學(xué)生用-2018屆高中英語閱讀理解專題之-猜測詞義

1、2018屆高中英語閱讀理解專題之猜測詞義【命題特點(diǎn)】考查根據(jù)上下文推測生詞和短語的能力，突出考查對語境的分析和把握的能力?！境Ｒ娍挤ā?. The underlined word"" probably means.2. The word "" used in paragraph "" refers to/suggests.3. The phrase ""in the sentence can be replaced by.4. Which of the follo wing is the closest in me

2、aning to the word""？5. What is the meaning of the underlined word in paragraph""？6. By saying "” ,we mean.7. What do you think of the expression"" stands for?8. The meaning of word "" in the passage is relat_d to一.通過定義或解釋推測語義有些概念性生詞出現(xiàn)后，作者會給出它的定義、同位語、修飾性從句

3、或是定語。這些修飾成分可以幫助我們推斷出生詞的語義11)定義句的謂語動詞在文中多為：be, mean, deal with, be considered to be, refer to, be called,be known as, define, represent, signify, constitute (指。) 等。(2) 解釋貝U常用 as you know, to be called, to mean, to refer to, that is (to say) , in other words, namely等詞語以及同位語和定語從句來提示下文將前面的信息加以重復(fù)或解釋。(3)有

4、時作者會用復(fù)述的形式來解釋語義，而復(fù)述部分可以是詞、短語或從句。(4)還有下一些標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號，如冒號、破折號、括號等都表示后文要繼續(xù)解釋說明前文。eg. 1. The powerful poison was imperceptible when mixed in liquid, that is, it could not be tasted,seen, or smelled. ()2. The Greek marriage was monogamous-men and women were allowed only one spouse(配偶) at a time. ()Exercises:1.

5、Pantomime refers to a short play in which no words are spoken.2. Anthropology is the scientific study of man.3. We will meet you in the foyer, the entrance hall of the theatre.4. He began to shave his whiskers, which had grown thick on both cheeks.5. Some computer scientists are developing artificia

6、l-intelligence machines that they say willthink like people.Test 1 There is no cure for Alzheimer' s. But a drug called ARICEPT has been used by millions ofpeople to help their symptoms.61. What is ARICEPT ?()A. A medicine to cure Alzheimer ' sB. A medicine to delay signs of aging.C. A medic

7、ine to reduce the symptoms of Alzheimer' s.D. A medicine to cure brain damage.Test 2 Here is The Pines, whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such ascaribou, wild boar and reindeer with surprising sauces.(1) According to the passage, The Pines is a.()A. place in which you

8、 can see many mobile homesB. mountain where you can get a good view of the valleyC. town which happens to be near the Banff National ParkD. restaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of food二.利用例證猜測語義某些閱讀文章為了證實(shí)或說明某一觀點(diǎn)，常會舉一些例子，而且時時會用一些標(biāo)志性語言或標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號來引出，如：括號、破折號、冒號等或諸如 for example, for instance,

9、such as, andso on, just as, like, similarity 等連接詞或詞組。eg. 1. You may borrow from the library any periodicals: Nature, News Week, Times and The listener.2. Some artists plan their paintings around geometric forms like squares, circles and triangles.Exercises:1. Finally the enemy surrendered. They thre

10、w down their weapons and walked out of the home with their hands over their heads.2. Apply an antiseptic, such as alcohol, on the skin.3. In the corner there may be a Christmas tree with its branches decorated with shining ornaments such as colored lights and glass balls, and sometimes hung with gif

11、ts.Test The largest player - Shanghai Bashi Tourism Car Rental offers a wide variety of choices-deluxe sedans, minivans , station wagons, coaches, Santana sedans are the big favorite.56 The words “deluxe sedans", " minivans" and astation wagons" used in the text refers to.()A. ca

12、rs in the making B. car rental firms C. cars for rent D. car makers三.利用反義關(guān)系或同義關(guān)系推測語義(1)利用反義關(guān)系推測語義有些生詞的后面往往會出現(xiàn)一個或幾個反義詞，或者表轉(zhuǎn)折意義的連詞，詞組等，抓住這些可以幫助我們推斷生詞語義。標(biāo)志詞有although, but, however, whereas (反之),nevertheless(然而，不過),on the contrary, in contrast, on the one hand, on the other hand, for one thing, for anot

13、her, instead (of) , rather than 等。(2)利用同義關(guān)系推測語義通常情況下，英語忌諱實(shí)詞重復(fù)。避免重復(fù)的方法之一是利用同義詞或近義詞代替。同義詞替換的修飾方法可以為我們推測詞義提供明顯的語境線索。標(biāo)志詞有：or, like, similarly等。eg.1. 104 studies, involving 15,000 people is proving that optimism can help you to be happier, healthier and more successful. Pessimism leads, by contrast, to h

14、opelessness, sickness and failure, and is linked to depression, loneliness and painful shyness.2. Mr. Smith loves to talk, and his wife is similarly loquacious. Exercises:1. Though Tom ' s face has been washed quite clean, his neck remgnsbby.2. Unlike the Un ited States, where many different nat

15、ionalities make up the population, Japanpopulation is quite homogeneous.3. Written language tends to be static, while spoken language constantly changes.4. He replied quickly. But after he considered the problem more carefully, he regretted having made such a hasty decision.5. Although people in man

16、y countries consider raw meat a delicacy , we Chinese people seldom eat any meat that is uncooked.Test 1 The gunners like to describe what they do as character-building, but we knew that to wound an animal and watch it go through the agony of dying can make nobody happy.(1) The underlined word “ ago

17、ny"in the last paragraph probably means ()A. formB. conditionC. pain D. sadnessTest 2 The hot-air balloon took off. It was buoyant in the air as a cork(軟木塞)in water.(2) The word“buoyant" in this sentence most probably means.()A. able to be usedB. able to move from one place to anotherC. ab

18、le to float or rise to the surfaceD. able to carry anything四.用語境猜測語義(1)利用“小”上下文推測詞義，即利用生詞附近的內(nèi)容推斷生詞詞義。如：I am a resoluteman. Once I set up a goal, I won ' t give up easily. ()(2)利用“大”上下文推測詞義，即利用距離生詞較遠(yuǎn)的內(nèi)容，如整個段落、篇章等來推 斷。eg. Zip was stopped during the war and only after the war did it become popular.

19、 What a difference it has made to our lives! It keeps people at home much more. It has made the remote parts of the world more real to us. Photographs show a country, but only zip makes feel that a foreign country is real. Also we can see scenes in the street. Big occasions are zipped, such as the c

20、oronation (力口冕典禮)in 1953 and the opening of Parliament. Perhaps the sufferers from zip arethe notable people, who, as they step out of an airplane, have to face the battery of zip camerasand know that every movement, every gesture will be seen by a“ zip personality ” . Perhaps wsympathize when Membe

21、rs of Parliament say that they do not want debates to be zippedZip means () A. cinema. B. photography. C. television. D. telephone.Exercises:1. When I got to the theatre, I was relieved to see that nobody was waiting inline. I was the first to get there and sure that I could get the ticket without a

22、ny problem.The underlined wor d “ relieved " in the passage may best be replace by.A. surprised B. pleased C. produced D. sold2. Apple trees may not grow as tall as twelve meters. They do best in areas that have very cold winters. Although no fruit is yieldedduring the winter, this cold period

23、is good for the tree.The underlined word “ yielded " in the last sentence means.A. improved B. increased C. produced D. soldTest These days a green building means more than just the color of the paint. Green building can also refer to environmentally friendly houses, factories, and offices. Gre

24、en building means, “reducingthe impact of the building on the land " Taryn Holowka of the U.S. Green buildingcouncil in Washington, D.C. said.61. In the second paragraph, the underlined phrase “the building " most probably refers to.A. an ordinary buildingB. an energy-saving buildingC. a g

25、reen-colored buildingD. a building in Washington, D.C.五.利用構(gòu)詞法猜測語義掌握前后綴規(guī)律，如un-, im-, in-, dis-, il-等前綴與-less等后綴可構(gòu)成反義詞；后綴 -ful,-ly, -ism, -ness等可改換詞性。而合成詞要在正確理解兩詞的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合上下文把握兩詞 之間的關(guān)系，猜測詞義；而對詞義的轉(zhuǎn)化，也要求結(jié)合上下文來猜測。eg. 1. Car rentals are becoming more and more popular as an inexpensive way of taking to the r

26、oad ()2. “ Even when a man is said to be a best friend," Rubin writes “the two share little about 1innermost feelings 3. Impressionism () is a form of art which began in the 1870s. When you lookclosely at an impressionist () painting, you see little dots of different colored paints.When you mov

27、e away from the picture, the dots of colors blends and the painting look like it has light playing on the people and objects in the picture.Test Without examinations, employers will look for employees from the highly respected schools and from families known to them? A form of favoritism will replac

28、e equality.(3) The word afavoritism " in paragraph 3 is used to describe the phenomenon that.A. bright children also need certification to get satisfying jobsB. children from well-respected schools tend to have good jobsC. poor children with certification are favored in job marketsD. children a

29、ttending ordinary schools achieve great success.六.因果關(guān)系猜測詞義常見的因果信號詞有：as a result, for, thus, because, for this reason, so, since, consequently,so that, so/suchi- - that 等。eg. She wanted the hairdresser (發(fā)型W) to trim her hair a bit because it was to long.()Exercises:1. The river is so turbid that it i

30、s impossible to see the bottom even when it is shallow.2. He didn ' t hear my knocking at the door because he was completejygrossed in TV.3. It rained, so the football match was postponed.4. The young man was so bashful that he didn ' t speak to the pretty girl.七.利用文化背景、生活常識猜測詞義運(yùn)用邏輯推理能力，結(jié)合社會

31、文化背景和自身的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)及生活常識，再根據(jù)上下文推測。eg. 1. Birds fly with their wings, and they pick up their foods and then eat them with their beaks and they use their claws () for tearincg (), seizing () , pulling or holding objects.2. Most of the roses are beginning to wither () because of the cold weather.Exercises:I.T

32、he driver tried to avert the accident by bringing the car to a sudden stop. _2. If a man feels very cold, he always huddles himself up.3. What could John expect? He had left his wet swimming trunks (游泳褲)in the dark closet(柜子) for over a week. Of course they had begun to mildew.4. A fish breathes in

33、water with gills.Test 1 Mark got on the motorbike, I sat behind him on the pillion, and we roared off into the night.(1) The word “ pillion " in this sentence probably means.A. an object used for sleepingB. a bay on which on can restC. a seat for second person on a motorcycleD. a place for sitt

34、ingTest 2 One of Britain ' s bravest woman told yesterday how she helped to catch suspected (嫌 疑的) police Killer David Bieber and was thanked with flowers by the police. It was also said she could be in line for a share of up to £ 30,000 reward money.(2) The underlined phrase “be in line fo

35、r" in paragraph 1 means.A. get B. be paid C. ask for D. own八.熟詞生義猜測熟詞的陌生意義通常有三種情況：(1)該熟詞在新的具體語境中有了和原來考生所熟悉的意義不同的意思； 如：fire vt.解雇 fine vt.罰款 fall n.秋天 stand vt.忍受(2)考查一些代詞的指代現(xiàn)象；(3)新詞在新的語境中變換了詞性。eg. 1.The major market force results in (在于)the growing population of white-collar(衣領(lǐng))employees, who c

36、an afford the new service. ()2. When men and women lived by hunting 50,000 years ago, how could they even begin to picture modern life? ()3. Many people work to keep animals from being killed. Some people help animals as part of their job, others do it just because they like animals.In this paragrap

37、h, the word“their " refers to.A. some people B. some animals C. many people D. many animals思考：延伸到完形填空Things were very bad that particular winter. Then a letter came from where her sewing machine was brought, announcing that they would have to pick up her machine the next day unless payments wer

38、e brought up to date. I remember that when she read the letter I became frightened. I could _41_ us starving (饑餓) to death and all sorts of things that could come to child ' s mind.41. A. suppose B. picture C. stand D. regret ()九.實(shí)戰(zhàn)訓(xùn)練1、 As you move around your home, take a good look at the thing

39、s you have. It is likely that your living room will have a television set and a video, and your kitchen a washing machine and a microwave oven. Your bedroom drawers will be filled with almost three times as many clothes as you need. You almost certainly own a car and possibly a home computer, holida

40、y abroad at least once a year and eat out at least once a week.Now, perhaps, more than ever before, people are wondering what life is all about, and what it is for. Seeking material success is beginning to trouble large numbers of people around the world. They feel that the long-hours work culture t

41、o make more money to buy more things is eating up their lives, leaving them very little time or energy for family or pastimes. Many are turning to other ways of living and downshifting is one of them.Six percent of workers in Britain took the decision to downshift last year. One couple who downshift

42、ed is Daniel and Liz. They used to work in central London. He was a newspaper reporter and she used to work for an international bank. They would go to work by train every day from their large house in the suburbs, leaving their two children with a nanny(保姆).Most eveningsDaniel wouldn ' t get ho

43、me until eight or nine o ' clock, and nearly twice a month he would have to fly to New York for meetings. They both earned a large amount of money but began to feel that life was passing them by.Nowadays, they run a farm in the mountains of Wales. " Ialways wanted to have a farm here, "

44、; says Daniel, “ and we took almost a year to make the decision to downshift. It' sgetting used to, but it' s been worth it. We have to think twice now about spending money on carrepairs and we no longer have any holidays. However, I think it' s made us stronger as a family,and the child

45、ren are a lot happier.”Liz, however, is not quite sure."I used to enjoy my job, even though it was hard work andlong hours. I ' m not really a country girl, but I suppose I' m gradually getting used to looking aftethe animals. One thing I do like, though, is being able to see more of my

46、 children. My advice for other people wanting to do the same is not to think about ittoo much or you might not do it _ at all.”63. What does the underlined "it" in the last paragraph refer to? ()A. Child-caring.B. Liz' s advice. C. DownshiftingD. Liz' s job.64. The underlined word

47、“downshifting" in the second paragraph means.()A . repairing your car by yourselfB. spending money carefullyC. moving out to the countryside to live a simpler and better lifeD. living in a big house in the suburbs and dining out once a week2、2017年廈門十中期中檢測Certain schools have chosen to re-evalua

48、te their dress rules, with input from parents and students. Even Woodford County High School home of the “ collarbone is reaoinsidering its policies this month. But, at least for now, the dress rule debate is far from over.4. The underlined sentence in the last paragraph indicates that .A. the debat

49、e between parents and students will never be overB. few school will take measures to change their policyC. the problem of “ clothes distractions " will lastD. the argument on what to wear and how to dress will continue3、 2013?東北三省三校第二次聯(lián)考， C篇Dr. Drysdale explained that the feet issues become a p

50、articular problem among youngteenage girls, whose bones are “plastic"and developing when they are growing. "If thatstructure is developing in an inappropriate way he said, “then the ultimate structure will be deformed.”The underlined word “ deformed " is closest in meaning to .A. shaped B. Strengthened C. reformedD. damaged4、北京十中2018屆高三英語檢測卷Before birth, babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices. They can even distinguish their mother ' s voice from that of a female stranger. But when it comes to embryonic