模具設(shè)計(jì)與制造畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(含外文翻譯）

1、摘要在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)高度發(fā)展的現(xiàn)代社會(huì)里，利用模具加工是一種重要的加工方法，在一些國(guó)家里模具甚至被稱為是“黃金”、“金屬加工業(yè)中的帝王”、“磁力工業(yè)”等。這些都足以看出模具在工業(yè)中的重要地位。本次設(shè)計(jì)的是“飯盒注塑?！焙汀叭龎|片套排復(fù)合沖裁?！?。（1）飯盒注塑模主要介紹了塑料飯盒盒身的設(shè)計(jì)思路和加工過程。塑料飯盒盒身具有重量輕、易清潔、耐腐蝕老化、強(qiáng)度高、使用壽命長(zhǎng)，制作方便、價(jià)格低廉等特點(diǎn)，是值得人們信賴、喜歡用的產(chǎn)品，它具有非常大的發(fā)展前途。本設(shè)計(jì)采用的是注射成形，注射成形是成形熱塑加工的主要方法，就是把塑料原料放入料筒中經(jīng)過加熱熔化，使之成為高黏度的流體，用柱塞或螺桿作為加壓工具，使熔體通過噴

2、嘴以較高壓力注入模具的型腔中，經(jīng)過冷卻、凝固階段，而后從模具中脫出，成為塑料制品。在設(shè)計(jì)過程中，首先對(duì)塑料飯盒盒身塑件進(jìn)行工藝分析，了解此類型塑料的特性、用途等；在對(duì)模具的結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行分析，根據(jù)模具的基本結(jié)構(gòu)來進(jìn)行對(duì)模架的選取，然后再對(duì)各種相關(guān)的工藝參數(shù)進(jìn)行校核，以及根據(jù)書上的和圖書館叢書的公式和一系列表、參數(shù)等進(jìn)行對(duì)型腔和型芯等的計(jì)算，最后進(jìn)行模具的加熱、試模等主要內(nèi)容。（2）三墊片套排復(fù)合沖裁模是針對(duì)復(fù)合沖裁模具的設(shè)計(jì)，在第二章中，先是對(duì)沖裁件的結(jié)構(gòu)工藝性進(jìn)行分析，然后依次確定模具的類型、總體結(jié)構(gòu)，最后是沖裁力和主要的尺寸計(jì)算、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件的選用、零件圖和裝配圖的繪制。本套模具的設(shè)計(jì)不是以復(fù)雜模具的

3、設(shè)計(jì)為主，而主要是對(duì)模具設(shè)計(jì)知識(shí)的系統(tǒng)學(xué)習(xí)和設(shè)計(jì)的練習(xí)，以達(dá)到掌握知識(shí)和設(shè)計(jì)方法的目的。這一套模具是三個(gè)墊片的沖裁模，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊簡(jiǎn)單。材料為10，厚度t=0.5mm。加工工序?yàn)槁淞?、沖孔。此次設(shè)計(jì)不僅使我對(duì)書本有了進(jìn)一步的了解，而且讓我了解到許多書本上沒有的東西，更讓我讓我所學(xué)到的理論與實(shí)際結(jié)合起來，這為我以后的工作鋪下了重要基礎(chǔ)，從而讓我在此次設(shè)計(jì)中收益很多。關(guān)鍵詞：注射成形；型腔；型芯；落料；沖孔Abstract Industrial production in the highly developed modern society, the use of mold processing i

4、s an important processing methods, in some countries and even mold has been called the "gold", "Metal processing industry of the emperor," "magnetic industry" and so on. These are sufficient to see die in an important position in the industry. The design is the "in

5、jection mold boxes" and the "three sets of row composite gasket Die." (1) introduces the injection mold boxes plastic boxes are the design of box thinking and processing. Plastic boxes with boxes are light weight, easy to clean, corrosion-resistant aging, high strength, long service l

6、ife, the production of convenience, low prices and so on, is worthy of people's trust and like to use the products, it has a very big development prospects. The design is based on injection molding, thermoplastic injection molding process is forming the main way to do this is to Add Barrel plast

7、ic raw materials in the melt after heating to a high viscosity of the fluid, the plunger or screw used as a pressure tool so that the higher the melt through the nozzle into the mold cavity pressure in, after cooling, solidification stage, and then emerge from the mold and become plastic. During the

8、 design process, the first box on the plastic boxes are plastic parts for process analysis, to understand the characteristics of this type of plastic, uses, etc.; in the analysis of the structure of mold, according to the basic structure of molds for the selection of the mold, and then of various pr

9、ocess parameters related to verification, as well as books and library books on the formula and a series of tables, parameters such as cavity and core of the calculation, etc., and finally heating the mold, such as the main contents of test mode . (2) three sets of row composite gasket Die Blanking

10、Dies for composite design, in the second chapter, the first pieces of the structure of the blanking process of analysis, to be followed to determine the type of mold, the overall structure, and finally blanking force and the size of the main terms of the selection of standard parts, spare parts and

11、assembly diagram mapping. This is not a set of mold design mold design to the main complex, and the main knowledge of mold design and design of a systematic study of the practice, to acquire knowledge in order to achieve the purpose and design methods. This set of three pads of die Die, simple and c

12、ompact structure. Material 10, thickness t = 0.5mm. Processes for blanking, punching. The design not only makes me have a better understanding of the books, but I did not understand many things in books, but also I learned so I combine the theory and practice, which I will work for a Shop an importa

13、nt foundation, so I have a lot of the design proceeds. Key words: injection molding；cavity;core；blanking；punching.目錄第1章 綜述·····························

14、3;·······································11.1概述·········

15、3;·················································

16、3;·······11.2我國(guó)模具的發(fā)展史········································

17、3;············11.2.1五十、七十年代（空白階段）··································

18、83;········11.2.2八十年代（發(fā)展階段）·······································

19、;··········11.2.3九十年代（競(jìng)爭(zhēng)階段）·····································&

20、#183;···········1第2章三墊片套排復(fù)合沖裁模設(shè)計(jì)···································

21、83;···········32.1制件圖·····································&#

22、183;···························32.2沖裁件的工藝性分析····················&

23、#183;······························32.2.1制件工藝性分析·················

24、····································32.2.2擬定工藝方案············

25、············································32.3沖裁件的排樣····&#

26、183;·················································&#

27、183;···42.3.1搭邊和料寬············································

28、83;·············42.3.2排樣方法···································

29、;·························52.3.3材料的利用率·······················

30、;·································52.4沖裁模工作部分的設(shè)計(jì)··············

31、83;··································52.4.1落料時(shí)··············

32、················································52.4.2沖孔時(shí)

33、83;·················································

34、83;···········62.5沖裁力、卸料力及推件力的計(jì)算···································

35、83;·····72.5.1沖裁力的計(jì)算··········································

36、83;·············72.5.2卸料力及推件力··································&#

37、183;··················72.5.3公稱壓力的確定·····························&

38、#183;·······················82.6壓力機(jī)的選擇························

39、83;·································82.7零部件的選擇與設(shè)計(jì)··············&#

40、183;····································92.7.1工作零件···········

41、3;················································92.7.2定位零件

42、··················································

43、·········112.7.3導(dǎo)向零件·······································&

44、#183;···················122.8卸料與出件裝置····························&

45、#183;··························122.8.1卸料裝置·····················&#

46、183;·····································122.9模架及其零件的選擇與設(shè)計(jì)·········

47、83;·································142.9.1模座···············

48、·················································152.9.

49、2模柄·················································

50、83;··············162.9.3打桿長(zhǎng)度的確定·································&

51、#183;··················162.9.4固定板與墊板·····························

52、··························172.9.5緊固件······················&#

53、183;······································19第3章 飯盒注塑模設(shè)計(jì)·········&

54、#183;···············································203.1塑件分析

55、3;·················································

56、3;··········203.1.1材料分析······································

57、;·····················203.1.2塑件工藝分析··························

58、3;····························213.1.3塑件結(jié)構(gòu)分析···················

59、83;···································213.1.4尺寸精度分析············&#

60、183;··········································213.2模具成型設(shè)計(jì)·····

61、83;·················································

62、83;·223.2.1分型面位置的確定··············································

63、····223.2.2確定型腔數(shù)量············································

64、;···········233.2.3模具結(jié)構(gòu)形式的確定····································&

65、#183;···········233.2.4模具動(dòng)作原理及結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)···································&

66、#183;·······233.2.5注射機(jī)型號(hào)的選定·······································

67、3;··········243.3澆注系數(shù)的設(shè)計(jì)·····································

68、3;·················253.3.1主流道設(shè)計(jì)······························

69、3;··························263.3.2澆口的設(shè)計(jì)·····················

70、3;···································273.4成型零件的設(shè)計(jì)············

71、3;··········································283.4.1成型零件的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)·····

72、···········································283.4.2成型零件鋼材的選用····&#

73、183;···········································293.4.3成型零件工作尺寸的計(jì)算···&#

74、183;·······································293.4.4成型零件強(qiáng)度及支承板厚度計(jì)·······

75、································303.5模架的確定················&#

76、183;··········································313.5.1 A板尺寸·····&#

77、183;·················································&#

78、183;····313.5.2 B板尺寸···········································&#

79、183;················313.5.3 C板塊尺寸·······························&

80、#183;·························313.6排氣槽的設(shè)計(jì)······················&#

81、183;··································323.7脫模推出機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)·············

82、·····································323.8溫度調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)··········

83、3;·······································323.8.1冷卻水的體積流量········&

84、#183;·········································333.8.2冷卻管道直徑······

85、·················································333.8.

86、3冷卻水在管道內(nèi)的流速·············································333.8.4冷卻管道孔壁與冷卻水之間

87、的傳熱膜系數(shù)···························333.8.5冷卻管道的總傳熱面積···················&

88、#183;·························333.8.6模具上應(yīng)開設(shè)的冷卻水孔數(shù)·····················

89、····················33參考文獻(xiàn)·····························

90、····································34外文翻譯·············

91、··················································

92、··35謝辭···············································&#

93、183;······················41第1章 綜述1.1概述工、模具材料是工模具加工業(yè)的基礎(chǔ)。隨著我國(guó)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和人民生活水平的提高， 人們對(duì)產(chǎn)品的審美觀，價(jià)值觀也不斷提高，從而對(duì)各類工、模具產(chǎn)品，無論是內(nèi)在質(zhì)量還是外表美觀等方面均要求日益精臻，困此勢(shì)必對(duì)工模具材料在數(shù)量上、系列上和質(zhì)量上提出更 高的要求。中國(guó)的模具材料從無到有，從小到大，從少到多，直到現(xiàn)在

94、，無論是從鋼種還是從規(guī)格、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、系列化等方面，都是伴隨著模具制造發(fā)展而發(fā)展的。  1.2我國(guó)模具的發(fā)展史1.2.1五十、七十年代（空白階段）在這三十年中，由于我國(guó)推行計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)的模式和產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)上依照前蘇聯(lián)的生產(chǎn)方式，模具制造純屬依附于企業(yè)的一個(gè)配件加工車間。再則由于工業(yè)發(fā)展的緩慢和經(jīng)濟(jì)封閉，以及人民的生活水平處于很低的消費(fèi)水平等諸多因素，抑制了模具制造的產(chǎn)業(yè)化、社會(huì)化和商品化。由此而帶來了模具制造業(yè)對(duì)其所采用的材料要求不高甚至沒有要求，供需關(guān)系處于有什么用什么的不合理的混亂狀態(tài)。1.2.2八十年代（發(fā)展階段）隨著改革開放和國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的增長(zhǎng)，很大程度上推動(dòng)了模具制造業(yè)的發(fā)展。模具制造業(yè)已

95、走出企業(yè)禁錮的狀態(tài)，十年中，我國(guó)的仿制國(guó)外新鋼種的同時(shí)，還在高校、科研院所和各鋼廠的配合下，自行研制開發(fā)了一批適合我國(guó)國(guó)情的模具新鋼種。不僅改善了加工性能，而且還大大提高了模具的使用壽命。1.2.3九十年代（競(jìng)爭(zhēng)階段）隨著我國(guó)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和產(chǎn)品的更新?lián)Q代，我國(guó)已成為模具和模具材料的生產(chǎn)大國(guó)。據(jù)1997年統(tǒng)計(jì)，我國(guó)年耗模具材料13萬噸，其中普鋼4.5噸。這說明模具這個(gè)特殊的產(chǎn)品在近十年中從計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下的備件逐步發(fā)展成市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下的商品，并日益被模具制造商在其質(zhì)量和品牌上得到重視。而作為一個(gè)工業(yè)日趨發(fā)展，產(chǎn)品交替更新節(jié)奏很快的國(guó)家，其對(duì)模具的發(fā)展也更進(jìn)一步地被產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)商重視。因此，一批過去已

96、被研制成功的系列的能適應(yīng)不同工況條件和產(chǎn)品制造要求的模具材料的開發(fā)、試制和生產(chǎn)成為各大特鋼廠競(jìng)爭(zhēng)相推出和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的市場(chǎng)熱點(diǎn)。但是，模具材料由于其規(guī)格繁多，同規(guī)格單次需求量少，市場(chǎng)即時(shí)采購(gòu)等特點(diǎn)，使得各大鋼廠規(guī)模性生產(chǎn)裝備無法適應(yīng)。因此紛紛尋找合適的代理商以求得規(guī)模效應(yīng)?？墒?，眾多的代理商雖然手中握有厚資，但是對(duì)于模具工況條件，材料特性以及相關(guān)熱處理等問題的了解不夠，都停留于普鋼類方面的激列競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。另外，國(guó)外的資深代理機(jī)構(gòu)和各著名鋼廠近幾年來組織重兵力圖擠入中國(guó)的模具材料市場(chǎng)。如：瑞典的NUDDEHOLM、ASSAB，以及德國(guó)的蒂森、薩斯特，日本的大同等公司都在上海乃至全國(guó)各地樹起了優(yōu)特鋼的旗幟，但由

97、于他們的價(jià)格過高，已逐漸顯得無法展開規(guī)模銷售，就連目前在國(guó)內(nèi)較有名氣的外資公司都在中國(guó)尋找價(jià)格低廉，品質(zhì)優(yōu)良的模具材料。第2章 三墊片套排復(fù)合沖裁模設(shè)計(jì)2.1制件圖零件名稱：墊片生產(chǎn)批量：大批量制件精度：IT14級(jí)材料：Q235料厚：0.5mm零件圖：2.2沖裁件的工藝性分析2.2.1制件工藝性分析墊片是典型的鈑金件，制件結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，具有良好的沖壓工藝，用模具沖壓經(jīng)濟(jì)。2.2.2擬定工藝方案A、用單工序模加工，即先落料后沖孔，分兩道工序完成優(yōu)點(diǎn)：模具結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,制造方便。缺點(diǎn)：多了一道工序，沖孔時(shí)落料件不好定位，最終制件精度較差。B、用復(fù)合模加工，即落料沖孔同時(shí)同工位進(jìn)行，一道工序完成優(yōu)點(diǎn)：工序少

98、，操作方便，制件精度高。缺點(diǎn)：模具結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜。C、用級(jí)進(jìn)模加工，沖孔落料同時(shí)而不同工序進(jìn)行，一道工序成優(yōu)點(diǎn)：減少自動(dòng)化操作，制件精度高。缺點(diǎn)：模具結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜。比較三種工藝方案，綜合其優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)采用第三種方案，即用落料復(fù)合模進(jìn)行制件的加工。方案1優(yōu)點(diǎn)：操作方便，模具工藝比較簡(jiǎn)單。缺點(diǎn)：材料利用率比高。方案2優(yōu)點(diǎn)：材料利用率比較高缺點(diǎn)：操作不方便，模具結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜。結(jié)論：比較2種方案，綜合其優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)采用第1種方案。根據(jù)第1種確定材料寬度B。2.3沖裁件的排樣2.3.1搭邊和料寬2.3.1.1料寬的確定 由公式得 B= （2.1） = 式中 D條料寬度方向沖件的最大尺寸；a側(cè)搭邊值，mm,(取2.2)

99、；條料寬度的單向（負(fù)向）偏差，mm,（取0.7）。2.3.1.2搭邊值的確定如下圖：2.3.2排樣方法排樣的合理與否，影響到材料的經(jīng)濟(jì)利用率，還會(huì)影響到模具結(jié)構(gòu)、生產(chǎn)率、制件質(zhì)量、生產(chǎn)操作方便與安全等?？紤]到制件的質(zhì)量和沖模壽命，本設(shè)計(jì)選用有廢料排樣法。2.3.3材料的利用率沖壓件大批量生產(chǎn)成本中，毛坯材料費(fèi)用占60%以上，衡量排樣經(jīng)濟(jì)性、合理性的指標(biāo)是材料的利用率。計(jì)算公式：=(2.2)= =71.5%材料利用率滿足要求，排樣合理。2.4沖裁模工作部分的設(shè)計(jì)查表得:=0.20=0.022.4.1落料時(shí)2.4.2沖孔時(shí) 式中、落料時(shí)凹凸模刃口尺寸，mm；、 沖孔時(shí)凹凸模刃口尺寸，mm；落料件的

100、最大極限尺寸，mm；沖孔件的最小極限尺寸，mm；沖件的制造公差，mm；最小合理間隙，mm；、凸、凹模制造公差，mm； X磨損系數(shù)，（取0.5）。2.5沖裁力、卸料力及推件力的計(jì)算2.5.1沖裁力的計(jì)算計(jì)算沖裁力的目的是為了合理地選擇壓力機(jī)和設(shè)計(jì)模具，壓力機(jī)的噸位必須大于所計(jì)算的沖裁力，以適應(yīng)沖裁的要求。計(jì)算公式：F=KLt (2.3) =1.3×374.288×0.5×340 =82717.65N =82.71765×N式中 F沖裁力； L沖件剪切周邊長(zhǎng)度，mm；初沖材料的抗剪強(qiáng)度（取340MPa）； t料厚，0.5mm； K系數(shù)，一般取1.2.5.2卸

101、料力及推件力為了始沖裁過程連續(xù)i，操作方便，就需把套在凸模上的材料卸下，把卡在凸模孔的沖件或廢料退出。2.5.2.1卸料力=F (2.4) =0.05×82.71765×=4135.882N2.5.2.2推件力=F (2.5)=0.063×82.71765× =5211.212N2.5.3公稱壓力的確定P(1.11.3) (2.6)式中 壓力機(jī)的公稱壓力N；沖裁時(shí)總沖壓力 N。 采用了彈性卸料裝置和下出料方式的總沖壓力為：=F+ (2.7)=(82.71765+4.135882+5.211212)×=92.06474×NP(1.11.

102、3)=101.271×119.684×N 101.3119.7KN2.6壓力機(jī)的選擇正確選擇壓力機(jī)，關(guān)系到設(shè)備的安全使用，沖壓工藝的順利實(shí)施及沖壓件的質(zhì)量，生產(chǎn)效力和模具壽命等一系列問題。在本設(shè)計(jì)中，由于沖裁件屬于小型件，所以選用JA21-35開式機(jī)械壓力機(jī),如下表：表2.1壓力機(jī)主要參數(shù)公稱壓力（KN）350滑塊行程(mm)130滑塊行程次數(shù)（次/分鐘）50最大閉合高度(mm)280閉合高度調(diào)節(jié)量(mm)60 滑塊中心線至床身距離(mm)205立柱距離(mm)428工作臺(tái)尺寸(mm)前后380左右610續(xù)表2.1工作臺(tái)孔尺寸（mm）前后200左右290工作臺(tái)孔尺寸（mm）

103、直徑260墊板尺寸(mm)厚度60直徑22.5模柄孔尺寸(mm)直徑50深度70滑塊底面尺寸(mm)前后210左右2702.7零部件的選擇與設(shè)計(jì)模具的工作零件、定位零件、壓料和卸料零件、導(dǎo)向零件、連接和緊固零件、彈簧、橡膠等要首先按冷沖模國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)選用，若無標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，可先選用再進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。對(duì)于小而長(zhǎng)的沖頭，壁厚較薄的凹模等還需要進(jìn)行強(qiáng)度校核。設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算確定了凹模的結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸后，可根據(jù)凹模周界選用模架。模具的閉合高度、輪廓大小、壓力中心應(yīng)與選用設(shè)備相適應(yīng)。2.7.1工作零件2.7.1.1凸模采用圓形凸模C型，如下圖2.7.1.2凹模 2.7.1.3凸凹模 (1) 外凸凹模（2）中凸凹模（3）內(nèi)凸凹模采用凸、

104、凹模分開加工可使凸凹模自身具有互換性，便于模具成批制造，但需要較高的公差等級(jí)，才能保證合理的間隙，模具制造困難，加工成本高，一般不采用。凸凹模配合加工，對(duì)于沖制形狀復(fù)雜或薄板制件的模具，其凸凹模往往采用配合加工法，此方法是先加工好凸模（凹模）作為基準(zhǔn)，然后根據(jù)此基準(zhǔn)件的實(shí)際尺寸，配做凹模(凸模)，使他們保持一定間隙，其公差不受凸、凹模間隙大小的限制，制造容易，并容易保證凸凹模的間隙。本設(shè)計(jì)采用分開加工法2.7.2定位零件2.7.2.1擋料銷在設(shè)計(jì)中，為了使擋料更加準(zhǔn)確，擋料銷采用螺紋固定。如下圖：2.7.2.2導(dǎo)料銷 材料采用T7，熱處理硬度為4652HRC,粗糙度在1.6m以下，裝配時(shí)采用H

105、7/S6配合。如下圖：2.7.3導(dǎo)向零件導(dǎo)向零件有許多，如導(dǎo)板導(dǎo)向，則在模具上安裝不便，而且阻擋操作者的視線，所以不采用；若采用滾株式導(dǎo)柱導(dǎo)套進(jìn)行導(dǎo)向，則雖然導(dǎo)向精度高壽命長(zhǎng)，但結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜，所以不采用，針對(duì)這次加工的產(chǎn)品精度要求不高采用滑動(dòng)式導(dǎo)柱導(dǎo)套進(jìn)行導(dǎo)向即可。而且模具在壓力機(jī)上的安裝比較簡(jiǎn)單，操作又方便，還可降低成本。設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)如下： 導(dǎo)柱： d=40mm L=223導(dǎo)套: D=56mm L=852.8卸料與出件裝置卸料與出件裝置的作用是當(dāng)沖模完成一次沖壓之后，把沖件或廢料從模具工作零件上卸下來，以便沖壓工作能繼續(xù)進(jìn)行。通常，把沖件或廢料從凸模上卸下稱為卸料，把沖件或廢料從凹模中卸下稱為出

106、件。2.8.1卸料裝置卸料裝置有剛性和彈性兩種形式。在本設(shè)計(jì)中采用彈性卸料板，工作可靠卸料力較大，適用于平整度要求不高或厚度大于或等于0.5mm以上時(shí)采用。當(dāng)料板僅起卸料作用時(shí)，凸模與卸料板的間隙取決于卸料板的厚度。其雙面間隙一般為0.20.5mm之間，板料薄時(shí)取小值，板料厚時(shí)取大值。當(dāng)固定卸料板兼起導(dǎo)板作用時(shí)，一般按H7/h6制造，但還應(yīng)保證導(dǎo)板與凸模之間的間隙要小于凸、凹模之間的間隙，以確保凹模的正確導(dǎo)向和配合。彈性卸料裝置由卸料板、卸料螺釘和彈性元件組成。其結(jié)構(gòu)如下圖所示：2.8.1.1彈性卸料板彈性卸料板具有卸料和壓料雙重作用，多用于沖制薄料，使工件的平面度提高。其平面外形尺寸等于或稍

107、大于凹模板尺寸，厚度取凹模厚度的0.60.8倍。卸料板與凸模的雙邊間隙根據(jù)沖件的料厚確定，一般取0.10.3mm(料厚時(shí)取大值，料薄時(shí)取小值)。2.8.1.2彈性元件由于橡皮允許承受的負(fù)荷較大，而且按章調(diào)整比較靈活方便，因而它是沖模中彈性卸料、頂件及壓邊裝置常用的彈性元件，如下圖所示：橡皮墊（1）為保證橡皮不因過早失去彈性而被損壞，其允許最大壓縮量應(yīng)不超過其自由高度的45%，一般?。?2.8)橡皮的預(yù)壓縮量一般取其自由高度的10%，即(2.9)（0.10×353.505.25故工作行程8.7510.5橡皮的高度由所需工作行程按下式求出式中橡皮自由狀態(tài)下高度，mm；所需工作行程，mm。

108、（2）橡皮所產(chǎn)生的壓力F=AP (2.10)式中 F壓力，N；A橡皮橫截面積，； P與橡皮壓縮量有關(guān)的單位壓力，MPa。2.9模架及其零件的選擇與設(shè)計(jì)模架是上模座、下模座、導(dǎo)柱和導(dǎo)套的組合體。根據(jù)模架導(dǎo)向用的導(dǎo)柱和導(dǎo)套間的配合性質(zhì)，模架可分為滾動(dòng)導(dǎo)向模架和滑動(dòng)導(dǎo)向模架兩大類。每類模架中，由于導(dǎo)柱安裝位置和數(shù)量不同，各自又具有多種模架類型。選擇模架結(jié)構(gòu)要根據(jù)工件的受力變形特點(diǎn)、坯件定位和出件方式、材料送進(jìn)方向、導(dǎo)柱的受力狀態(tài)，以及操作是否方便等方面進(jìn)行綜合考慮。若采用中間導(dǎo)柱模架，則導(dǎo)柱對(duì)稱分布，受力平衡，滑動(dòng)平穩(wěn)，拔模方便，但只能一個(gè)方向送料。若采用對(duì)角導(dǎo)柱模架，則受力平衡，滑動(dòng)平穩(wěn)，可縱向或

109、橫向送料。若采用后側(cè)導(dǎo)柱模架，則可三方向送料，操作者視線不被阻擋，結(jié)構(gòu)比較緊湊，但模具力不平衡，滑動(dòng)不平穩(wěn)。本設(shè)計(jì)采用后側(cè)導(dǎo)柱模架。2.9.1模座上、下模做的作用是直接或間接地安裝沖模的所有零件，并分別與壓力機(jī)的滑塊和工作臺(tái)連接，以傳遞壓力。因此，上、下模座的強(qiáng)度和剛度是主要考慮的問題。2.9.1.1模座設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)應(yīng)注意的問題設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)一般都按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（GB/T2851.31990、GB/T2855.51990、GB/T2855.61990、GB/T2851.6/1990）選用模架或模座。在不能使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的情況下，設(shè)計(jì)沖模模座時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)。 模座的外形尺寸根據(jù)凹模周界尺寸和安裝要求來確定。對(duì)于圓形模座，

110、其直徑應(yīng)比凹模板直徑大3070mm。對(duì)于矩形模座，其長(zhǎng)度應(yīng)比凹模板長(zhǎng)度大4070mm，而寬度可以等于或略大于凹模板寬度，但應(yīng)考慮有足夠位置來安裝導(dǎo)柱、導(dǎo)套。模座的厚度一般取凹模板厚度的1.01.5倍，根據(jù)受力情況，上模厚度可比下模厚度小510mm。對(duì)于大型非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模座，還必須根據(jù)實(shí)際需要，按鑄件工藝性要求和鑄件結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。 所設(shè)計(jì)的模座必須與所選的壓力機(jī)工作臺(tái)和滑塊的有關(guān)尺寸相適應(yīng)，并進(jìn)行必要的校核，如下模座尺寸應(yīng)比壓力機(jī)工作臺(tái)孔或墊板孔尺寸每邊大4050mm等。 上、下模座的導(dǎo)柱與導(dǎo)套安裝孔的位置尺寸必須一致，其孔距公差要求在0.01mm以內(nèi)。模座上、下面的平行度，以及導(dǎo)柱導(dǎo)套孔與模

111、座上、下面的垂直度等要求應(yīng)符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中沖模模架零件技術(shù)條件的有關(guān)規(guī)定。 模座材料根據(jù)工藝力的大小和模座的重要性選用，一般的模座選用HT200或HT250,也可選用Q235或Q255，大型重要模座可選用ZG35或ZG45。2.9.1.2模座的分類根據(jù)配合性質(zhì)模座可分為滑動(dòng)導(dǎo)向模座和滾動(dòng)導(dǎo)向模座兩大類。本設(shè)計(jì)中模座參數(shù)如下： （1）上模座 H=45 B=188 L=280（2）下模座 H=55 B=188 L=2802.9.1.3沖模閉合高度的確定 概念：沖模閉合高度，是指模具在最低的工作位置時(shí)，下模座的底平面至上模座的頂平面之間的距離（部含模柄的高度）。壓力機(jī)的閉合高度，是指滑塊在下死點(diǎn)時(shí)，工作臺(tái)

112、（不含墊板高）至滑塊下平面間的距離。要求：模具的閉合高度與壓力機(jī)的閉合高度相協(xié)調(diào)。2.9.2模柄模柄的作用是把上模固定在壓力機(jī)的滑塊上，同時(shí)使模具中心通過滑塊的壓力中心。中小型模具一般都是通過模柄與壓力機(jī)的滑塊相連接。 選擇模柄時(shí)，應(yīng)先根據(jù)模具大小、上模結(jié)構(gòu)、模架類型及精度等確定模柄的結(jié)構(gòu)類型，再根據(jù)壓力機(jī)滑塊上模柄孔的尺寸確定模柄的尺寸規(guī)格，一般來說，模柄直徑應(yīng)與模柄孔直徑相等，模柄長(zhǎng)度應(yīng)比模柄孔深度小510mm。模柄與上模座2.9.3打桿長(zhǎng)度的確定H=h1+h2+C (2.11)式中： h1打桿在推出狀態(tài)時(shí)，深入上模板之間的長(zhǎng)度，mm；h2沖床結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸，mm； C考慮各種誤差而增加的長(zhǎng)度，

113、mm，通常取C=1015 mm。2.9.4固定板與墊板2.9.4.1固定板凸模固定板的作用是將凸?；蛲拱寄９潭ㄔ谏夏Ｗ蛳履Ｗ恼_位置上。凸模固定板位矩形或圓形板件，外形尺寸通常與凹模一致，厚度可取凹模厚度的60%80%。固定板與凸模 或凸凹模之間為H7/n6或H7/m6，壓裝后應(yīng)將凸模端面與固定板一起磨平。本設(shè)計(jì)中用到了凸模固定板和凸凹模固定板，如下圖所示：外凸凹模固定板中凸凹模固定板2.9.4.2墊板墊板要淬硬磨平，其作用是承受并擴(kuò)散凸?；虬寄鬟f的壓力，以防止模座被擠壓損傷。墊板的外型尺寸與凸模固定板相同。如下圖所示：上模墊板2.9.5緊固件沖模中用到的緊固件主要是螺釘和銷釘，其中螺釘起聯(lián)結(jié)固定作用，銷釘起定位作用。螺釘和銷釘都是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件。沖模中廣泛使用的螺釘是內(nèi)六角螺釘，緊固牢靠，螺釘頭不外露，且模具外形美觀。銷釘常用圓柱銷。模具設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)，螺釘和銷釘?shù)倪x用應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)。同一組合中，螺釘?shù)臄?shù)量一般不少于3個(gè)（對(duì)中小型沖模，被聯(lián)結(jié)件為圓形時(shí)用36個(gè)，為矩形時(shí)用48個(gè)），并盡量沿被聯(lián)結(jié)件的外緣均勻分布。銷釘?shù)臄?shù)量一般都為兩個(gè)，且盡量遠(yuǎn)距離錯(cuò)開分布，以保證定位可靠。銷釘?shù)墓Q直徑可按與螺釘大徑相同或小一個(gè)規(guī)格來選取。螺釘?shù)男肷疃群弯N釘?shù)呐浜仙疃榷疾荒芴珳\，也不能太深，一般取其公稱直徑的1.52倍