初中英語(yǔ)習(xí)題講解語(yǔ)法講解一本通

1、陽(yáng) 虎 教 育 資 料初中基礎(chǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí) 姓名 _ 一、名詞1、可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞怎樣來(lái)表示數(shù)量？哪些名詞既可數(shù)又不可數(shù)名詞？(6個(gè)單詞) 基數(shù)詞+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)或用many, a few, a lot of /lots of /plenty of, some, any+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)：eight oranges, many students, lots of tomatoes, some boys (注意區(qū)別some _某個(gè)男孩), any matches (注意區(qū)別any _ 任何比賽), six boxes of books 基數(shù)詞+量詞(piece, kind, box, bottle,

2、cup, glass, bag)+不可數(shù)名詞或用much, a little, a lot of /lots of /plenty of, some, any+不可數(shù)名詞：two pieces of paper, three boxes of orange, forty bags of rice, five cups of tea, much water, some drink, any advice _(工作，作品、工廠), _(橙汁，桔子), _(時(shí)間，次數(shù)、倍數(shù)), _(雞肉，小雞), _(紙，試卷、報(bào)紙), _(玻璃，玻璃杯), _(空間，房間)2、可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)如何變？ 規(guī)則(1)、一

3、般情況加_：pen_, doctor_ (2)、以_，_，_，_，結(jié)尾的詞加_：bus_，class_，box_，fox_，watch_，brush_, wish_ (3)、以輔音母加_結(jié)尾的詞變“_”為“_”再加_：city_, factory_, country_, family_, baby_, story_, party_, century_, worry_ (4)、以元音字母加_結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式只加_：boy_, day_, key_, way_, toy_ (5)、以_結(jié)尾的詞多數(shù)都加_：hero_，potato_，tomato_ (6)、詞末有兩個(gè)元音字母的詞和外來(lái)詞只加_：

4、zoo_，radio_，photo_，piano_ (7) 以_或_結(jié)尾的詞，多數(shù)變_為_(kāi)再加_：knife_，leaf_, half_, thief_, wife_ (注意：roof(屋頂)roofs；scarf_ / _)。 不規(guī)則(7個(gè)單詞) man_，woman_，tooth_，foot_，goose_，child_，mouse_, policeman_, policewoman_, Englishman_ 單數(shù)形式而只能表示復(fù)數(shù)(2個(gè)單詞) _ 人, _ 警察 單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同(5個(gè)單詞) _ 中國(guó)人，_ 日本人，_綿羊，_鹿，_魚(yú)，_方式 復(fù)數(shù)形式只能是單數(shù) (3個(gè)單詞) _新聞,

5、_ 數(shù)學(xué), _ 物理, _ 瀑布, _ 美國(guó) 一般只有復(fù)數(shù)無(wú)單數(shù) (4個(gè)單詞) _(褲子), _眼鏡, _ 衣服, _ (貨物), _ (筷子) 復(fù)合詞的復(fù)數(shù)如何變 (1) 主名詞為復(fù)數(shù)：banana tree_, daughter in law _,(兒媳)，boy student_， girl friend_，shoe factory_ (2) 如是man或woman作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，同時(shí)變復(fù)數(shù)：man driver_(男司機(jī)) woman doctor_(女大夫) (3) sport一般用復(fù)數(shù)作定語(yǔ)：sports bag_, sports shoe_ 人名復(fù)數(shù)的用法及意思是什么？ The +人名

6、表示_ The Greens = _ family 謂語(yǔ)用_3、名詞所有格的加法及用法 (1) 單數(shù)后_：a _ (學(xué)生)room, my _(母親) father (2) 以_結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)在_后加_：_(雙胞胎) rooms, _ (教師) Day (注意：以_結(jié)尾的單數(shù)名詞加_，如是姓氏(名字)時(shí)，則可以直接加_或加_：an _ (女演員) experience, a _(女服務(wù)員) job，_ (James) sister或_ sister，_ (Jones) books或_ books) (3) 特殊名詞復(fù)數(shù)加_：_ (兒童) Day, _(婦女) Day, _ (鼠) hair (4)

7、 由and連接的表示共同擁有加_為所有格：_ (瑪麗和約翰) father, _ (Nick and Tim) bedroom （注意：分別擁有則_加所有格：_ (Jim and Mike) mothers, _ (Jack and Lucy) chairs） (5) 在表示時(shí)間、距離、長(zhǎng)度、重量、價(jià)格、世界、國(guó)家等名詞的所有格要用_(此結(jié)構(gòu)可以用連字號(hào)表示，此時(shí)所有格只能用單數(shù))：a twenty _ (分鐘) walk= a _ walk，ten _(英里) journey = _ journey(旅行)，a _ (船) length(長(zhǎng)度)，two _ weight = two-poun

8、d weight(兩磅重), ten _ worth = ten-dollar worth(值10美元)。4、雙重所有格的組成是什么？（1） a(two)+名詞_(_)+_+名詞_（_物主代詞） =one (two) _ +名詞_（_物主代詞）+名詞_：我父親的一個(gè)朋友a(bǔ) _ of _ _= one of my _ _, 我照片中的一張a photo of _ = one of _ _ （2）the +名詞+_+名詞=(the)+名詞_+名詞：the _(貓) name =the name _ the _, the _(狗) legs =the legs _ the _, _ (中國(guó)) pop

9、ulation =the population _ _, Chinas capital =the capital of China二、數(shù)詞1、寫(xiě)出1-110和2048，8563的基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞，基數(shù)與序數(shù)如何轉(zhuǎn)換 _ /_ =1st _ /_ =2nd _ /_ =3rd _ /_ =4th _ /_ =5th _ /_ =6th _ /_ =7th _ /_ =8th _ /_ = 9th _ /_ =10th _ /_ =11th _ /_ =12th _ /_ =13th _ /_ = 14th _ /_ =15th _ /_ =16th _ /_ =17th _ /_ =18th _

10、/_ =19th _ /_ =20th _ /_ =21st _ /_ =22nd _ /_ =23rd _ /_ =24th _ /_ 25th _ / _ = 29th _ /_ =30th _ /_ = 40th _ /_ =50th _ /_ =60th _ /_ =70th _ /_ =80th _ /_ = 90th _ /_ =91st _ /_ =99th _ /_ =100th _ /_ =101st _ /_ = 102nd _ / _ = 110th_ /_ =_ /_ = _ 注意：序數(shù)詞前一般用_表示“第幾”：_ ninth girl 第九的一個(gè)女孩, _ eight

11、eenth desk第十八的一張桌子； 但也可用_或_表示“再、又”，相當(dāng)于another或基數(shù)詞+more：_ ninth girl = _ nine girls = nine _ girls 再要九個(gè)女孩 基數(shù)與序數(shù)如何轉(zhuǎn)換：名詞+基數(shù)(每詞首字母大寫(xiě)= the +序數(shù)+名詞(每詞的首字母小寫(xiě)) 第8單元: _ _ = the _ _ 5路公交車(chē): _ _ 5 = the _ 5 _2、準(zhǔn)確數(shù)與概數(shù)；鐘點(diǎn)；時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度距離名詞等的表達(dá)法和用法 基數(shù)詞+_ (百) /_(千)_ /_ (百萬(wàn)) +名詞_，some /many /few /several (無(wú)基數(shù)詞) _ (百) /_(千)_ /

12、_ (百萬(wàn)) + _ +名詞_ 點(diǎn)+分（30）=分+_ /_+點(diǎn)： 在5:20 at _ =at _ five, 點(diǎn)+分（30）=60-分+_+點(diǎn)+1：在4:40 at four _ = at _ five 譯：9:28 _, _ 11:45 _, _ 基數(shù)+名詞_+形容詞相當(dāng)于名詞=基數(shù)-名詞_-形容詞復(fù)數(shù)：twelve _(歲) old = twelve-_ -_，而基數(shù)+名詞_+形容詞相當(dāng)于形容詞作定語(yǔ) =基數(shù)-名詞_-形容詞：a twelve _(歲) old boy = a twelve-_-_ boy3、分?jǐn)?shù)如何表示，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)如何確定？ 組成： _(one)+_(有的加上連字符

13、號(hào))，謂語(yǔ)根據(jù)所修飾的_的數(shù)來(lái)確定謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)：3/4 _ _ = _ _, Six _ (11) of water _ run out of. Four _ (9) of apples _ in the bag.三、代詞1、人稱(chēng)代詞的主格和賓格分別是哪些？如何區(qū)別使用？(寫(xiě)出) I _ you _ she _ they （作主語(yǔ)，位于動(dòng)詞前） _ us _ him _ it _ （作賓語(yǔ)，位于動(dòng)詞后）2、物主代詞的名詞性和形容詞性分別是哪些？如何區(qū)別使用？(寫(xiě)出)my _ your his her _ their （不能單獨(dú)用，后面須接名詞）_ ours yours _ _ its _ (單獨(dú)用

14、，后不接名詞) 注意its_, its _(漢語(yǔ))3、反身代詞有哪些？(寫(xiě)出) 常與哪些動(dòng)詞或介詞搭配？(6個(gè)動(dòng)詞，3個(gè)介詞) myself _(我們自己) yourself yourselves _ (他自己) _ (她自己) itself _ (他們自己) (單獨(dú)用，作賓語(yǔ)，一般不作主語(yǔ)) _ (教) /hurt /_(幫助) / dress / call /kill oneself; by / for / of/ be angry with oneself 注意：不可作定語(yǔ)表示某物是自己的，只能用名詞+of ones own： a car of _ _ = _ _ car 我自己的車(chē)(不

15、能說(shuō)myself car或a car of myself)4、不定代詞有哪些？(寫(xiě)出) 復(fù)合不定代詞有哪些？(寫(xiě)出) 它們用什么代詞代替？位置如何？ 不定代詞：_ 兩者都, _ 所有都, _ 一些，某一, _ 一些，任何一個(gè), _ 兩個(gè)中任一個(gè), _兩個(gè)都不, each, one, few, little 復(fù)合不定代詞：everything, everybody, everyone, everywhere, anything, anybody, anyone, anywhere, something, somebody, someone, somewhere, nothing, nobody,

16、 none, nowhere 這些詞指物用_代替，指人用_或_代替，有形容詞修飾時(shí)放在這些單詞后面。 同時(shí)區(qū)別以下不定代詞：(1) little, few, a little, a fewlittle+不可數(shù)名詞(否定意思), few+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)(否定意思), a little+不可數(shù)名詞(肯定), a few+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)(肯定) The problem is very hard, _ people can work it out. There is _ rice, please buy some back home. I can speak only _ French, so I can

17、t talk with them. Quite _ students like playing games. I saw _ boy playing with a cat on the playground. (思考：填a few變哪個(gè)單詞)(2) any, some any+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)/不可數(shù)名詞(用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句)；any +可數(shù)名詞單數(shù) 表示任何一個(gè)(用于陳述肯定句) some+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)/不可數(shù)名詞(用于陳述肯定句或委婉語(yǔ)氣的句子)；some+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)表示某一個(gè).(用于陳述肯定句) I ask for _ help. _ girls are reading under the

18、 tree. People can fly to the moon _ day. Would you like _ fruit? _ girl likes hearing nice words. Do you want _ milk? Did he eat _ apples? Would you like coffee, water or tea? _ is OK. I dont mind.(3) it, one, that, those, this it代替前文所指的物，特指，單數(shù)，也可代替時(shí)間、距離、或形式主語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)，也可指人，當(dāng)不知對(duì)方性別時(shí)用it；one代替上文所指的同一類(lèi)物，泛指，可

19、數(shù)單數(shù)，復(fù)數(shù)用ones，不可數(shù)用that代替，同時(shí)常用于兩者比較中的另一者，如果是復(fù)數(shù)則用those代替，另外打電話(huà)詢(xún)問(wèn)對(duì)方是誰(shuí)用that代替，不用you，而回答我是誰(shuí)時(shí)用This is代替，不用Im。 I have a dog. _ is very clever. I have some toys, do you have _, Mike? Whos _? _ is Nick. I found _ easy to study English well. The weather in Chongqing is hotter than _ in Beijing in summer. Dont t

20、hrow it like _. _ orange is redder than that _. The books in the library are much more than _ in the bookstore.(4) no one, none, every one, everyone no one常指人，回答who，后不接of；而none指物或人均可，后可接of，回答how many或how much；every one 指人或物，后可接of，而everyone指人，后不接of。均表示數(shù)量是3或3者以上。 _ of us is here. _ are late. _ is happ

21、y to watch movies. _ of us is moved. -How many students are there in the classroom? - _. They are having P.E on the playground. -Who is in the classroom? - _. They are having P.E on the playground. -How much milk is there in the bottle? - _. Please give another one.(5) both, all, either, neither, an

22、y, none, each, every (注意：有的題答案不只一個(gè))bothalleitherneitheranynoneeachevery數(shù)量=23=2=23323接of 可否可可可可可可可否名單復(fù)數(shù)復(fù)復(fù)單單單不單單可數(shù)與不可數(shù)可可、不可可可可、否可可可否單獨(dú)用可可可可可可可否謂語(yǔ)(單復(fù))復(fù)復(fù)、單三單三單三單復(fù)、單三單三單詞組bothand.和.都(謂復(fù))eitheror或者.或者(謂近)neithernor既不也不 (謂靠近)each otherevery three weeks每三天every other day每隔一天注意它們后接of時(shí)的名詞均為復(fù)數(shù)或代詞賓格，而all, none

23、of后還可以接不可數(shù)名詞。 There are many buildings on _ side of street. There are many trees on _ side of playground. There are many building on _ sides of street. There are many trees on _ sides of playground. - Do you want bananas or pears? - _, Id like apples. - Do you want bananas or pears? - _is OK, I dont

24、 mind. -Do you want bananas, oranges or pears? - _ , Id like apples. -Do you want bananas, orange or pears? - _ is OK, I dont mind. _ of them has spoken at the meeting. _ of them have spoken at the meeting. _ of your parents is at home. _ of your parents are at home. I am _ a student nor worker. I a

25、m _ a student and worker. _ twin is reading in the room. _ boy in the class loves her.(6) many, much, too much, much too, many more, much more, too many, so many, so much (注意：有的題答案不只一個(gè)) many /too many /so many + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，many more +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)than ； much /too much /so much +不可數(shù)名詞， much more +多音節(jié)形容詞/副詞(或不可數(shù)

26、名詞) than； much too +形容詞原級(jí)(副詞) We cant play with you because we have _ homework to do. This story is _ interesting than that one. I have _ books than you. He drank _ water than me. I dislike the TV play which is _ boring. There are _ people that the room cant hold them. Thank you _. = _ thanks. _ stu

27、dents like seeing the film “2012”.(7) other, the other, others, the others, another other +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)=others，數(shù)量不只兩者(部分)；the other+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)/數(shù)詞(可省略)或the other+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)= the others，數(shù)量是兩者(部分)，one the other一個(gè)另一個(gè).；others單獨(dú)用，常與some some others一些，一些，另一些，數(shù)量不只兩部分；the others單獨(dú)用，數(shù)量是兩部分；another+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù) = one more+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)或

28、another+基數(shù)+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) = 基數(shù)+more+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，數(shù)量是三者或以上，表示又(再)要。 Some are paying, _ are lying on the beach. I have two pens, one is red, _ is blue. I cant finish the work in two hours. I need _ hour. Tom does better in English than _ in the class. Hank is a good boy, he often helps _ (/_people) in trouble. I am

29、 shorter than _ _ classmates in my class. I am a bit hungrier, Id like _ two cakes. I have five friends. One is from Japan, _ four are from America.(8) bothand, eitheror, neithernor, not only but (also) (注意：有的題答案不只一個(gè)) bothand = not onlybut also是兩者都，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式，否定是neithernor；而eitheror是或者或者，要么要么，謂語(yǔ)是靠近原則；n

30、eithernor是既不也不，是對(duì)bothand的否定；謂語(yǔ)是靠近原則；not only but also = bothand 是不僅而且，謂語(yǔ)是靠近原則。 _ you _ I _ (be) workers. We work in the same factory. _ you _ I _ (be) students. We work in different shops. _ you _ he _ (go) to the cinema. I have one ticket here. I can speak _ French _Japanese and am good at them. I

31、can speak _ French _ Japanese. May you teach me them?四、動(dòng)詞1、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法及有哪些？(寫(xiě)出13個(gè)) can, could, may, might, must, will, would, shall, should, need, used to, had better, have to, (ought to) 后面只接動(dòng)詞原形 This book _ be yours. It _ belong to me. Look, my name is on it. A. can, mustnt B. cant, must C. mustnt, mu

32、st D. must, cant - May I leave here now? - No, you _. A. neednt B. dont C. mustnt D. wont -Would you please bring the box here, Jack? - _. Im too busy now. A. Yes, I would B. No, I wouldnt C. Yes, I will D. No, I wont The boys and girls had better _ the words, please listen to me. A. write down B. t

33、o write down C. not write down D. not to write down My brother _ look after me, so he _ play football with you.A. need, mustnt B. needs, cant C. need, cant D. needs, mustnt 注意：1) 當(dāng)could /would作委婉語(yǔ)氣時(shí)，它的回答不能用could /would, 用can (cant) /will (wont)回答； 2) must作“必須”時(shí)，否定句是mustnt意思是“不準(zhǔn)，不能”，否定回答常用neednt /can

34、t；作“肯定，一定”時(shí)，用于肯定句，否定句是cant意思是“肯定不是”； 3) can /may均表示請(qǐng)求“可以”，此時(shí)二者可互換，回答常用can(cant)，sure, certainly, of course, all right等。 4) should作“應(yīng)該”時(shí)= be supposed to v，Shall we v?表示“.行嗎/可以嗎？”= Why not do? = Lets v. = What /How about v-ing ? 回答常用Certainly, Of course, Sure, All right, Good idea. 5) 祈使句(肯定或否定)的附加疑問(wèn)句

35、均可用will you? 肯定還可用will you。但Lets v，用shall we?2、動(dòng)詞的形式 (五種形式) 原形、三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)、現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去式、過(guò)去分詞(1) 三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)的加法 一般加_：visitvisits, needneeds 以_, _, _, _, _結(jié)尾加_：gogoes, missmisses, dressdresses, passpasses, fixfixes, fishfishes, finishfinishes, washwashes, watchwatches, teachteaches 元音字母+_直接加_：playplays, paypays, says

36、ays, buybuys, enjoyenjoys 輔音字母+_變_為_(kāi)加_：studystudies, flyflies, copycopies, drydries, crycries, carrycarries, hurryhurries, worryworries, replyreplies, trytries 以_結(jié)尾加_：taketakes, lielies 特殊(2個(gè)) have_ be (are /am)_(2) 現(xiàn)在分詞的加法 一般加_：visitvisiting, playplaying, worryworrying, teachteaching 以不發(fā)音_結(jié)尾去_加_：ta

37、ketaking, writewriting （注意ee字母組合或e發(fā)音直接加-ing：see_, agree_, be_） 重讀閉音節(jié)且元音字母+輔音字母雙寫(xiě)輔音字母-ing：put_, stop_, swim_, forget_, prefer_ (注意是字母組合或x結(jié)尾的不雙寫(xiě)直接-ing：show_, throw_, know_, draw_, chew_, fix_, mix_) 以_結(jié)尾的變_為_(kāi)加_：lielying, diedying, tietying(3) 規(guī)則的過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞的加法 一般加_：needneeded, visitvisited, seemseemed 元音

38、字母+_直接加_：playplayed, enjoyenjoy 輔音字母+_變_為_(kāi)加_：studystudied, carrycarried, worryworried, hurryhurried, trytried, replyreplied, crycried, tidytidied 重讀閉音節(jié)且元音字母+輔音字母雙寫(xiě)輔音字母-ed：stop_, shop_, drop_, plan_, kid_, fit_, preferpreferred (注意是字母組合或x結(jié)尾的不雙寫(xiě)直接-ed：snow_, fix_ relax_, mix_) 以不發(fā)音的_結(jié)尾直接加_：smokesmoked,

39、 smilesmiled, welcome_, agreeagreed 不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞98表(背誦) 標(biāo)*和#有兩種形式，即規(guī)則和不規(guī)則均可，但有*的意思不同，而#一般無(wú)區(qū)別。原形過(guò)去式過(guò)去分詞意思原形過(guò)去式過(guò)去分詞意思awake醒letbe*liebearlosebeatmakebecomemaybeginmeanblowmeetbreakmistakebringpaybuildputburnreadbuyridecanringcatchrisechooseruncomesaycostseecutselldigsenddo(does)setdrawshake搖動(dòng)，震動(dòng)drinkshalldriv

40、eshineeatshowfallshut關(guān)(閉)feedsingfeelsitfightsleepfind#smellflyspeakforgetspendfreeze凍，結(jié)冰standgetstealgivestick粘,刺,堅(jiān)持gosweepgrowswim*hangtakehave(has)teachheartellhidethinkhitthrowholdunderstandhurtwakekeepwearknowwilllay放置win#learnwriteleave#dreamlend#spell(4) 動(dòng)詞的ing, -ed的用法區(qū)別 -ing表示主動(dòng)，一般修飾物或表示自身的性

41、質(zhì)、特征，還表示動(dòng)作正進(jìn)行或發(fā)生；-ed表示被動(dòng)，一般修飾人，表狀態(tài)，表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，二者做狀語(yǔ)均表示伴隨、時(shí)間、原因、方式，但-ing的邏輯主語(yǔ)是主句的主語(yǔ)（主動(dòng)關(guān)系），而-ed的邏輯主語(yǔ)不是主句的主語(yǔ)，而是賓語(yǔ)（即被動(dòng)關(guān)系）。_ leaves 正下落的葉子 _ leaves 落地的葉子I knew a boy _ (call) Jim. They stood by the road, _ (read) books.When _ (heat), water changes into steam(蒸氣).I have a friend _ (live) in London. =I have

42、a friend who _ (live) in London.I hate to read letters _ (write) in pencil.I got /had my hair _ (cut) yesterday. I saw a light _ (burn) in the room.There is some money _ (leave). You may save it in the bank.The water washed the rich land away, _ (leave) some sand.(5) ing, (to) v的動(dòng)詞搭配 兩種均可且有區(qū)別的常用動(dòng)詞(含

43、詞組) (寫(xiě)出5個(gè))；1) stop to do停止，中斷做某事后去做另一件事。 stop doing停止做某事。2) forget to do忘記要去做某事。(未做) forget doing忘記做過(guò)某事。(已做)3) remember to do 記得去做某事(未做) remember doing記得做過(guò)某事 (已做)4) try to do盡力，試圖做某事。 try doing 試一試，試著做某事。5) go on to do做了一件事后，接著做另一件事。 go on doing 繼續(xù)做原來(lái)做的事。go on with 繼續(xù)某事(原來(lái)的事)。= go on doing 6) mean t

44、o do 打算、想 mean doing意味著7) regret to do 遺憾做某事（對(duì)沒(méi)做的事） regret doing 遺憾做了某事（對(duì)做過(guò)的事）We cant end up the work on time, lets stop _ (grow) the small trees on the hill, so we stopped _ (rest).I remember _ (meet) you at Toms home. You forget _ (see) each other.無(wú)區(qū)別的常用動(dòng)詞(寫(xiě)出5個(gè)) love, like, hate, prefer, begin, start, learn, goShe hates _ (watch) the thriller.注意：本身是進(jìn)行時(shí)時(shí)不可用ing形式 只能接-ing的常用動(dòng)詞 (含詞組) (寫(xiě)出10個(gè)) 1) 直接跟-ing的動(dòng)詞：enjoy, finish, mind, keep, practice, give up,