專四語法串講3英語句子成分結(jié)構(gòu)詳解

1、英語句子成分結(jié)構(gòu)詳解定語|狀語|賓語|補(bǔ)語|同位語|獨(dú)立成分|分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)一、英語語句基本結(jié)構(gòu)分析：>>主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)：主語（subject ）：可以作主語的成分有名詞，主格代詞，動(dòng)詞不定式，動(dòng)名詞、主語從句等。It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.（It形式主語，主語從句是真正主語）謂語（predicate ）:說明主語的動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)和特征。表語（predicative ）:系動(dòng)詞之后的成分，表示主語的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)和特征。成分：名詞、代詞、形容詞Five and five is ten.（數(shù)詞）H

2、is father is in. （副詞）The picture is on the wall.（ 介詞短語）My watch is gone / missing / lost.（形容詞化的分詞）To wear a flower is to saym poor, I can 't buy a ring.（不定式）The question is whether they will come.（表語從句）賓語（object）:1）動(dòng)作的承受者-動(dòng)賓I like China.（名詞）He hates you. （代詞）How many do you need? We need two.（數(shù)詞

3、）We should help the old and the poor. I enjoy working with you. （動(dòng)名詞）I hope to see you again.（不定式）Did you write down what he said?（賓語從句）2）介詞后的名詞、代詞和動(dòng)名詞-介賓Are you afraid of the snake?Under the snow, there are many rocks.3） 雙賓語 double objects 間賓 indirect object（指人）和直賓 direct object （指物）有些及物動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語，如

4、：give, pass, bring , show, buy, find, fetch, get, keep, leave, lend,pass, read, save, sell, send, show, sing, take, teach, tell, throw, wish, write 。 這兩個(gè)賓語通常個(gè)指 人，為間接賓語；一個(gè)指物，為直接賓語。間接賓語一般位于直接賓語之前。一般的順序?yàn)椋簞?dòng)詞 +間接賓語+直接賓語。如： Give me a cup of tea, please.強(qiáng)調(diào)間接賓語順序?yàn)椋簞?dòng)詞 +直接賓語+ to +間接賓語。如：Show this house to Mr.

5、 Smith.若直接賓語為人稱代詞：動(dòng)詞 +代詞直接賓語 + to +間接賓語。如：Bring it to me, please.>>>特殊的同源賓語現(xiàn)象cognate object : fight a fight , dream a dream , etc.賓語補(bǔ)足語(object complement)：位于賓語之后對(duì)賓語作出說明的成分。賓語與其補(bǔ)足語有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，它們一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。名詞/代詞賓格+名詞The war made him a soldier./戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)使他成為一名戰(zhàn)士 .名詞/代詞賓格+形容詞New methods make the job easy.

6、/新方法使這項(xiàng)工作變得輕松.名詞/代詞賓格+介詞短語I often find him at work ./我經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)他在工作.名詞/代詞賓格+動(dòng)詞不定式The teacher ask the students to close the windows/老師讓學(xué)生們關(guān)上窗戶名詞/代詞賓格+分詞I saw a cat running across the road./我看見一只貓跑過了 馬路主補(bǔ)(subjective complement)：充當(dāng)補(bǔ)充主語的作用。1 .形容詞作主語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)常置于主語之前，后有逗號(hào)。Tired and sleepy, he went to bed.有時(shí)亦可置于主語之后

7、，前后皆有逗號(hào)，與非限定性定語相似。Their chief, cruel beyond belief, didn't listen to their pleadings有時(shí)置于謂語動(dòng)詞之后，全句形成“主+謂+主補(bǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)。Mary gaped round-eyed.有時(shí)亦可置于賓語之后，全句形成“主+謂+賓+主補(bǔ)”He got off the bus very nervous.His mother stared at him speechless.2 .可用作主語補(bǔ)足語的詞：形容詞、名詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語等。He was called David Copperfield.Li

8、ncoln was born a poor family 's boy and died President of the United States.She came home quite changed.People are just born what color they are.Mary came home out of humour.appositive ） ：當(dāng)兩個(gè)指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置時(shí)，一個(gè)句子成分可被用來說明或解釋另一個(gè)句子成分，前者就叫做后者的同位語。同位語通常放在其所說明的名詞之后。如：Laura Myers, a BBC reporter, aske

9、d for an interview. 勞拉邁爾，BBC 的記者，要求采訪。Influenza, a common disease, has no cure. 流行性感冒是一種常見病，無特效藥。1. 代詞we, us, you等后接同位語Are you two reading? 你們二人在看書嗎?We girls often go to the movies together. 我們女孩子經(jīng)常一起去看電影。2. 不定式用作同位語Soon came the order to start the general attack. 很快下達(dá)了發(fā)起總攻的命令。（to start the generala

10、ttack 與 the order 同位 ）He followed the instruction to walk along a certain street where I picked him up. 他照吩咐沿某一條 街走，我在那里接他上了車。（to walk along與the instruction同位）3. -ing 分詞用作同位語He s getting a job tonight driving a truck. 他今晚得到一個(gè)開卡車的差事。（driving a track 與 a job同位 ）She got a place in a laundry ironing shi

11、rts. 她在一家洗衣店得到一個(gè)熨衣服的職位。（ironing shirts與 a place 同位 ）The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down. 第一個(gè)計(jì)劃是夜襲，被拒絕了。（attacking at night與 the first plan 同位 ）4. none of us之類的結(jié)構(gòu)用作同位語We none of us said anything. 我們誰也沒說話。They neither of them wanted to go. 他們兩人都不想去。【注】注意，同位語并不影響其后句子謂語的“數(shù)”，如：學(xué)生每人都有一本詞典。

12、正： The students each have a dictionary.誤： The students each has a dictionary.請(qǐng)比較下面一句（謂語用了單數(shù)，因?yàn)?each為句子主語）：正： Each of the students has a dictionary.5. 從句用作同位語（即同位語從句）They were worried over the fact that you were sick. 他們?yōu)槟闵“l(fā)愁。The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. 明天放假的消息不實(shí)。The

13、idea that you can do this work without thinking is wrong. 你可以不動(dòng)腦筋做此工作的想法是錯(cuò) 誤的。6. 同位語與其所說明的名詞之間常插入一些詞語，常見的有namely, that is to say, in otherwords, or rather, for short, for example, particularly, say, mainly 等I am pleased with only one boy, namely, Tom.同位語與主語補(bǔ)足語不同，前者強(qiáng)調(diào)等同，意在說明或解釋，主語補(bǔ)足語則彌補(bǔ)主語意義之不足，有表述主語的

14、性質(zhì)。定語（ attributive） ：定語是對(duì)名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子，定語通常位于被修飾的成分前。若修飾 some, any, every, no構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)，（如：something、nothing）或不定式、分詞短語作定語、從句作定語時(shí)，則定語通常置后。副詞用作定語時(shí)須放在名詞之后。形容詞作定語：定語置前The little boy needs a blue pen.（little 修飾名詞boy； blue 修飾名詞pen.） /小男孩需要一支蘭色的鋼筆。Tom is a handsome boy./Tom 是個(gè)英俊的男孩。數(shù)詞作定語相當(dāng)于形容詞：Two

15、boys need two pens./兩個(gè)男孩需要兩支鋼筆。There are two boys in the room./房間里有兩個(gè)男孩。代詞或名詞所有格作定語：定語置前His name is Tom./他的名字是湯姆。名詞作定語：定語置前The boy needs a ball pen./男孩需要一支圓珠筆。介詞短語作定語：定語置后The boy in blue is Tom./穿蘭色衣服的孩子是湯姆。There are two boys of 9,and three of 10 ./有兩個(gè)9 歲的，三個(gè)10 歲的男孩。副詞作定語：定語置后The best boy here is To

16、m./這里最棒的男孩是 Tom。不定式作定語：定語置后The boy to write this letter needs a pen.后這封信的男孩需要一支鋼筆。There is nothing to do today./今天無事要做。分詞（短語）作定語：定語置后The pen bought by her is made in China./她買的筆是中國產(chǎn)的。There are five boys left./有五個(gè)留下的男孩。定語從句：定語置后The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday./那個(gè)在閱讀的男孩

17、需要你昨天買的鋼筆。狀語（adverbial）：狀語修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或全句，說明方式、因果、條件、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、讓步、方向、程度、目的等。狀語在句子中的位置很靈活，常見情況為：通常在句子基本結(jié)構(gòu)之后，強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)放在句首；修飾形容詞或副詞時(shí)，通常位于被修飾的詞之前；表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、目的的狀語一般位于句子兩頭，強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)放在句首，地點(diǎn)狀語一般須在時(shí)間狀語之前；一些表示不確定時(shí)間（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副詞狀語通常位于be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后，動(dòng)詞之前。當(dāng)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上表示不同意義的狀語在句中連續(xù)出現(xiàn)時(shí)，他們的正常詞序是：方式狀語-地點(diǎn)狀語-時(shí)間狀語e.g.: He read

18、s the newspaper methodically in the bus every morning.The children played happily at the seaside from morning till night.有時(shí)狀語在句中的某個(gè)位置會(huì)引起歧義，應(yīng)注意，如：The boy calls the girl in the classroom. 一般理解成男孩喊教室里的女孩（此時(shí) in the classroom 為 girl 的定語） ，也可以理解為男孩在教室里喊女孩（此時(shí) in the classroom 為地點(diǎn)狀語）， 最好寫作 In the classroom,

19、 the boy calls thegirl.'副詞（短語）作狀語：狀語置后The boy needs a pen very much./男孩非常需要一支鋼筆。（程度狀語）The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother./男孩非常需要他母親買的那支鋼筆。（賓語較長則狀語前置）The boy really needs a pen.虜孩真的需要一支鋼筆。（不確定程度狀語置于動(dòng)詞之前）The boy needs a pen now./Now,the boy needs a pen./The boy,now,needs a pen./男孩現(xiàn)