活動spontaneous electric activity of the braina波阻斷alpha blocking腦電覺醒electroencephalogram arousal快波睡眠fast wave sleep, FWS快速眼球運動rapid eye movements, REM最后公路

36、final common path腱反射 tendon reflex肌梭muscle spindle隨意運動voluntary movement錐體系 pyramidal system脊休克 spinal shock屈肌反射flexor reflex去大腦僵直 decerebrate rigidity翻正反射righting reflex靜止性震顫 static tremor意向性震顫 intention tremor交感神經(jīng)sympathetic nerve行為覺醒behavioral arousal慢波睡眠slow wave sleep, SWS異相睡眠paradoxical sleep,

37、 PS上行抑制系統(tǒng)ascending inhibitory system牽張反射stretch reflex肌緊張 muscle tonus梭內(nèi)肌纖維 intrafusal fiber運動柱 motor column錐體外系extrapyramidal system姿勢反射postural reflex對側(cè)伸肌反射crossed extensor reflex狀態(tài)反射attitudinal reflex震顫麻痹paralysis agitans舞蹈病 chorea小腦性共濟失調(diào) cerebellar ataxia副交感神經(jīng) parasympathetic nerve下丘腦調(diào)節(jié)肽hypothal

38、amus regulatory peptide, HRP邊緣系統(tǒng)limbic system情緒反應(yīng)emotional reaction飽中樞 satiety center假怒sham rage獎賞系統(tǒng)reward system懲罰系統(tǒng)punishment system動機motivation操作式條件反射 operate conditioned reflex長時性記憶 long term memory失寫癥 agraphia失讀癥 alexia失用癥 apraxia本能行為instinctual behavior攝食中樞feeding center格斗-逃避反應(yīng)fight-flight rea

39、ction防御反應(yīng)區(qū) defense zone趨向系統(tǒng)approach system回避系統(tǒng)avoidance system強化reinforcement短時性記憶 short term memory運動失語癥 motor aphasia感覺失語癥 sensory aphasia一側(cè)優(yōu)勢laterality cerebral dominance裂腦split brain 第十一章 內(nèi)分泌【專業(yè)英語詞匯】內(nèi)分泌endocrine自分泌autocrine允許作用permissive action增量調(diào)節(jié)(上調(diào))up regulation遠距分泌telecrine神經(jīng)激素neurohormone親和力affinity減量調(diào)節(jié)(下調(diào))d