2020屆山東省名校聯(lián)考高三下學期開學收心檢測英語試題答案解析與點睛(20頁)

1、2020 屆山東省名校聯(lián)考高三下學期開學收心檢測英語試題英語試題注意事項：1. 答卷前，考生務必將自己的姓名、考生號等填寫在答題卡和試卷指定位置上。2. 回答選擇題時，選出每小題答案后，用鉛筆把答題卡上對應題目的答案標號涂黑。如需改動，用橡皮擦干凈后，再選涂其他答案標號?；卮鸱沁x擇題時，將答案寫在答題卡上。寫在本 試卷上無效。3. 考試結束后，將本試卷和答題卡一并交回。第一部分閱讀(共兩節(jié)，滿分50 分)第一節(jié)(共15小題；每小題2. 5分，滿分37. 5分)閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、 B、 C、 D 四個選項中選出最佳選項。ASome of the greatest scientists

2、 of all time are women who have made important discoveries in a variety of fieldsin science. Several of their contributions throughout history are even more than men s contributionmost famous female scientists below are organized in order of popularity so you can read about the advancements thatthey

3、 made.Marie Curie (1867-1934)Famous For: Work on radioactivityMarie Curie was the first woman to win the Nobel Prize and the only woman to win this award in two fields:Physics and Chemistry. She discovered polonium and radium and her work helped with the creation of X -rays.Jane Goodall (1934)Famous

4、 For: Primate ( 靈長類 ) studiesJane Goodall is known world -wide for her groundbreaking studies on primates. She is considered as the topexpert on chimps in the world and is perhaps best known for her 45 -year study on the social lives of these animals inTanzania.Rita Levi -Montalcini (1909-2012)Famou

5、s For: Nerve growth studiesRita Levi -Montalcini was a neurologist ( 神經(jīng)病學家) who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in1986 for her findings in Nerve Growth Factor (NGF). She was the first Nobel Prize winner to live past her 100th birthday.Lise Meitner (1878-1968)Famous For: Work on radioac

6、tivity and nuclear physicsLise Meitner was a key member of a group that discovered nuclear fission ( 裂變 ). One of her colleagues, OttoHahn, was given the Noble Prize for this work. That Meitner didnt get the award is considered to be a hugthe Nobel committee.1. Who is still contributing to the world

7、?A. Marie Curie.B. Jane Goodall.C. Rita Levi -Montalcini.D. Lise Meitner.2. What did Rita Levi -Montalcini reseach on?A. Nerve growth.B. The wildlife.C. Nuclear explosion.D. Radioactivity.3. What do we know about Lise Meitner?A. She was awarded the Nobel Prize.B. She made a big mistake in her work.C

8、. She did lots of studies about nerve growth.D. She made great contributions to nuclear physics.【答案】1. B 2. A 3. D【解析】這是一篇說明文。本文主要列舉了4 位著名的女科學家在各自領域所取得的成就和影響?！?1 題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。觀察每個人物的后面跟的時間可知，Jane Goodall 出生于1934，而后面沒有給去世時間，說明還在世，還在為世界做貢獻。故選B?！?2 題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Rita Levi -Montalcini (1909 -2012)部分中Famous F

9、or: Nerve growth studies 可知因為神經(jīng)發(fā)育研究而出名。由此可知，Rita Levi -Montalcini 研究的是神經(jīng)發(fā)育。故選A。3 題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù) Lise Meitner (1878 -1968)部分中 Famous For: Work on radioactivity and nuclear physics 可知因為研究放射性和核物理而出名。由此可知，Lise Meitner對核物理學做出了巨大的貢獻。故選D。BKnowing more about science than the average middle student, Caroline C

10、rouchley, 13, of Garden City is a finalist in the 2019 3M Young Scientist Challenge. The annual competition tasks students in grades fifth to eighth with making a video tracing a unique solution to an everyday problem. Crouchley is one of 10 finalists chosen out of thousands of students this year.Af

11、ter watching her brother enter the competition several years ago, Crouchley, who has always loved science, couldn ' t wait for her turn. In May, she submitted a twminute video about her idea to the organizer to create growing methods of public transportation. When she found out she was a finalis

12、t in June, she couldn' t beCrouchley ' s project was inspired by the construction she sees every day outside her window in Garden City, as well as the Long Island Railroad' s recent expansion. She noticed transportation causes pollution in her community,and she was determined to find a w

13、ay to stop it.“Maybe one day, we can have better technology and find a way to help the environment," Croivideo, Crouchley explains that the use of fossil fuels let out by public transportation is a major cause of environmental problems. She believes technology that reduces the need for a diesel

14、 柴油）engine or an electric motor is the solution.To show her idea in action, she designed a new type of train.Crouchley created a computerized system design model for her train using an engineering program calledAutodesk Inventor. She brought the train to life using a 3D printer, magnets （ 磁鐵）and a s

15、olar-powered air compressor （壓縮機）.Crouchley said it took a long time to develop her ideas and make the video. She had to work under deadlines, too, which she said was stressful.4. What' s the competition about?A. Solving daily problems.B. Knowing about science.C. Meeting personal curiosity.D. An

16、swering the question on science.atracing " in paragraph 1?B. overcomingD. accumulating5. Which can replace the underlined wordA. arrestingC. describing6. What' s the purpose of Crouchley ' s project?A. To help protect the environment.B. To invent a new kind of transportation.C.To inspir

17、e teenagers to struggle for their dreams.D.To find a solution to avoid using transportation.7.Which of the following best describes Crouchley?A.Energetic.B. Creative.C.Humorous.D. Demanding.4. A 5. C 6. A 7. B【解析】【分析】這是一篇記敘文。本文主要講了Caroline Crouchley中學生更懂科學，13 歲就參加了2019 年 3M 青年科學挑戰(zhàn)賽，并講述了她喜歡科學到參加比賽的過程

18、。4 題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中The annual competition tasks students in grades fifth to eighth with making a videotracing a unique solution to an everyday problem. 可知一年一度的比賽要求五年級到八年級的學生制作一個視頻來描述日常問題的獨特解決方案。由此可知，比賽的內(nèi)容是解決日常問題。故選5 題詳解】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)上文The annual competition tasks students in grades賽要求學生制作一個視頻，并在視頻中描述日常問題

19、的獨特解決方案。故選C。6 題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中to find a way to stop it. 可知她注意到交通會給她的社區(qū)帶來污染，于是她決定想辦法阻止污染。以及倒數(shù)第二段中 She believes techher idea in action, she des方案。為了把她的想法付諸行動，她設計了一種新型的火車。由此判斷出，保護環(huán)境。故選A。7 題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中engineering program call了一種新型的火車。由此判斷出,的學生制作一4故選A。to eighth withnsportation causes pollution ier c

20、ommunity,d she was determined給她的社區(qū)帶來污染，于是她Xces the need for a diesel enginen electric motor is the solution.劃線單詞意思為“描述”。辦法阻止污ideo 可知比king、卜， 述。以及倒數(shù)第pe of train.可知她認為，減少對柴油發(fā)動機或電動機需求的技術是解決Crouchley 的項目的目的是幫助created a computerized system design model for her train using anor. She brought the train to l

21、ife using a 3D printer, magnets and asolar-powered air compressor. 可知 Crouchley 創(chuàng)造了一個利用計算機做的火車系統(tǒng)模型，還使用了AutodeskInventor 的工程項目，她用3D 打印機、磁鐵和一個太陽能的空氣壓縮機使火車栩栩如生。由此可推知，Crouchley 很有創(chuàng)造力。故選B?！军c睛】詞義猜測題是高考閱讀理解中常考題型之一，可以大致分為 定義猜詞，可以根據(jù)定義信息和舉例猜測詞義。如文中常用 refer to, be called或that's to say, such a冷。 邏輯猜詞可以根據(jù)同義詞

22、、反義詞、 因果關系詞等猜測詞義，例如， similarly, the same as, but, however, while,on the other hand, since .because等，所猜詞與這些提示詞前/后面部分的含義一樣、相反或是前因后果。 語法猜詞，可以根據(jù)構詞法，再結合上下文進行猜詞。 語境猜詞，猜測詞義離不開上下文的語境，通過上下文提供的情景和線索進行合理的分析，同時還要關 注其所在的整段及整篇文章。 指代猜詞即找出人稱代詞、指示代詞、關系代詞或關系副詞等所指代的內(nèi)容，做題時要注意指代詞的位置，以便于判斷，然后用所找的指代內(nèi)容替換劃線代詞，核實其邏輯、意義、位置等是否

23、一致，最后比較所找部分與選項，確定意思最接近的選項。如第二小題，根據(jù)上文The annual competition tasks students in grades fifth to eighth with making a video 可知比賽要求學生制作一個視頻，并在視頻中描述日常問題的獨特解決方案。由此可知，劃線單詞意思為“描述”。故選 C。CYou might easily gain access to fresh fruit and vegetables, but this isn t the case in some partsS. has many areas that are

24、 considered as food deserts, which are defined as parts of the country short of fresh fruit, vegetables and other healthy food, usually found in poor areas.Food deserts are urban areas where the nearest grocery store is more than 1 mile away, and rural areas where the nearest grocery store is more t

25、han 10 miles away. According to the USDA, 19 million Americans or 6.2% of the population-live in places that can be considered as food deserts.The issue isn t necessarily about the difference in cost between healthy and unhealthy foods in these areas but it s about a lack of access to healthy choice

26、s at all. And, with the lack of healthy food choices, these areas typically have a large supply of unhealthy foods sold at fast -food companies and convenience stores.Eating unhealthy foods can lead to overweight, which puts people at risk for all kinds of major health issues, including high blood p

27、ressure, heart disease, and some cancers.But some people, especially those who cannot afford a car, are stuck with eating what s readcase of food deserts, it s usually the type of food that can -lweaedigthot.oSvteurdies have shown that this is likely to be a problem in low -income areas. When money

28、is not enough, people tend to buy foods that last longer and remove food waste, which is a waste of their limited income.Lack of access is only one part of the problem, however. A study published in 2018 found that food inequality wasn t removed. The bigger issue was likely the lack of education and

29、 nutritional knowledge in these communities, which prevents people with lower incomes from understanding the benefits of healthy eating.While overweight is a significant issue in these communities, the cost of unhealthy eating isn study found that 71 billion dollars in healthcare costs due to chroni

30、c diseases could be saved through healthier eating. 8. What can we infer from the first two paragraphs?A. 6.2% of the Americans live in poor areas.B. Some parts of the USA lack fresh vegetables.C. Some people in America don t need fresh fruit.D. People in the food deserts buy fresh vegetables easily

31、.9. Why can fast-food companies sell large amounts of unhealthy food in the food deserts?A. These areas are rich in unhealthy food materials.B. Fast-food companies want to make a larger profit.C. Healthy food choices are unavailable in these areas.D. People in these areas prefer unhealthy food to he

32、althy food.10. What do studies say about people in low -income areas?A. They are less likely to have overweight problems.B. They are delighted to prepare food for themselves.C. They have to buy food that can be preserved longer.D. They are used to eating food donated by food companies.11. What stops

33、 people from understanding healthy eating benefits in the food deserts?A. Lack of government financial support.B. Lack of knowledge of disease prevention.C. Lack of social promotion of healthy eating.D. Lack of education and knowledge in nutrition.【答案】8. B 9. C 10. C 11. D【解析】【分析】這是一篇說明文。本文講述了我們也許很容

34、易得到新鮮水果和蔬菜，然而對于美國一些地區(qū)來說很困難，美國食物缺乏區(qū)因此選擇不健康食物，而導致有健康問題?！?8 題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中The U. S. has many areas that are considered as food deserts, which are defined as partsof the country short of fresh fruit, vegetables and other healthy food, usually found in poor areas. 可知美國有許多地區(qū)被認為是“食品沙漠”，即美國境內(nèi)缺少新鮮水果、蔬菜和其他健

35、康食品的地區(qū)，這些地區(qū)通常位于貧困地區(qū)。由此可推知，美國有些地方缺少新鮮蔬菜。故選B。【 9 題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中And, with the lack of healthy food choices, these areas typically have a large supply ofunhealthy foods sold at fast-food companies and convenience stores.可知由于缺乏健康食品的選擇，這些地區(qū)通 常有大量的不健康食品在快餐店和便利店出售。由此可知，快餐公司可以在食品沙漠中出售大量的不健康食品，是因為在這些地區(qū)沒有健康的

36、食物選擇。故選C?！?10 題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段中When money is not enough, people tend to buy foods that last longer and remove foodwaste, which is a waste of their limited income. 可知當錢不夠用的時候，人們傾向于購買保存更久的食物，消除食物浪費，這是對他們有限收入的浪費。由此可知，關于低收入地區(qū)的人們，研究表明他們必須買可以保存更久的食物。故選C?！?11 題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中The bigger issue was likely th

37、e lack of education and nutritional knowledge inthese communities, which prevents people with lower incomes from understanding the benefits of healthy eating. 可 知更大的問題可能是這些社區(qū)缺乏教育和營養(yǎng)知識，這使得收入較低的人無法理解健康飲食的好處。由此可知，缺乏營養(yǎng)方面的教育和知識使位于“食品沙漠”地區(qū)的人們無法理解健康飲食的益處。故選 D?！军c睛】隱含意義推理判斷題。這類題的題干中常含有：infer/suggest/imply/co

38、nclude/intend/purpose/be likelyto 等標志性詞語。解決這類問題時要理解文章潛在的含義和作者所給的提示。同時，要對文章的含義和作者的暗示作出合理的猜測和推斷。如第一小題，根據(jù)第一段中The U. S. has many areas that are considered asfood deserts, which are defined as parts of the country short of fresh fruit, vegetables and other healthy food, usually found in poor areas可知美國有許多

39、地區(qū)被認為是“食品沙漠”，即美國境內(nèi)缺少新鮮水果、蔬菜和其他健康食品的地區(qū)，這些地區(qū)通常位于貧困地區(qū)。由此可推知，美國有些地方缺少新鮮蔬菜。故選B。DRescuing victims from a burning building a chemical spill, or any disaster that is inaccessible to humanresponders could one day be a task for adaptable robots. Imagine, for instance, rescue-robots rising up on two legs can b

40、ound through rubble （ 碎石 ）, push aside a heavy obstacle, or break through a locked door.Engineers are improving the design of four -legged robots and their ability to run, jump and even do back leaps. But getting two -legged, human-like robots to use force or push against something without falling h

41、as been a lion in the way.Now engineers at MIT and the University of Illinois at Urbana -Champaign have developed a method to control balance in a two-legged, tele-operated robot-an essential step toward enabling a human-like to carry out high -impact tasks in challenging environments. The team s ro

42、bot, physically resembling a machined body and two legs, iscontrolled remotely by a human operator wearing a vest that sends information about the human sreaction forces to the robot. Through the vest, the human operator can direct and experience the robot the robot is starting to tip over, the huma

43、n feels the same pull on the vest and can adjust in a way to rebalance both himself and the robot.In experiments with the robot to test this new“ balance feedback ” approach, the researchers were aremotely maintain the robot' s balance as it jumped and walke嗣nfeywith its human operator.“ It s li

44、ke running with a heavy backp-aycoku can feel how the dynamics （力 ） of the backpack move around you, and you can make up properly, ” says Joao Ramos, who developed the approach as an MIT Postdoctor. want to open a heavy door, the human can command the robot to throw its body at the door and push it

45、open, without losing balance. ”12. What s the function of the first paragraph?A. Advertise a new robot.B. Show the appearance of the robot.C. Tell the principle of the two -legged robot.D. Introduce the purpose of the two -legged robot.13. What is the trouble with human -like robots?A. It s hard for

46、 them to do back leaps.B. It s hard for them to keep their balance.C. They can t push against anything hard.D. They often fall down when meeting the lions.14. What is special about the robot research at MIT?A. The tested robot s actions can be felt by the human operator.B. The robot is tested in cha

47、llenging environments.C. The data on the tested robot is sent by phones.D. The tested robot has a voice-control system.15. Which is the best title for the text?A. The Strength of Two -legged RobotB. The Development History of RobotC. A New Four -legged Rescuing RobotD. New Research on Two-legged Rob

48、ot【答案】12. D 13. B 14. A 15. D【解析】這是一篇說明文。文章說明了讓兩條腿的機器人在不摔倒的情況下推動物體一直是一大障礙，而麻省理工學院和伊利諾伊大學Champaign 分校的工程師們已經(jīng)開發(fā)出一種方法，可以在一個兩條腿的遠程操作機器人身上控制平衡這是讓一個類人機器人在具有挑戰(zhàn)性的環(huán)境中完成高強度任務的關鍵一步。文章說明了這一最新研究成果和進展?！?12 題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中Imagine, for instance, rescue-robots rising up on two legs can bound through rubble （碎石 ）, p

49、ush aside a heavy obstacle, or break through a locked door. 可知想象一下，例如，用兩條腿站立的救援機器人可以穿過碎石，推開沉重的障礙物，或者打破一扇鎖著的門。由此可推知，第一段的作用是為了介紹兩條腿機器人的用途。故選D。【 13 題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中But getting two -legged, human-like robots to use force or push against somethingwithout falling has been a lion in the way. 可知但是，讓兩條腿的類人機器

50、人在不摔倒的情況下使用力量或推動某物，一直是一大障礙。由此可知，類人機器人最大的問題在于難以保持平衡。故選B ?！?14 題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中Through the vest, the human operator can direct and experience the robot s movemenIf the robot is starting to tip over, the human feels the same pull on the vest and can adjust in a way to rebalance bothhimself and the robo

51、t.可知通過背心，人類操作員可以指導和感受機器人的動作。如果機器人開始翻倒，人也會感覺到背心上的拉力，可以通過某種方式調(diào)整自己和機器人之間的平衡。由此可知，麻省理工學院的機器人研究特別之處在于被測機器人的動作可以被人類操作員感知。故選A?！?15 題詳解】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第三段中 Now engineers at MIT and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign have developed a method to control balance in a two-legged, tele-operated robot-an esse

52、ntial step toward enabling a human-like to carry out high -impact tasks in challenging environments.可知，主要內(nèi)容文章說明了讓兩條腿的機 器人在不摔倒的情況下推動物體一直是一大障礙，而麻省理工學院和伊利諾伊大學Champaign分校的工程師們已經(jīng)開發(fā)出一種方法，可以在一個兩條腿的遠程操作機器人身上控制平衡一一這是讓一個類人機器人 在具有挑戰(zhàn)性的環(huán)境中完成高強度任務的關鍵一步。文章說明了這一最新研究成果和進展。故D選項“兩條腿的機器人最新研究進展”符合文章標題。故選 D。第二節(jié)（共5小題；每小題2

53、. 5分，滿分12. 5分）閱讀下面短文，從短文后的選項中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項。選項中有兩項為多余選項。Responsibility is an admirable character that makes life better for everyone around you. It isnyour homework or feeding the dog. 16 Showing responsibility isn' t always easy, but practicing and makingan effort will help you improve over time

54、.Think of the consequences before speaking or acting. Bad decisions often lead to a lot of new problems. Many times, you can avoid these problems by thinking about what you' re about to do before you go through with itIrresponsible people often make decisions without realizing how they are affec

55、ting others. 17Pause and reflect on your actions to see what you can do better. Take a time out to look back on what you have said or done, especially after a difficult decision. 18 Consider what goes right, what goes wrong, and what you can do differently next time. Use what you learn to become wis

56、er and more responsible.19. If you ' re honest, people will believe you are a responsible person. Try to be as honest as possible.Lying leads to deeper holes in the long run, so admit when you do something wrong. This can be very tough to do at times, but it ' s something you can handle when

57、 you' re a responsible person.Apologize for any mistake you make. No one is perfect, and no matter how responsible you try to be, you might mess up sometimes. 20 If you hurt someone, tell them you are sorry and will do better next time.A. Tell the truth to be honest with others.B. Instead of hiding your mistakes, own them.C. Find solutions for prob