詞匯學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)要點(diǎn)總結(jié)

1、詞匯學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)要點(diǎn)總結(jié)1. Word definition: A word is defined by the association of a given sense with a give n group of sounds capable of a give n grammatical use. P 22. The development of English vocabulary P 3 The Old English: 449-1100,(2) Middle English: 1100-1500(3) Modern English: 1500-present3. Classificati

2、on of English Words P 9(1) By origin: native words and loan words(2) By level of usage: com mon words; literal words; colloquial words; sla ng words; tech ni cal words(3) By notion: function words and content words4. Function words & content words P 17Function words are often short words such as

3、 determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries, and so forth. Functions words behave like grammatical signals or functional markers, expressing the kinds of connection between content words.5. Morpheme definitionP 21The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of Ianguage, not divi

4、sible or an alyzable into smaller forms.6. Allomorphs P 22An allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by positi on or adjoining soun ds.7. Classification of morphemes P 23A. Free morphemes and bound morphemesB. Roots and affixes8. 區(qū)分 Inflectional affixes 和 Derivational affi

5、xes P 259. Definition of root stem and base P 33(1) Root: A root is a form which is not further analyzable, either in terms ofderivati onal or in flecti onal morphology.(2) A stem is of concern on ly whe n deali ng with in fleet ional morphology : In flecti on al (but not derivati on al) affixes are

6、 added to it: it is the part of the word-form which remai ns whe n all in fleet ional affixes have bee n removed：(3) A base is any form to which affixes if any kind can be added; it may also be defined as ” form to which a rule of word-formation is applied ”10： Differences of root, stem and base P 3

7、3(1) Any root or stem can be termed a base： But a base differs from a root, in that the former is a derivationally analyzable form to which derivational affixes are added, while the latter is a form which permits no further analysis：(2) A base is also differe nt from a stem since both derivati on al

8、 a nd in flect ional affixes can be attached to a base, whereas only inflectional affixes can be added to a stem：11： Definition of derivation P 42Derivation may be defined as a process of forming new words by the addition of a word element, such as a prefix, suffix or combining form, to an already e

9、xisting word：12： Classifications of prefixes P 44給定前綴須知意思，連線題)(1) negative” prefixes: un-, non-, in-, dis-, a-(2) reversative or privative” prefixes: un-, de-, dis-(3) pejorative” prefixes: mis-, mal-, pseudo-(4) prefixes of degree or size”： arch-, super-, out-, sub-, over-, under-, hyper-, ultra-,

10、mini-(5) Prefixes of attitude: co-, counter-, anti-, pro-(6) locative” prefixes: super-, sub-, in ter-, trans-(7) Prefixes of time and order: fore-, pre-, post-, ex-, re-(8) number” prefixes: uni-/mono-, bi-/di-, tri-, multi-/poly-(9) A miscellaneous catalogueauto-, neo-, pan-, proto-, semi-, vice-1

11、3： Classifications of suffixes P 49(1) According to the word-class o the word they form(2) According to the kind of base14. Differences between initialisms and acronyms P 72Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase; an i

12、nitialism is pronounced letter by letter.Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronoun ced as words rather tha n as seque nces of letters.15. Clipping P 75The process of clipping

13、invoIves the deletion of one or more syllables from a word, which is also available in its full form.16. Blending P 77Blending is the process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by comb ining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are

14、not in their full forms.17. Conventionality P 93Most En glish words are conven ti on al, arbitrary symbols; con seque ntly, there is no intrin sic relati on betwee n the soun d-symbol and its sen se.A more convincing evidenee of the conventional and arbitrary nature of the conn ecti on betwee n soun

15、 d-symbol and meaning can be illustrated by a set of homoph on es.18. Lexical meaning P 97填空Lexical meaning may be subdivided into denotative meaning, connotative meaning, social meaning and affective meaning.19. Two process leading to polysemy P 111There are two importa nt process in the developme

16、nt of word meaning: radiati on and con cate nati on.20. Types of homonyms 對其進(jìn)行區(qū)分P 115(1) Perfect homonyms: Words identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning are called perfect homony ms. E.glie, page, base.(2) Homoph on es: Words ide ntical in sound but differe nt in spelli ng and mea n

17、ingare called homopho nes. E.gbear/bare, dear/ deer, air/heir, pair/pear.(3) Homographs: Words identical in spelling but different in sound and meaning are called homographs. E.glead, sow, tear.21. 文體效果Polysemic and homonym ous words are stylistically useful to achieve humor or irony, or to heighte

18、n dramatic effect. P 121Synony ms, therefore, are extremely valuable stylistically in helpi ng to avoid monotonous repetition and in achieving precision. P 13322. Definition and types of antonym 需舉例P 136Defin iti on: the term antonym is used for opposite ness of meanin g”；words that are opposite are

19、 antony ms.Types:(1) On the basis of semantic contrast Contraries: Contraries or contrary terms display a type of semantic con trast, illustrated by such pairs asich and poor, heavy and light. Complementaries: Complementaries or contradictories represent a type of binary semantic opposition. The ass

20、ertion of one of the items implies the denial of the other; an entity cannot be both at once. E.g. alive and dead, single and married prese nt and abse nt. Conversives:Another important type of binary opposition. E.g. lend and borrow, husba nd and wife, employer and employee, above and below.(2) On

21、the basis of morphological structure Root antonyms: E.g.deep and shallow, love and hate, up and down. Derivational antonyms: Words with the same roots having negative affixes. E.g. happy and un happy, possible and impossible, loyal and disloyal, prewar and postwar, harmful and harmless.23. 簡答 Two ty

22、pes of con texts P 152The meanings of words, especially those of polysemous words may be viewed as determ ined either by lin guistic (or verbal) con texts or extra-li nguistic (or nonv erbal) con texts.(1) Li nguistic con text: The three main types of lin guistic con text are the lexical,grammatical

23、, and verbal con text in its broad sen se.(2) Extra-li nguistic con text/ Con text of situati on(不會答，求高人解答)24. Linguistic cause 簡答P 172Change of meaning is frequently brought about by two tendencies in a linguistic system: towards ellipsis and towards an alogy.25. Four Tenden cies in Sema ntic Cha n

24、g連線題P 176A. Restriction of meaning(specialization);B. Extension of meaning(generalization);C. Degeneration of meaning(pejoration);D. Elevation of meaning (amelioration).26. The com mon categories of metonymy 連線題P 187A. Sign for the person or thing signified: e.g. from the cradle to the grave; the Cross; bloodshed; crow n, scepter, throne.B. Container for its contents; the place for the people occupying it: e.g. the bottle; wardrobe; the tow n; the chair.C. The abstract for the concrete: e.g