2014年全國(guó)職稱英語等級(jí)考試?yán)砉ゎ愋略鑫恼?匯總)

1、第八篇 What Is a Dream?For centuries, people have wondered about thestrange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that thisnighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others，however， think that dreams are an importantpart of our lives. In fact, many experts believe that dreams

2、 can tell us abouta persons mind and emotions.Before modern times, many people thought thatdreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century thatpeople started to study dreams in a scientific way.The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud1，was probably the first person tostudy d

3、reams scientifically. In his famous book, The interpretation of Dreams (1900), Freud wrote that dreams are anexpression of a persons wishes. He believed that dreams allow people toexpress the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express inreal life.The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung2

4、wasonce a student of Freuds. Jung，however，had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose ofa dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people couldlearn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. For example, peoplewho dream about falling may learn t

5、hat they have too high an opinion ofthemselves. On the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learnthat they think too little of themselves.Modern-day psychologists continue to developtheories about dreams. For example, psychologist William Domhoff from theUniversity of California, Sant

6、a Cruz，believes that dreams are tightly linked to a persons daily life,thoughts, and behavior. A criminal, for example, might dream about crime.Domhoff believes that there is a connectionbetween dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as muchas adults. According to Domhoff, dre

7、aming is a mental skill that needs time todevelop.He has also found a link between dreams andgender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. Forexample, the people in mens dreams are often other men, and the dreams ofteninvolve fighting. This is not true of womens dreams.3 D

8、omhoff found thisgender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world,including both modern and traditional ones.Can dreams help us understand ourselves?Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways.However, one thing they agree on this: If you dream

9、that something terrible isgoing to occur, you shouldnt panic. The dream may have meaning, but it doesnot mean that some terrible event will actually take place. Its important toremember that the world of dreams is not the real world.詞匯：psychologist/ sakldst / n心理學(xué)家psychiatrist/sai kaitrst/ n精神病學(xué)家(醫(yī)生

10、)Austrian/ strn / adj奧地利的gender/ dend / n性別注釋：1Sigmund Freud西格蒙德弗洛伊德（18561939)，猶太人，奧地利精神病醫(yī)生及精神分析學(xué)家。精神分析學(xué)派的創(chuàng)始人。他認(rèn)為被壓抑的欲望絕大部分是屬于性的，性的擾亂是精神病的根本原因。著有性學(xué)三論夢(mèng)的釋義圖騰與禁忌日常生活的心理病理學(xué)精神分析引論精神分析引論新編等。2Carl Jung：卡爾榮格，瑞士著名精神分析專家，分析心理學(xué)的創(chuàng)始人。3For example, the people in mensdreams are often other men, and the dreams ofte

11、n involve fighting. This is nottrue of womens dreams.例如，男人做夢(mèng)會(huì)夢(mèng)到男人，并且常與打斗有關(guān)；女人做夢(mèng)與男人則不同。練習(xí)：1Not everyone agrees that dreams are meaningful.ARight BWrong CNot mentioned2According to Freud, people dream about things that they cannot talkabout.ARight BWrong CNot mentioned3Jung believed that dreams did no

12、t help one to understand oneself.ARight BWrong CNot mentioned4In the past, people believed that dreams involved emotions.ARight BWrong CNot mentioned5According to Domhoff, babies do not have the same ability to dreamas adults do.ARight BWrong CNot mentioned6Men and women dream about different things

13、.ARight BWrong CNot mentioned7Scientists agree that dreams predict the future.ARight BWrong CNot mentioned答案與題解1A這句話恰好表達(dá)了本文第一段的意思。即有些心理學(xué)家認(rèn)為，人腦睡眠中的活動(dòng)沒有特別意義；而有些人則認(rèn)為，夢(mèng)可以揭示人的思維和情感。2A第三段的最后一句講的是弗洛伊德認(rèn)為夢(mèng)反映了人們?cè)诂F(xiàn)實(shí)情況下害怕表達(dá)的情感、想法或恐懼。此句與本敘述一致。3B第四段的第二句和第三句：Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communi

14、cate amessage to the dreamer.（榮格認(rèn)為夢(mèng)的用途是向做夢(mèng)者傳遞一個(gè)信息）He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinkingabout their dreams.（他認(rèn)為人們通過思考所做的夢(mèng)能夠更好地了解自己）。他給出了兩個(gè)例子來說明他的論點(diǎn)。4C文中沒有提及。5A依據(jù)第六段，Domhoff研究得出：嬰兒不像成人做那么多的夢(mèng)，做夢(mèng)是一種需要時(shí)間提高的技能。這就說明了嬰兒不具備成人做夢(mèng)的能力。6A本文第七段講述了做夢(mèng)與性別的關(guān)系。第二句更指出男人和女人做的夢(mèng)是不同的。7B最后一段的倒數(shù)第二句講的

15、是：夢(mèng)可能會(huì)有意義，但并不表示一些恐怖事情就一定會(huì)發(fā)生。因而不能預(yù)測(cè)未來。第十篇 How Deafness MakesIt Easier to HearMost people think of Beethovens hearing loss asan obstacle to composing music. However, he produced his most powerful works inthe last decade of his life when he was completely deaf.This is one of the most glorious cases of

16、thetriumph of will over adversity1, but his biographer, MaynardSolomon, takes a different view. _1_. In his deaf world Beethoven couldexperiment, free from the sounds of the outside world, free to create new formsand harmonies.Hearing loss does not seem to affect the musicalability of musicians who

17、become deaf. They continue to “hear” music with asmuch, or greater, accuracy than if they were actually hearing it being played._2_. He described a fascinating phenomenonthat happened within three months: “my former musical experiences began to playback to me. I couldnt differentiate between what I

18、heard and real hearing.2After many years, it is still rewarding to listen to these play backs, to hear music which is new to me and to find many quiet accompaniments for all ofmy moods. ”How is it that the world we see，touch，hear，and smell isboth “out there” and at the same time withinus? There is n

19、o better example of this connection between external stimulus andinternal perception than the cochlear implant3. _3_. However,it might be possible to use the brains remarkable power to make sense of theelectrical signals the implant produces.When Michael Edgar first “switched on” hiscochlear implant

20、, the sounds he heard were not at all clear. Gradually, withmuch hard work, he began to identify everyday sounds. For example, “The insistentringing of the telephone became clear almost at once.”The primary purpose of the implant is to allowcommunication with others. When people spoke to Eagar, he h

21、eard their voices “comingthrough like a long-distance telephone call on a poor connection.” But when itcame to his beloved music, the implant was of no help.4 _4_.He said, “I play the piano as I used to and hear it in my head at the sametime. The movement of my fingers and the feel of the keys give

22、added clarityto hearing in my head.5”Cochlear implants allow the deaf to hear again ina way that is not perfect，but which can change their lives. _5_. Even the most amazingcochlear implants would have been useless to Beethoven as he composed his NinthSymphony at the end of his life.詞匯：obstacle/ bstk

23、()l /n障礙biographer/ bairf / n傳記作者insistent/ nsst()nt / adj連續(xù)的adversity/ ædv :st / n逆境；不幸fascinate/ fæsnet / vt 使著迷，使神魂顛倒accompaniment/ kmp()nim()nt / n 伴奏注釋：1the triumph of will over adversity：the successful overcoming ofdifficulty through determination用意志力成功戰(zhàn)勝不幸2I couldnt differentiate

24、betweenwhat I heard and real hearing.我不能分辨我聽到的和真實(shí)的聲音有什么不同。3cochlear implant：a device, surgically placed in theear, that changes sounds into electric signals人工耳蝸；耳蝸植入4But when it came to his belovedmusic, the implant was of no help.但是，如果碰到鐘愛的音樂，人工耳蝸沒有任何幫助。（我不用人工耳蝸就能聽出來）5The movement of my fingers and

25、 thefeel of the keys give added “clarity” to hearing in my head.由于我手指在鋼琴上的飛動(dòng)，我能感覺到琴鍵，因而使我聽到的東西在腦海里更加清晰。練習(xí)：ANo man-made device could replace the ability to hear.BWhen he wanted to appreciate music, Eagar played the piano.CStill, as Michael Eagar discovered, when it comes to musicalharmonies, hearing

26、is irrelevant.DMichael Eagar, who died in 2003,became deaf at the age of 21.EBeethoven produced his most wonderful works after he became deaf.FSolomon argues that Beethovens deafness “heightened” hisachievement as a composer.答案與題解：1F本段的開頭講：貝多芬的例子是一個(gè)意志力戰(zhàn)勝耳聾的極好的例子。但是，他的傳記作家Maynard Solomon卻持不同的意見。貝多芬的耳

27、聾不是一種災(zāi)難；相反，對(duì)他成為作曲家起到了促進(jìn)作用。后一句解釋了耳聾如何使貝多芬更好地創(chuàng)作。2D該句是本段的開頭，根據(jù)后一句：他描述了在三個(gè)月之內(nèi)發(fā)生的奇妙的現(xiàn)象：我先前的音樂經(jīng)歷開始在我的腦海里回放。再有后一句的what I heard and real hearing可以判定D是恰當(dāng)?shù)摹?A依據(jù)前一句：只有人工耳蝸才能使外部刺激和內(nèi)心感知聯(lián)系起來（耳聾的人通過人工耳蝸聽到外部的聲音）。人工耳蝸就是一種man-made device，后一句也是在講人工耳蝸的功能。所以A是對(duì)的。4B依據(jù)后一句的play the piano呼應(yīng)When he wanted to appreciate music

28、, Eagar played the piano，可以斷定答案為B。 5C前一句講人工耳蝸的作用：它能使耳聾的人聽到聲音，盡管不完美，但改變了他們的生活；Still表示轉(zhuǎn)折，該句承上啟下，雖然人工耳蝸能幫助耳聾的人，但談到音樂的韻律時(shí)，聽力是不相關(guān)的（聽力不起作用）。所以后一句講貝多芬在他生命的最后時(shí)刻創(chuàng)作第九交響樂時(shí)，無論多么完美的人工耳蝸對(duì)他來說都沒有用。第十一篇 Bill Gates: Unleashing YourCreativityIve always been an optimist and I suppose it isrooted in1 my belief that the

29、power of creativity and intelligencecan make the world a better place.For as long as I can remember, Ive loved learningnew things and solving problems. So when I sat down at a computer for the firsttime in seventh grade, I was hooked. It was a clunky old teletype machine andit could barely do anythi

30、ng compared to the computers we have today.2But it changed my life.When my friend Paul Allen and I started Microsoft30 years ago，we had avision of “a computer on every desk and in every home”, which probably soundeda little too optimistic at a time when most computers were the size ofrefrigerators.

31、But we believed that personal computers would change the world.And they have.And after 30 years, Im still as inspired bycomputers as I was back in seventh grade.I believe that computers are the most incredibletool we can use to feed our curiosity and inventiveness to help us solve problemsthat even

32、the smartest people couldnt solve on their own.Computers have transformed how we learn，giving kids everywhere a windowinto all of the worlds knowledge. Theyre helping us build communities aroundthe things we care about and to stay close to the people who are important tous, no matter where they are.

33、3Like my friend Warren Buffett, I feel particularlylucky to do something every day that I love to do. He calls it “tap-dancing towork”4. My job at Microsoft is as challenging as ever, but whatmakes me “tap-dancing to work” is when we show people something new, like acomputer that can recognize your

34、handwriting or your speech, or one that canstore a lifetimes worth of photos, and they say, “I didnt know you could dothat with a PC5! ”But for all the cool things that a person can dowith a PC，there arelots of other ways we can put our creativity and intelligence to work toimprove our world6. There

35、 are still far too many people in the worldwhose most basic needs go unmet7. Every year, for example, millionsof people die from diseases that are easy to prevent or treat in the developedworld.I believe that my own good fortune brings with ita responsibility to give back to the world. My wife, Meli

36、nda, and I havecommitted to8 improving health and education in a way that can helpas many people as possible.As a father, I believe that the death of a childin Africa is no less poignant or tragic than9 the death of a childanywhere else, and that it doesnt take much to make an immense difference int

37、hese childrens lives10.Im still very much an optimist, and I believethat progress on even the worlds toughest problems is possible and itshappening every day. Were seeing new drugs for deadly diseases, new diagnostictools，and newattention paid to the health problems in the developing world.Im excite

38、d by the possibilities I see formedicine, for education and, of course, for technology. And I believe thatthrough our natural inventiveness, creativity and willingness to solve toughproblems, were going to make some amazing achievements in all these areas inmy lifetime.詞匯：unleash/ nli: / vt解開；放縱；使自由

39、inspire/ nspa(r) / vt鼓舞optimist/Dptmst/ n樂觀主義者incredible/ nkredbl/ adj難以置信的clunky(clonky) /klnk/ adj發(fā)出沉悶金屬聲的curiosity/kjurDst/ n好奇心inventivenessn.發(fā)明創(chuàng)造的能力teletype/teltap/ (teletype-writer) n.電傳打字機(jī)poignant/ pnjnt / adj令人悲痛的，可憐的tragic/traed3k/ adj悲劇的，悲慘的vision/v3n/ n想象；幻想；美景immense/Imens/ adj巨大的注釋：1be

40、rooted in：扎根于；深深地存在于2It was a clunky oldteletype machine and it could barely do anything compared to the computers wehave today.那是一臺(tái)笨重的舊式電傳打字機(jī)，跟我們今天的電腦相比幾乎干不了什么事。本句中，barely意為almost not；compare to在美國(guó)英語中也可以等同于compare with（與相比）。3Theyre helping us buildcommunities around the things we care about and to

41、stay close to the people whoare important to us, no matter where they are.電腦幫助我們就我們所關(guān)心的事情建立一個(gè)交流的場(chǎng)所，并且與那些我們認(rèn)為對(duì)我們有重要意義的人密切相處，不管他們身在何處。care about指不管喜歡或不喜歡的事情都很關(guān)心、介意、在乎、計(jì)較。4“tap-dancing to work”：“跳著踢踏舞工作”。tap原意是“叩擊、輕敲”；tap dance是“踢踏舞”。這里實(shí)際意思是“（手指）輕輕敲擊鍵盤的工作”。5PC (personal computer)：個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)6But for all the

42、cool things that aperson can do with a PC, there are lots of other ways we can put our creativityand intelligence to work to improve our world.除了我們能用計(jì)算機(jī)做的所有神奇的事情，還有很多其他方式發(fā)揮我們的創(chuàng)造力和智慧，從而使世界更加美好。7go unmet：得不到滿足。在這里go是系動(dòng)詞，unmet是過去分詞作表語。8commit to此處意為承諾，保證做某事。9no less. than：和 一樣，不亞于10. and that itdoesnt

43、take much to make an immense difference in these childrens lives.而且要改善這些孩子們的命運(yùn)，其實(shí)不難。此處it是形式主語，真正的主語是不定式短語to make an immensedifference in these childrens lives。練習(xí)：1A computer was as big as an icebox when Bill Gates was a high schoolstudent.ARight BWrong CNot mentioned2Bill Gates has been dreaming of

44、the popularity of computers for hislifetime.ARight BWrong CNot mentioned3Bill Gates compares his hard work on a PC to “tap-dancing to work”.ARight BWrong CNot mentioned4To Bill Gates mind, there is a big difference between the death ofthe poors children and the death of the richs children.ARight BWr

45、ong CNot mentioned5So far Bill Gates has contributed several dozen billion dollars tothe charities.ARight BWrong CNot mentioned6Bill Gates and his wife consider it their duty to help the poorbetter their health and education as much as possible.ARight BWrong CNot mentioned7Bill Gates will leave only

46、 a small portion of his wealth for hischildren.ARight BWrong CNot mentioned答案與題解：1A文章第三段中比爾蓋茨說，當(dāng)他念七年級(jí)時(shí)，電腦就是冰箱那么大小。2A文章第三段比爾蓋茨說，他30年前與Paul Allen一起創(chuàng)辦微軟公司時(shí)就夢(mèng)想一桌一機(jī)、一戶一機(jī)，而且從其他各段也可以看到他對(duì)電腦有很多的期待。3B從第七段第二句可以看到作這樣比較的是他的朋友Warren Buffett，而不是他自己。4B在倒數(shù)第三段，比爾蓋茨已經(jīng)明確說，所有這些兒童的死亡都一樣令人傷心和悲痛，沒有什么區(qū)別。5C文章沒有提到他給慈善機(jī)構(gòu)捐款的事。6

47、A倒數(shù)第四段比爾蓋茨認(rèn)為他一生好運(yùn)，就理應(yīng)回報(bào)社會(huì)，所以他和他的妻子做出了承諾，要幫助盡可能多的人改善醫(yī)療和教育條件。 7C文章沒有提到。第十四篇 StageFright1Fall down as you come onstage. Thats an oddtrick. Not recommended. But it saved the pianist Vladimir Feltsman when he wasa teenager back in Moscow. The veteran cellist Mstislav Rostropovich trippedhim purposely to

48、cure him of pre-performance panic,2 Mr. Feltsmansaid, “ All my fright was gone. I already fell. What else could happen?”Today, music schools are addressing the problem ofanxiety in classes that deal with performance techniques and careerpreparation. There are a variety of strategies that musicians c

49、an learn tofight stage fright and its symptoms: icy fingers, shaky limbs, racing heart,blank mind.3Teachers and psychologists offer wide-rangingadvice, from basics like learning pieces inside out,4 to mentaldiscipline, such as visualizing a performance and taking steps to relax. Dontdeny that youre

50、jittery，they urge; some excitement is natural, even necessary for dynamicplaying. And play in public often, simply for the experience.Psychotherapist Diane Nichols suggests somestrategies for the moments before performance, “Take two deep abdominalbreaths, open up your shoulders, then smile, she says. “And not one of theseplease dont kill me smiles. Then choose