非謂語動(dòng)詞---kelly

1、非謂語動(dòng)詞非謂語動(dòng)詞activepassiveto doto be doingto have doneto be doneto have been done1. Different forms of to doTo infinitiveto have been doing一般式一般式進(jìn)行式進(jìn)行式完成式完成式完成進(jìn)行式完成進(jìn)行式Tom is said to study abroad.Tom is said to have studied abroad.Tom is said to be studying abroad. The new hospital is said to be built n

2、ext month.Tom will study abroad.Tom is studying abroad.Tom has studied abroad.The new hospital will be built.He is said to have been living here for 5 years.He has been living here for 5 years. To find a best friend is difficult. It is impossible to finish the work in such ashort time.主語主語真正的主語真正的主語

3、, it為形式主語為形式主語 2. function of the to-do人們通常用人們通常用itit作為形式主語，而把不定式作為形式主語，而把不定式移到謂語之后，使句子結(jié)構(gòu)平穩(wěn)。移到謂語之后，使句子結(jié)構(gòu)平穩(wěn)。It seems a pity to have wasted so much time.He wanted to go .作動(dòng)詞賓語作動(dòng)詞賓語我發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)英語很有趣。我發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)英語很有趣。I find it interesting to study English.注意：在注意：在feel, find, make, think, consider等動(dòng)等動(dòng)詞后，如果賓語有賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，要用詞

4、后，如果賓語有賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，要用it作形式作形式賓語，而把真正的賓語放到賓語補(bǔ)足語之后。賓語，而把真正的賓語放到賓語補(bǔ)足語之后。I have no choice but .(go)She could do nothing but .(cry) 不定式作介詞不定式作介詞but、except的賓語時(shí)，如果的賓語時(shí)，如果but、except之前之前有行為動(dòng)詞有行為動(dòng)詞do的各種形式的各種形式，則不定，則不定式式，否則要帶，否則要帶to。 有有do無無to，有，有to無無do. .to gocry常見動(dòng)詞：get, ask, cause, command, enable, encourage, exp

5、ect, persuade, require, urge etcThe teacher asked us to finish the work today.賓語補(bǔ)足語賓語補(bǔ)足語我們覺得他是個(gè)好老師。我們覺得他是個(gè)好老師。We consider him . 表心理狀態(tài)的詞如表心理狀態(tài)的詞如:consider, think, believe, find, imagine, judge, suppose, prove等后常跟等后常跟 “to be + adj. / n.” 作賓補(bǔ)。作賓補(bǔ)。 consider, think, find后的后的to be?？墒÷浴３？墒÷浴?to be) a good

6、teacher. He is looking for a house to live in.Our plan is to finish the work in two weeks.He came here to attend an important meeting. 定語定語表語表語狀語狀語in order to, so as to 表目的表目的To be honest, we are not sure to work out the problem. To be frank, I dont agree with you.獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)若作定語的動(dòng)詞不定式是若作定語的動(dòng)詞不定式是vi, 后

7、必須要后必須要 有介詞有介詞用作獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)用作獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu) 有一些不定式短語不做句中成分，而是說話人心理、態(tài)度的表露（語法將之稱為獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)）。這類動(dòng)詞不定式有：to tell you the truth（說老實(shí)話）、to begin with（首先）、to be sure（誠然，固然）、to be brief（簡(jiǎn)言之）、to conclude（總而言之）、 to say nothing of（姑且不說）、 to make a long story short（長(zhǎng)話短說） 。1) It is + adj. + for/of sb. + to do sth.Its kind you to invite

8、me here.Its hard me to get rid of my bad habits.2) It is + n. + to do sth.(a pleasure, a pity, a shame, an honor, a crime, ones duty, no easy job) 3. usage of “ to infinitive”總結(jié)：此結(jié)構(gòu)中總結(jié)：此結(jié)構(gòu)中,若形容詞是說明的是不定式若形容詞是說明的是不定式的性質(zhì)時(shí)的性質(zhì)時(shí), 則用則用for; 若說明的是人若說明的是人(sb.)的特性的特性, 則用則用of.offor3) 主語主語 + 動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞 + it + adj. + t

9、o do sth. (believe, consider, find, feel, imagine, prove, realize, suppose, think etc.） I think it important to learn English well.4) It takes (sb.) some time + to do sth.(hours, months, days, a lot of time, patience.)5) )“疑問詞疑問詞to do sth.” 作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞性從句 I dont know what to do.6) 由由last, next, 序數(shù)詞或形容

10、詞最高級(jí)修飾的名序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾的名詞常用不定式作后置定語。詞常用不定式作后置定語。Hes always the first man to arrive at the office and the last man to come.Hes not the best one to do the work.7)結(jié)果狀語的表達(dá)法：結(jié)果狀語的表達(dá)法：soas to; suchas to; enough to; tootoIm so smart as to answer your question。He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.

11、“only+ 動(dòng)詞不定式動(dòng)詞不定式”表出乎意外的結(jié)果表出乎意外的結(jié)果Bare infinitive1) 使役動(dòng)詞：使役動(dòng)詞：let, make。 (and sometimes have) I let her borrow my book. She made me promise to write every day.2) 感官動(dòng)詞：感官動(dòng)詞：feel, hear, listen to, see, watch, observe, look at, notice I saw her talk to her new friends. I saw her talking to her new frie

12、nds.完成，全過程完成，全過程正在進(jìn)行正在進(jìn)行 使役和感官動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)要還原使役和感官動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)要還原 to3) would rather(sooner), had better, why not would rather do than do/ would dorather than do cant help but/ cant but may/ might as well let alone have nothing to do butShe did nothing but (cry).She eat nothing but (drink) some water.cryto dri

13、nk寧可而不; 寧愿而不愿.不得不不妨，還是為好更別提，更別說4）當(dāng)兩個(gè)不定式由）當(dāng)兩個(gè)不定式由and, or, except, but, than或或rather than連接時(shí)，通常第二個(gè)不定式的連接時(shí)，通常第二個(gè)不定式的to省略。省略。She told me to be cheerful and look on the bright side.Do you want to go shopping or watch a film?I decided to write rather than phone.Its easier to say than to do.5） Why do.? 表示責(zé)

14、備表示責(zé)備 Why not do.? 一般表建議一般表建議Why make so much noise?Why not have a rest?動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名詞Verb-ing form as a noun作主語：作主語： Swimming is good for your health.Its no use crying over spilt milk.作賓語：作賓語：I dislike eating desserts.He sat there without speaking.只用動(dòng)名詞作賓語的動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞有：avoid, admit, consider, delay, advise, disli

15、ke, enjoy, escape, mind, suggest, miss, practice, excuse etc.動(dòng)詞詞組動(dòng)詞詞組有：cannot help, look forward to, pay attention to, feel like, cannot stand/bear, put off, keep on etc.即可接即可接 v-ing又可接又可接to infinitive，且意思相同意思相同的有：continue, prefer, attempt, begin, hate, like, start, love等意思不同意思不同的有：forget, regret, r

16、emember, mean, try, stop, go one.g.Ill try to improve my spoken English.Try knocking at the door if nobody hears you at the front door.作表語作表語My job is testing all kinds of software.注意：注意： 動(dòng)名詞表示比較抽象的一般行為、習(xí)慣；動(dòng)名詞表示比較抽象的一般行為、習(xí)慣； 不定式表示具體的某一次動(dòng)作，特別是將來的動(dòng)不定式表示具體的某一次動(dòng)作，特別是將來的動(dòng)作。作。My favorite sport is swimming

17、.My job this afternoon is to teach these children.注意：注意：1)當(dāng)表語是動(dòng)名詞時(shí)，主語也要用動(dòng)名詞；當(dāng)表當(dāng)表語是動(dòng)名詞時(shí)，主語也要用動(dòng)名詞；當(dāng)表語是不定式時(shí)，主語也要用不定式：語是不定式時(shí)，主語也要用不定式： Seeing is believing. To see is to believe2)動(dòng)名詞和不定式作主語，一般都可以使用形式動(dòng)名詞和不定式作主語，一般都可以使用形式主語主語it。但是在下列句型中，一般只用動(dòng)名詞。但是在下列句型中，一般只用動(dòng)名詞. Its no use doing Its no good doing Its a was

18、te of time doing 3) 動(dòng)名詞用于句式動(dòng)名詞用于句式There is no + doing (動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名詞)中，相當(dāng)于中，相當(dāng)于It is impossible to do sth. “無法無法，不能不能”There is no knowing where she has gone.There is no telling what may happen in the future. There is no denying that health is the most important.There is no joking about this matter.無法知道她去哪兒

19、了。無法知道她去哪兒了。說不清未來會(huì)發(fā)生什么。說不清未來會(huì)發(fā)生什么。無可否認(rèn)健康是最重要的。無可否認(rèn)健康是最重要的。拿這件事來開玩笑是不行的。拿這件事來開玩笑是不行的。verb-ing form 現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞verb-ed form 過去分詞過去分詞Point 1: used as attributive分詞作定語(1)a walking man=a walking stick=a swimming man a swimming poola sleeping child a sleeping car動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，相當(dāng)于定語從句動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，相當(dāng)于定語從句a man who is worki

20、nga stick for walking表所修飾名詞的性質(zhì)、用途表所修飾名詞的性質(zhì)、用途V-ingV-ing作定語既可表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行作定語既可表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行, ,此時(shí)此時(shí)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句；又可表示所修飾名相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句；又可表示所修飾名詞的性質(zhì)或用途。詞的性質(zhì)或用途。(2)V-ed(2)V-ed做定語表示動(dòng)作的完成、結(jié)束做定語表示動(dòng)作的完成、結(jié)束, ,而而V-V-inging作定語表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。作定語表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。 fallen leaves= falling leaves= the rising sun the risen sun the setting sunleave

21、s which have fallen leaves which are falling 動(dòng)作已結(jié)束，相當(dāng)于定語從句動(dòng)作已結(jié)束，相當(dāng)于定語從句動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，相當(dāng)于定語從句動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，相當(dāng)于定語從句(3)(3)過去分詞與所修飾名詞之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，過去分詞與所修飾名詞之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，現(xiàn)在分詞與所修飾名詞之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。現(xiàn)在分詞與所修飾名詞之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。the stolen car=the thief steeling the car=the frightened childthe frightened lookthe frightening lookthe car which is stole

22、n the thief who steals the car 表被動(dòng)表被動(dòng)表主動(dòng)表主動(dòng)the look is frightening 令人害怕的表情令人害怕的表情the person feels frightened 感到害怕的表情感到害怕的表情(4)(4)現(xiàn)在分詞作定語用來修飾無生命的事物，過現(xiàn)在分詞作定語用來修飾無生命的事物，過去分詞作定語用來修飾人或與人有關(guān)的事物去分詞作定語用來修飾人或與人有關(guān)的事物. .總結(jié)：總結(jié)：現(xiàn)在分詞做定語：相當(dāng)于定語從句，用來修飾無生命的事物；表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行；與所修飾名詞成主動(dòng)關(guān)系。也可用來表示所修飾名詞的性質(zhì)、用途。過去分詞做定語：相當(dāng)于定語從句，表示動(dòng)作

23、已完成；與所修飾名詞成被動(dòng)關(guān)系。還可用來修飾人或與人相關(guān)的事物。=The man running in the picture is Liu Xiang. The man who is running in the picture is Liu Xiang.單個(gè)單個(gè)分詞分詞作定語，常放在所修飾名詞之作定語，常放在所修飾名詞之前前； 分詞短語作定語則放在所修飾名詞之分詞短語作定語則放在所修飾名詞之后后。This is a book which is written by a peasant. =This is a book written by a peasant.falling leaves

24、fallen leaves The damage is frightening.The soldier is frightened of nothing.Point 2:used as predicative分詞作表語分詞作表語動(dòng)名詞作表語和現(xiàn)在分詞作表語的區(qū)別：動(dòng)名詞作表語和現(xiàn)在分詞作表語的區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在分詞作表語時(shí)現(xiàn)在分詞作表語時(shí)相當(dāng)于形容詞相當(dāng)于形容詞，說明主語的，說明主語的特征、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)等，主語與表語特征、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)等，主語與表語不可互換位不可互換位置置，但可用，但可用very, quite等副詞來修飾。等副詞來修飾。 動(dòng)名詞作表語時(shí)動(dòng)名詞作表語時(shí)相當(dāng)于名詞相當(dāng)于名詞，說明主語的含義，說

25、明主語的含義及內(nèi)容，它與主語是同等關(guān)系，主語與表語及內(nèi)容，它與主語是同等關(guān)系，主語與表語可可互換位置互換位置而不影響句子的基本含義，但不可用而不影響句子的基本含義，但不可用副詞來修飾。副詞來修飾。 如：My job is looking after the children.（動(dòng)名詞作表語, 相當(dāng)于名詞）Our duty is serving the people heart and soul. （動(dòng)名詞作表語, 相當(dāng)于名詞）Point 3: used as Object Complement（分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語）（分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語） I often hear the song sung in

26、English.I heard him I heard him singing singing the song last night.the song last night. (2) I had my hair cut yesterday.Farmers had their machines Farmers had their machines working working all the time during all the time during harvest.harvest.跟分詞作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：跟分詞作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：see, have, notice, get, keep, s

27、ee, have, notice, get, keep, hear, find, watch, feel, observehear, find, watch, feel, observe等。在復(fù)合賓語中，等。在復(fù)合賓語中，用用過去分詞過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)，表示作賓補(bǔ)，表示被動(dòng)、動(dòng)作已完成。被動(dòng)、動(dòng)作已完成。用用現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)，說明賓語是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者，表作賓補(bǔ)，說明賓語是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者，表主動(dòng)、主動(dòng)、動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。1.There was so much noise that the speaker couldnt make himself_( hear).2.When he awo

28、ke, he found himself _(lie) on the ground.3.Just now I caught him_( steal) things from the supermarket.4. She found the door_( close).5. I must get my bike _( repair). practice 3: practice 3: heardheardlyinglyingstealingstealingclosedclosedrepairedrepaired6. It was so cold that they kept the fire _(

29、burn) all night.burningburningPoint 4: used as adverbial分詞作狀語主動(dòng)主動(dòng)被動(dòng)被動(dòng)現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞一般式一般式doingbeing done現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞完成式完成式having donehaving been done否定式：直接在分詞前加否定式：直接在分詞前加notWhen they heard the bad news, they couldnt help crying.=After I had received his letter, I decided to write back.=He had been invited, h

30、e felt very happy.=Hearing the bad news, theyHaving received his letter, IHaving been invited, he felt（幾乎）同時(shí)發(fā)生（幾乎）同時(shí)發(fā)生發(fā)生在主發(fā)生在主句主語之句主語之前前having been invited, he felt very unhappy.小結(jié)：1. 現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作與主語成主謂關(guān)系即主動(dòng)關(guān)系與主語成主謂關(guān)系即主動(dòng)關(guān)系。2. 現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式一般式作狀語，表示分詞所表示的動(dòng)作與主句謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)（或幾乎同時(shí)）發(fā)生同時(shí)（或幾乎同時(shí)）發(fā)生。 現(xiàn)在分詞的

31、完成式完成式作狀語，表示分詞所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前，或強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞的動(dòng)作持續(xù)一段時(shí)間后謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作才發(fā)生。3. 現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語，其邏輯主語須與句子的主語現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語，其邏輯主語須與句子的主語一一致致；Having lived in the city for years, he knows it very well.1. Hearing the bad news, they couldnt help crying. 2. Having been to the Great Wall many times, he didnt go last week.3. The factory k

32、eeps releasing smoke, making the air dirty. 4. Working hard, you will succeed. 6. Admitting what you say, I still think you are wrong.5. They came into the classroom, singing and laughing.時(shí)間時(shí)間 (when)原因原因 (because, as)結(jié)果結(jié)果 (so that, as a result)條件條件 (if)讓步讓步 (though)伴隨伴隨 , and they were singing and d

33、ancing.注：注： 現(xiàn)在分詞用于動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞用于動(dòng)詞stand, sit 和和lie后，通常后，通常表示這兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。表示這兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。 They stood talking to each other They stood when they were talking to each other.練練：練練： He sat at the desk _ a letter. A. write B. writing C. wrote D. to write作狀語表示行為方式、伴隨情況或補(bǔ)充說作狀語表示行為方式、伴隨情況或補(bǔ)充說明時(shí)，通常位于句子的后面，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并明時(shí)，通常位于句子

34、的后面，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列分句。列分句。Asked how old the underground system was, she made no reply.=Moved by the heroic deeds, the children couldnt help crying.Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber.Given another chance, Ill do it much better.The teacher came in, followed by students.When she wa

35、s asked how old the underground system was, she made （時(shí)間狀語）（時(shí)間狀語）（原因狀語）（原因狀語）（讓步狀語）（讓步狀語）（條件狀語）（條件狀語）伴隨狀語伴隨狀語 and the teacher was followed by小結(jié)：1. 過去分詞過去分詞作狀語，表示分詞所表示的動(dòng)作與主句主語之間存在被動(dòng)被動(dòng)關(guān)系。2. 過去分詞過去分詞作狀語，其邏輯主語須與句子的作狀語，其邏輯主語須與句子的主語主語一致。一致。有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞短語和主句之間的關(guān)系，有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞短語和主句之間的關(guān)系，可與可與when, while, though, unt

36、il, if, even if, 等連詞連用時(shí)，相當(dāng)于這些詞引導(dǎo)的一等連詞連用時(shí)，相當(dāng)于這些詞引導(dǎo)的一個(gè)從句。個(gè)從句。 When he was asked how old the underground system was, she made no reply. =When asked how old the underground system was, he made no reply.2. Although his father worked from morning till night, he didnt get enough food. =Though working from

37、morning till night, his father didnt get enough food.1. Because we hadnt done all the work well, we decided to try again.2. If the city is seen from the top of the mountain, it looks really magnificent.3. When Tom was walking along the street, he was hit by a bicycle.4. Though he had been told many

38、times, he still could not understand it.5. He sent me an e-mail and hoped to get further information.Not having done all the work well, we decidedSeen from the top of the mountain, it looks(When) walking along the street, he was(Though) having been told many times, he stillHe sent me an e-mail, hopi

39、ng to get 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)（注意邏輯主語）獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)（注意邏輯主語）His mother being ill, he is absent today. 他的母親病了，他今天沒來。（原因）他的母親病了，他今天沒來。（原因）Time permitting, they will start to do a new job. 如果時(shí)間允許，他們會(huì)開始做一項(xiàng)新工作如果時(shí)間允許，他們會(huì)開始做一項(xiàng)新工作.（條件）（條件）He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat. 他滿臉是汗地沖進(jìn)了房間。（伴隨）他滿臉是汗地沖進(jìn)了房間。（伴隨）當(dāng)分詞的邏

40、輯主語與主句的主語當(dāng)分詞的邏輯主語與主句的主語時(shí)，要在分時(shí)，要在分詞前加上其邏輯主語，構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。詞前加上其邏輯主語，構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。下列詞通常為以下形式出現(xiàn)下列詞通常為以下形式出現(xiàn) -垂懸狀語垂懸狀語 judging from/by supposing （假如，如果）（假如，如果） considering taking into consideration/account generally/strictly/frankly/roughly speaking speaking of providing/ provided(倘若倘若) given (考慮到，鑒于，就考慮到，鑒于，就而言

41、而言) compared with/ to to tell (you) the truth = to be honest to make matters worse （更糟糕的是）（更糟糕的是）1. I was in the bathroom, not _ the knock at the door. A. hear B. to hear C. hearing D. heard2.The flowers _sweet in the botanical (植物的）植物的）garden attract the visitors to the beauty of name. A. to smell

42、B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smeltPractice 3. After seeing the movie, _. A. the book was read by himB. the book made him want to read it C. he wanted to read the book D. the reading of the book interested him4. There was terrible noise _ the sudden burst of light.A. followed B. following C. to be f

43、ollowed D. being followed5. “Cant you read?” Mary said_ to the notice.A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily C. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointing6. He lay on the ground _ to me that his hen _ two eggs a day. A. lying, laid B. lied, laid C. lay, lying D. lying, lay7. He looked around and caug

44、ht a man _ his hand into the pocket into a passenger. A. put B. to be putting C. to put D. putting8. _ everything troubles himself a lot. A. He easily forgetting B. He easily forgets C. His easy forgetting D. His easily forgetting9. Tigers belong to _ animals and feed on meat.A. meat-eating B. meat-

45、eat C. meat-ate D. meat-eaten10. _ a lot of trouble to the project, Tom left.A. caused B. having caused C. to cause D. to have caused11. _ the missing boy, they had to stay there for another two weeks.A. Not finding B. Not found C. Not having found D. Having not found12. He worked day and night, _ his task ahead of time. A. finished B. finishing C. finish D. to finish高考鏈接高考鏈