定語從句語法詳解

1、定語從句語法詳解，希望能夠幫助考生備考英語學(xué)科考試，贏得高分。一、定語句子中修飾名詞或代詞的成分叫做定語。定語可以由形容詞，名詞，不定式，分詞，動(dòng)名詞或從句來充當(dāng)。eg: She is a beautiful girl. (形容詞)I met someone funny on my way to Beijing. (形容詞)(修飾不定代詞的定語后置)He is an English teacher. (名詞)(名詞作定語時(shí)一般用單數(shù)，例外的有sports, 如 a sports star)I have a lot of work to do. (不定式)The book written by

2、a schoolboy is very popular now. (過去分詞短語)We can see the rising sun. (現(xiàn)在分詞) = the sun is rising.He is in the reading room. (動(dòng)名詞) = the room for readingThe boy who broke the window is Toms brother. (從句)注意：1.形容詞作定語一般放在所修飾的詞前面;但當(dāng)形容詞修飾的是something, anything, everything, nothing, someone, everyone, everybo

3、dy, somewhere等不定代詞時(shí)，要放在這些詞的后面。present (在場的), absent (缺席的)作定語時(shí)需要后置。 students present / absent2. 不定式做定語通常要放在被修飾的詞后。3 分詞作定語時(shí)，即可放在所修飾詞前，也可放在所修飾詞后1)分詞前置：單獨(dú)的一個(gè)分詞作定語，一般放在所修飾詞前。He is a retired worker. 他是位退休的工人2)分詞后置分詞在以下情況，放在所修飾詞的后面i. 分詞詞組; There was a girl sitting there.有個(gè)女孩坐在那里ii. 個(gè)別分詞如given, left;This is

4、 the question given. 這是所給的問題iii. 修飾不定代詞 something等There is nothing interesting. 沒有有趣的東西過去分詞作定語與其修飾的詞是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的定語從句。Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.= Most of the people who were invited to the party were from South Africa二、定語從句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定語，修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞

5、，被修飾的名詞,詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系詞(關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞)引出。關(guān)系代詞有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。關(guān)系副詞有：when, where, why等。I like the books that are written by Mr. Green.先行詞 關(guān)系詞A. 關(guān)系詞：關(guān)系詞通常有三個(gè)作用：引導(dǎo)定語從句，指代先行詞，在定語從句中充當(dāng)句子成分。Anyone who breaks the law will surely be punished.1. 先行詞指人時(shí)，定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞：(1)指人時(shí)，who和that都可以使用.

6、(2)who和whom都可以作定語從句賓語，但從句中的介詞提前時(shí)，不能用who.He is the man who / whom I talked to you about.= He is the man about whom I talked to you.(3)先行詞是人時(shí)，只用who, 不用或少用that的情況：a. 當(dāng)先行詞是one, ones, anyone時(shí)，引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞一般只用who, 不用that如果先行詞是someone, 也可用thatHe is not one who is easily frightened.I think Joe is the one who

7、borrowed my peo.The ones who tell lies wont gain others trust.Anyone who saw the accident should phone the police.Someone who / that claims to be your uncle wants to see you.b. 先行詞是those時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞一般用who不用thatThose who dont wish to go need not go.c. There be 句型中，修飾人的定語從句的關(guān)系代詞一般只用who來引導(dǎo)There is a certain

8、old man in the village who none of us likes.d. 若一個(gè)句子中有兩個(gè)定語從句，第一個(gè)已經(jīng)用that, 則第二個(gè)一般用whoThe man that is talking with our teacher is the professor who gave us a report yesterday.e. 當(dāng)定語從句與先行詞較遠(yuǎn)時(shí)，引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞一般只用whoI came across my first teacher in the store yesterday who was still beautiful.f 非限定性定語從句只用who來

9、引導(dǎo), 不用thatHe has a son, who is a doctor.(4)當(dāng)先行詞是人，只用that不用who的情況：a. 以who開頭的特殊疑問句，定語從句的先行詞如果是人，關(guān)系代詞只用that不用whoWho is the girl that said hello to you just now?b. 當(dāng)先行詞既有人也有物時(shí)，定語從句只用that來引導(dǎo)They ofter talk about the person and things that they remember.c. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作表語時(shí)，只用that來引導(dǎo)Hes changed. He is not t

10、he man that he was.d. 當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞的最高級修飾時(shí)，只用that.This is the most beautiful lady that I have ever met.e. 當(dāng)先行詞是other時(shí)，定語從句只用that 引導(dǎo)。You can ask the old man or any other that was there at the time.page2. 先行詞是物時(shí)that 和which一般可以互換使用，但有時(shí)不可換用。(1) 下列場合一般用that:a. 先行詞是all, much, anything, something, nothing, ever

11、ything, little, theone, none等不定代詞We should do all that is useful to the people.The little that I have seen of his work is satisfactory.b. 先行詞被序數(shù)詞，形容詞最高級以及first, last, any, only, few, much, no,some, very等詞修飾The first book that I bought in this bookstore is a dictionary.The last person that I talked w

12、ith in London is my girlfriendThe best teacher that I have ever met has gone abroadYou can take any seat that is vacant.c. 先行詞有兩個(gè)：一個(gè)指人，另一個(gè)指物I miss all the people and places that we visited last summerd. 主句是以who或which開頭的特殊疑問句。e. There be 句型中， There is a seat in the corner that is free.f. 先行詞為數(shù)詞時(shí)Three

13、 buildings have been completed, but there are two that are still under construction.(2) 下列場合不能用thata. 在非限定性定語從句中，即逗號后的定語從句不用that引導(dǎo)，指人時(shí)用who或whom, 指物時(shí)用which.b. 在“介詞+ 關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中不用that, 指人時(shí)用whom, 指物時(shí)用which.This is the book about which we are talking.c. 先行詞為that, those時(shí)，關(guān)系詞用which指物，who指人Whats that which yo

14、u have got in your hand?d. 兩個(gè)定語從句，一個(gè)用了that, 另一個(gè)則用which.Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which wasnewly open to us.e. 關(guān)系代詞后有插入語時(shí)，只用whichHere are some stamps which I think you can take away.3. 當(dāng)關(guān)系詞在從句中作賓語時(shí)，關(guān)系詞可以省略。4. 當(dāng)先行詞指時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，原因(the reason)時(shí)，且關(guān)系詞在從句中作狀語，用when,where, why如果關(guān)系

15、詞在從句中作主語，表語或賓語，則用that 或 which.I want to visit the place where my mother was born.= I want to visit the place in which my mother was born.I still remember the years when I studied in the middle school.= I still remember the years in which I studied in the middle school.I dont know the reason why he d

16、idnt agree with us.= I didnt know the reason for which he didnt agree with us.5. 當(dāng)先行詞是the way, 并且關(guān)系詞在從句中作方式狀語時(shí)，可以用that, in which引導(dǎo)，也可省略。當(dāng)先行詞是time, time 當(dāng)“次數(shù)”講時(shí)，用that引導(dǎo)定語從句，且that可以省略;當(dāng)time表示“一段時(shí)間，時(shí)間”講時(shí)，定語從句用when或at / during which引導(dǎo)I dont like the way (that / in which) he talked to his mother.I can ha

17、rdly remember how many times (that) Ive failed.Ill never forget the time when / at which we visited your hometown.6. 當(dāng)先行詞family, class, team, army, company等被當(dāng)作單數(shù)時(shí)，定語從句中用which,被當(dāng)作復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，用who或whom.The family, which is a large and rich one, was poor.The party, who are all children, have lost their way.7.

18、當(dāng)先行詞是動(dòng)物時(shí)，定語從句一般用whichThe dog, which he had kept for five years, was killed by someone yesterday.B.“介詞 + which / whom”引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作介詞的賓語時(shí)，常常將介詞前置于作賓語的關(guān)系詞前，I love the music that I can dance to. = I love the music to which I can dance.The man who I talked to just now is my brother.= The man to who

19、m I talked just now is my brother.介詞后面的關(guān)系詞指人時(shí)只用whom, 不能用who或that; 指物時(shí)只用which,不能用that.注意，并非所有情況下介詞都可以前移，含有介詞的短語動(dòng)詞不可拆開，介詞仍需放在動(dòng)詞后面，如：look for, look after, take care of等。“介詞+ which / whom”前還可以用some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代詞，名詞或數(shù)詞等。His sons, both of whom loved music very mu

20、ch, spent most of their money on CDs.The house, the roof of which is blue, will be used as a library.C. 非限定性定語從句非限定性定語從句和主句的關(guān)系不密切，去掉定語從句，句子的意思仍然完整，形式上用逗號把主句和從句分開，使用時(shí)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：l 非限定性定語從句不能用that引導(dǎo)l 非限定性定語從句中的關(guān)系詞不能省略。D.as引導(dǎo)的定語從句的用法1. as可引導(dǎo)限定性定語從句，用于suchas., so.as., the same.as 結(jié)構(gòu)中。He bought me such a watch as was advertised in the newspaper.注意：比較 the same as. 和 the same that.He bought me the same watch as I lost last week.他買了一塊和我上星期丟的一樣的表。(一樣，但不是同一個(gè))He bought me the same watch that I lost last week. 他把我上星期丟的那塊表又買回來了。(同一個(gè))2. 當(dāng)非限定性定語從句的先行詞不是主句中的