高三英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)定語從句講義

1、定語從句（一）基本概念1.由一個(gè)句子作定語，修飾句中一個(gè)名詞或代詞，有時(shí)也可以修飾整個(gè)句子或句中的部分內(nèi)容，這樣的從句就是定語從句，被其修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞。2.關(guān)系詞分為兩大類，即關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞，其作用一是引出一個(gè)定語從句，二是代替其所修飾的先行詞，三是在句中充當(dāng)某個(gè)句子成分。關(guān)系詞的分類和基本用法表一分類指代引導(dǎo)詞關(guān)系代詞人who, whom, that, as事物which, that, as人或物（表所屬關(guān)系）whose關(guān)系副詞地點(diǎn)where時(shí)間when原因why表二 關(guān)系代詞指代例句解釋who人The man who helped you is Mr White.在定從中作主

2、語whomThat is the person(whom/who/that) you want to see.在定從中作賓語，可省略whoseHe is the father whose son studies very well in our class.在定從中作定語thatI´m not the fool that you thought me to be.在定從中作表語asHe is such a lazy man as nobody wants to work with.在定從中作賓語that事物The only thing that we can do is to giv

3、e you some advice.在定從中作賓語whichA dictionary is a useful book which tells us the meaning of words在定從中作主語whoseHe lives in a room whose window faces south在定從中作定語asIt is such a big stone as nobody can lift.在定從中作賓語整句內(nèi)容As is known to all, he is the best student.在定從中作主語表三 關(guān)系副詞指代例句解釋when時(shí)間Would you suggest a

4、 time when we can have a talk?在定從中作狀語where地點(diǎn)The house where they live is not very large.在定從中作狀語why原因This is the reason why he did not came to the meeting.在定從中作狀語（二）定語從句的注意點(diǎn)本部分的內(nèi)容比較復(fù)雜，為便于考生一目了然，我們試圖用表格的形式呈現(xiàn)給考生。1.that與which, who, whom的用法區(qū)別情 況用法說明例 句只用that的情況先行詞為all, everything, anything, nothing, litt

5、le, much,等不定代詞時(shí)先行詞被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修飾時(shí)先行詞有形容詞最高級(jí)和序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)先行詞既指人又指物時(shí)先行詞被the only, the very修飾時(shí)句中已經(jīng)有who或which時(shí)，為了避免重復(fù)時(shí)He told me everything that he knows.All the books that you offered has been given out.This is the best film that I have ever read.We talked about the pe

6、rsons and things that we remembered.He is the only man that I want to see.Who is the man that is making a speech?只用which, who, whom的情況在非限制性定語從句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人在由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。先行詞本身是that時(shí)，關(guān)系詞用which, 先行詞為those, one, he時(shí)多用who。He has a son, who has gone abroad for further

7、study.I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.Those who respect others are usually respected by others.只用that，in which或不用關(guān)系詞的情況the way做先行詞時(shí)Mary,there is one way that you could stop others talking about you and criticizing you.I was struck by the beauty of the way in which she stood.What sur

8、prised me was not what he said but _ he said it.A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way which2.as、which和that的區(qū)別從句區(qū) 別例 句限制性定語從句中名詞前有such和the same修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用as,不能用whichHe is not such a fool as he looks.Dont read such books as you cant understand. 非限制性定語從句中as和which都可以指代前面整個(gè)主句。如果有“正如，象”的含義，

9、并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引導(dǎo)的從句只能放主句后，并無“正如”的意思。They won the game, as we had expected.They won the game, which we hadnt expected.As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.the same. as和the same .thatthe same. as指同類事物the same .that 指原物Thats the same tool as I used last week.（同類工具，不是同一

10、把）Thats the same tool that I used last week.那就是我上周用過的工具。3. where、when與why引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系副詞用 法例 句where關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，只能在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，其修飾的名詞必須是表示(具體或抽象的)地點(diǎn)的名詞。Were just trying to teach a point_both sides will sit down together and talk.A. where B. that C. when D. whichwhen關(guān)系副詞 when引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí), 只能在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語，其修飾

11、的名詞必須是表示時(shí)間的名詞。There was _time _I hated to go to school.A. a; that B. a; when C. the; that D. the ; whenwhy關(guān)系副詞why引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，只能在定語從句中作原因狀語，其修飾的名詞必須是表示原因的名詞。Do you know the reason why she was put into prison ? 你知道她坐牢的原因嗎？4.“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語，且該介詞不是和從句的謂語動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成固定短語時(shí)，介詞可以提前，這樣就出現(xiàn)“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”。先行詞指物，用“介詞+

12、which/whose”,指人則用“介詞+whom/whose”, 且兩個(gè)關(guān)系代詞均不能省略。介詞的選擇要遵循兩個(gè)原則：原則內(nèi) 容例 句原則一根據(jù)定語從句中謂語動(dòng)詞與先行詞的搭配內(nèi)容而定I saw a woman running toward me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was，she had run back in the direction_she had come.A.of which B.by which C.in which D.from which解析此題考查由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句，根據(jù)句意用from

13、 which表示“所來的那個(gè)方向”，故答案選D原則二根據(jù)先行詞而定There are two buildings , _ stands nearly a hundred feet high.A. the larger B. the larger of them C. the larger one that D. the larger of which解析 the larger of which指代the larger of the two buildings ，which 在定語從句中指代 building，作介詞of的賓語，故答案為D。5.定語從句與先行詞被分割開來的現(xiàn)象定語從句一般緊接被它

14、所修飾的先行詞；但有時(shí)候它和先行詞之間有可能插入其他成分，使它與先行詞分隔開來，這種定語從句叫作被分隔的定語從句，在閱讀文章時(shí)會(huì)經(jīng)常遇到這種情況，在閱讀是要注意識(shí)別先行詞的修飾對(duì)象?，F(xiàn) 象例 句在定語從句加中插入語，常見的有：I think ,I suppose ,I guess ,I imagine等。辨別的方法是：去掉插入語后，原句句法結(jié)構(gòu)仍然完整。-Is that the small town you often refer to? - Right, just the one _ you know I used to work for years. A.that B. which C.w

15、here D.what解析 work是不及物動(dòng)詞，先行詞one在定語從句中只能作地點(diǎn)狀語，You know 在句中作插入語，所以答案選C 。He made another wonderful discovery ,_of importance to science .A.which I think is B. which I think it is C. which I think it D. I think is解析這里I think 是插入語，which 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，故選A。在先行詞與定語從句之間插入一個(gè)狀語There are many thousands of stars in

16、 the sky that are like the sun.在太空中有成千上萬的象太陽般的星星。乍一看，that引導(dǎo)的定語從句在名詞sky的后面，似乎應(yīng)該是修飾sky的。但仔細(xì)一想，” 不對(duì)啊， 天空怎么能象太陽呢？“，原來that引導(dǎo)的定語從句被in the sky這個(gè)地點(diǎn) 狀語分隔開來，修飾中心詞stars。在先行詞與定語從句之間插入一個(gè)定語Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamondnecklace?你還記得嗎，十年前的一天下午，我來到你家，找你借

17、了一條鉆石項(xiàng)鏈？when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace實(shí)際上是修飾afternoon而不是修飾 years。ten years ago 實(shí)際上是定語后置修飾afternoon。先行詞與定語從句被謂語分隔開來。此時(shí)，先行詞通常是句子的主語，因定語從句較長，主句謂語較短，為使句子平衡，常將定語從句移至謂語之后A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.6.定語從句與其它從句（句型）的區(qū)別類 別區(qū) 別例 句定語從句與并列句定語從句與并列句的主要區(qū)別在于：

18、并列句有像and，but，so等并列連詞或兩個(gè)句子用分號(hào)連接，這時(shí)就不能再用引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞了。Mr Li has three daughters，none of _ is an engineer Mr Li has three daughters，but none of _ is a dancer從結(jié)構(gòu)上看，小題是定語從句，故填whom；小題有并列連詞but，是并列句，故填代詞 them。定語從句與狀語從句定語從句的前面有名詞作先行詞，而狀語從句沒有先行詞。This is the place where we used to live a few years ago. 這是幾年前我們居住

19、的地方。（定語從句，先行詞為the place）Lets go where we can find a better job. 我們到能找到更好的工作的地方去吧。（地點(diǎn)狀語從句）定語從句修飾、限制、說明名詞，只能放在先行詞的后面，而狀語從句說明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的情況，并且可以放在主句的前面。Do you know the time when the class is over? 你知道下課的時(shí)間嗎？（定語從句）It was already five oclock when the class was over.=When the class was over, it was already five

20、oclock. 當(dāng)下課時(shí)己經(jīng)是5點(diǎn)了。（時(shí)間狀語從句）When, where和why在引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)可以用“介詞which”的結(jié)構(gòu)來替換，在引導(dǎo)狀語從句時(shí)卻不行。This is the factory in which (where) his father once worked. 這就是他的父親曾經(jīng)工作過的那個(gè)工廠。（定語從句）Put back the book where it was. 把書放回原處。（狀語從句）定語從句中的關(guān)系詞在從句中充當(dāng)某種句子成分，因此去掉它則從句成分不完整；而結(jié)果狀語從句中的連接詞在從句中不作任何成分，去掉后從句的成分仍然完整。It is such an int

21、eresting book as we all like. 它是我們大家都喜歡的如此有趣的書。（as用作動(dòng)詞like的賓語，它引導(dǎo)的是定語從句）It is such an interesting book that we all like it. 它是一本如此有趣的書，我們大家都喜歡它。（that不充當(dāng)句子成分，故它引導(dǎo)的是結(jié)果狀語從句）定語從句與同位語從句定語從句在復(fù)合句中相當(dāng)于形容詞，對(duì)先行詞起修飾、描述或限制的作用，與先行詞之間有從屬關(guān)系。同位語的作用相當(dāng)于名詞，對(duì)前面的名詞給予補(bǔ)充說明或進(jìn)一步解釋，是前面名詞的具體內(nèi)容,與先行詞之間是同位關(guān)系。The news that she had

22、 passed the exam made her parents very happy. 她考試及格的消息使她父母親很高興。（同位語從句）此句中的同位語從句 The news that she had passed the exam 可以改寫成表語從句：The news is that he passed the exam. The news that he told us interested all of us.他告訴我們的消息使大家都感興趣。（定語從句）The news that he told us 是定語從句，此句不能改寫為：The news is that he told us.定語從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)句強(qiáng)調(diào)句的結(jié)構(gòu)為“It iswas被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分that從句”。被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分可以是除謂語以外的任何成分，當(dāng)被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是人時(shí)，還可用who代替that。這一句型中，一定不能因?yàn)?/p>