高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解(科普環(huán)保)試題類型及其解題技巧及解析

1、高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解（科普環(huán)保）試題類型及其解題技巧及解析一、高中英語(yǔ)閱讀理解科普環(huán)保類1 .整整閱讀短文，從每題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)（ A B、C和D）中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)。A new study from brain researchers helps explain how the human brain evolved or changed over time, to permit people to speak and write.Michael Ullman, the lead researcher, a professor at Georgetown University Medical Sc

2、hool in Washington, D.C, has been studying language learning for more than 20 years.Ullman says his research shows that the human brain does not have a special area or system for making language. Over time we have simply reused or co-opted （ 指派）parts of our brain for language. And those parts, he sa

3、ys, are ancient-older even than humans themselves."This study examines the theoretical framework （準(zhǔn)貝 U） that language is learned, stored and'processed in two ancient learning and memory systems in the brain."Ullman, Hamrick and the rest of the team looked at data from 16 other studies

4、on language. They found that people learn language using two memory systems: declarative and procedural. Memorizing vocabulary, for example, is a declarative memory process. But learning grammar is, mostly, a procedural memory process."Declarative memory, in humans at least, is what we think of

5、 as learning memory', such as, 'Oh, remember what you said last night' or things like that. And procedural motor memory is what we often call motor memory' such as how you learn to ride a bicycle." Or, Ullman adds, "These procedural memory skills become so deeply leaned tha

6、t we are no longer aware that we are doing them."However, Ullman explains that the two long-term memory systems can share tasks. And, he adds, the adult brain uses the systems to learn language a bit differently than a child's brain."Adult language learners of a second language may use

7、 their declarative memory for using grammar patterns. They think about it purposefully. For a child, the grammar may come more naturally. They don't have to think about the grammar rules before speaking."In addition to language learners, Ullman's study could help people who have a brain

8、 injury that affects speaking and writing. This knowledge can also help those who have learning disabilities such as dyslexia （閱讀障礙 ）.People with dyslexia have difficulty recognizing words and symbols accurately.（1） How did Ullman study human's memory systems?A. By examining the brain with his t

9、eam.B. By studying language learning over years.C. By comparing different languages year after year.D. By referring to data from other studies on language.（2） Which of the following is an example of "motor memory"?A. Learning to make a model plane.B. Remembering the grammar patternsC. Repe

10、ating what you heard.D. Memorizing what you read.（ 3） What does the underlined word "it" refer to?A. Declarative memory.B. An adult language learner.C. Using grammar patterns.D. A second language.（ 4） What's the main idea of the text?A. Ullman has advanced our language understanding.B.

11、 A new research helps people learn a new language.C. Learning memory is more active than motor memory.D. Human beings learn language in pre human area of brain.【答案】（ 1 ） D（ 2） A（ 3） C（ 4） D【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，講述Michael Ullman 和他的團(tuán)隊(duì)的研究稱人類大腦前區(qū)的為語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)區(qū)，由此解開(kāi)了人類大腦進(jìn)化過(guò)程之謎。在最古老的大腦學(xué)習(xí)記憶區(qū)域，陳述性記憶和運(yùn)動(dòng)記憶分工合作，來(lái)完成語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)。（

12、 1）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第五段中的“ Ullman,Hamrick and the rest of the team looked atdata from 16 other studies on language. 可知，該團(tuán)隊(duì)通過(guò)研究其他語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)的成果，得出的”結(jié)論，故選D。（ 2）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第六段中的"And procedural motor memory is what we often callmotor memory' such as how you learn to ride a bicycle." 可知，程序性運(yùn)動(dòng)記憶就是我們常說(shuō) 的運(yùn)動(dòng)記憶，

13、比如學(xué)習(xí)騎自行車等技能，故選A。（ 3）考查詞義猜測(cè)。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的"Adult language learners of a second language mayuse their declarative memory for using grammar patterns." 可知，成年語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)者在學(xué)習(xí)第二語(yǔ)言時(shí)，是刻意地在使用語(yǔ)法句式。所以it 是指代 using grammar patterns ，故選C。（ 4）考查主旨大意。根據(jù)第三段中的“ Ullman says his research shows that the hum an braindoes no

14、t have a special area or system for making language. Over time we have simply reused or co-opted （指派） parts of our brain for language. 以及全文可知，人類的語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)是由大腦前 ”區(qū)完成的，該區(qū)域早于人類本身。所以選D?！军c(diǎn)評(píng)】本題考點(diǎn)涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解，詞義猜測(cè)，推理判斷和主旨大意四個(gè)題型的考查，是一篇科研類閱讀，要求考生在捕捉細(xì)節(jié)信息的基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)一步根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，進(jìn)行 分析，推理，概括和歸納，從而選出正確答案。2.整整閱讀短文，從每題所給的A、B、C和D四個(gè)

15、選項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)。Robots are now being employed not just for dangerous tasks, such as discovering mines or rescuing people in disasters. They are also finding application as household helps and as nursing assistants. As increasing numbers of machines, equipped with the latest artificial intelligence, take

16、on a growing variety of specialized and everyday tasks, the question of how people see them and behave towards them becomes ever more urgent.A team led by Sari Nijssen of Radboud University and Markus Paulus, Professor of Developmental Psychology at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet （LMU）, have carrie

17、d out a study to determine the degree to which people show concern for robots and behave towards them based on moral principles.According to Sari Nijssen, the study set out to answer the following question:" Under what circumstances would adults be willing to sacrifice robots to save human live

18、s?" The participants were faced with a hypothetical （ 假設(shè)的 ） moral dilemma: Would they be prepared to put a single person at risk in order to save a group of injured persons? In the situations presented the intended victim was either a human, a humanoid robot that had been humanized （ 人性化的） tova

19、rious degrees or a robot that was clearly recognizable as a machine.The study suggested that the more the robot was humanized, the less likely participants were to sacrifice it. Situations that included vivid stories in which the robot was described as a merciful being or as a creature with its own

20、understandings, experiences and thoughts, were more likely to stop the study participants from sacrificing it in the interests of anonymous （ 無(wú)名的 ） humans."This result indicates that our study group attached a certain moral status to the robot," says Paulus. "One possible suggestion o

21、f this finding is that attempts to humanize robots should not go too far. Such efforts could come into conflict with their intended function to be of help to us."（ 1 ） What has become a concern about robots?A. How to humanize them.B. How to treat them in life.C. How to use them effectively.D. H

22、ow to find more applications.（ 2） In the study the participants probably have to decide .A. when to sacrifice a robotB. where to experience risksC. which robot to work withD. what robots should be like（ 3） What can be inferred from Paulus' words?A. Humanized robots offer less help to people.B. H

23、umanizing robots too much may be improper.C. Certain moral status should be attached to robots.D. Conflicts often happen between humans and robots.（ 4） Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Robots, A Must for FutureB. Humanized Robots, A New TrendC. Robot Saved, People Take

24、the Hit D. Humanized Robots, Replace Human 【答案】（ 1 ） B（ 2） A（ 3） B（ 4） C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，隨著越來(lái)越多的機(jī)器人具有人性化，它們承擔(dān)越來(lái)越多樣化的專業(yè)和日常任務(wù)，人們?nèi)绾慰创麄?，如何?duì)待他們的問(wèn)題變的迫在眉睫。11) 考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。 根據(jù)第段中的"As increasing numbers of machines, equipped with thelatest artificial intelligence, take on a growing variety of specialized an

25、d everyday tasks, the question of how people see them and behave towards them becomes ever more urgent. 可知， 隨著越來(lái)越多的機(jī)器裝備了最新的人工智能，承擔(dān)著越來(lái)越多的專業(yè)和日常任務(wù)，人們?nèi)?何看待它們以及如何對(duì)待它們的問(wèn)題變得越來(lái)越緊迫。故選Bo2 2)考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段中的"According to Sari Nijsen, the study set out to answerthe following question:' Under what circums

26、tances would adults be willing to sacrifice robots tosave human lives?可知，"在這項(xiàng)研究中，參與者可能必須決定何時(shí)犧牲機(jī)器人。故選 A。3 3)考查推理判斷。根據(jù)最后一段中的"'This result indicates that our study group attached acertain moral status to the robot, &ays Paulus. "One possible suggestion of this finding is that att

27、empts to humanize robots should not go too far. Such efforts could come into conflict with their intended function to be of help to us."可知，Paulus認(rèn)為讓機(jī)器人人性化的嘗試不應(yīng)該 走得太遠(yuǎn)，可以推斷出，Paulus認(rèn)為過(guò)多地人性化機(jī)器人可能是不合適的。故選B。(4)考查主旨大意。根據(jù)第四段中的"Thestudy suggested that the more the robot washumanized, the less likel

28、y participants were to sacrifice it.及全文內(nèi)容可知， 文章主要敘述了隨著越來(lái)越多的機(jī)器人具有人性化，參與者就可能越不會(huì)犧牲機(jī)器人。因此標(biāo)題機(jī)器人被拯救，人類就會(huì)承受打擊”最切題，故選 Q【點(diǎn)評(píng)】本題考點(diǎn)涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解，推理判斷和主旨大意三個(gè)題型的考查，是一篇科教類閱 讀，要求考生在捕捉細(xì)節(jié)信息的基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)一步根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，進(jìn)行分析，推 理，概括和歸納，從而選出正確答案。3.整整閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)。Moving in with a boyfriend causes women to eat more unhe

29、althily and put on weight. But the opposite is true for men, whose long-term health benefits when they move in with a female partner.Dieticians at Newcastle University said both partners try to please one another, and so change their dietary habits to suit their other half.It leads men to eat more l

30、ight meals, such as salads, fruit and vegetables, while women choose to make creamier, heavier dishes curry or rich pasta sauces, which may please their partner. Women still have the strongest long-term influence over the couple's diet and lifestyle, as they still have the traditional role of sh

31、opper and cook in most households.The report, by Newcastle University's Human Nutrition Research Centre, reviewed the finding of a variety of research projects from the UK, North America and Australia, which looked at the eating and lifestyle habits of couples.The research shows that women are m

32、ore likely to put on weight and increase their consumption of foods high in fat and sugar when they move in with their partnerWomen also use food as a comfort when dealing with emotional stress and have been found to gain weight when a relationship ends, while the same finding has not been observed

33、in men.Many couples reported food as being central to their partnership, and eating together in the evening was particularly important to many.Report author and registered dietician Dr. Amelia Lake said, "The research has shown that your partner is a strong influence on lifestyle and people who

34、 are trying to live healthier lives should take this factor into consideration."(1) According to the passage, moving in with a girlfriend, men.A. have few changes of their dietary habits hB. have to eat more unhealthy foodsC. don't like foods high in fat and sugar at all D. try to eat foods

35、 that their girlfriends like(2) The underlined word "light" (in Paragraph 4) probably means.A. not very heavy B. less in fat and sugar C. gentle D. not serious or important (3) According to the report by Newcastle University's Human Nutrition Research Centre,A. women put on weight only

36、 because they want to suit their other halfB. when men are faced with emotional stress, they will change their dietary habitsC. eating together in the evening is a good way to communicate for couplesD. it is wrong to change your dietary habits to suit your partner(4) From the passage, we can infer t

37、hat.A. women should pay more attention to their partner's influence on themB. more men will play roles of shopper and cook in most householdsC. couples will not change their dietary habits and lifestyle to please their partnerD. long-term health of men benefits when they move in with a female pa

38、rtner What would be the best title for the passage?A. Don't be silly any more, women!B. Which are better dietary habits?C. Boyfriends make you fatD. Dr. Amelia Lake and his study【答案】(1) DB(3) C(4) AC【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，紐卡斯?fàn)柎髮W(xué)的營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)專家的研究表明，同居讓女 人發(fā)胖讓男人更健康。(1)考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段中的"which may please their p

39、artner可知，男女雙方會(huì)改變自己的飲食習(xí)慣來(lái)迎合對(duì)方，因此男士會(huì)吃他的女伴喜歡吃的食物。故選Do(2)考查詞義猜測(cè)。根據(jù)第四段中的"saladsfruit and vegetables可'推斷，light在此是 精淡的”的意思，脂肪和糖的含量比較少。故選B。(3)考查推理判斷。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的"eatingtogether in the evening was particularlyimportant to many.晚上二起吃飯對(duì)許多人來(lái)說(shuō)牛!別重要，可知選C。(4)考查推理判斷。根據(jù)最后一段中的"The research has showrth

40、at your partner is a stronginfluence on lifestyle and people who are trying to live healthier lives should take this factor intoconsideration.研究表明你的伴侶對(duì)你的生活方式有很大的影響，那些試圖過(guò)上健康生活的人應(yīng)該考慮到這一因素?？蛇xA。（5）考查主旨大意。紐卡斯?fàn)柎髮W(xué)的營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)專家的研究表明，同居讓女人發(fā)胖讓男人更 健康。C項(xiàng)幽默風(fēng)趣，能吸引讀者的注意，并切中文章的主題。故選 Q【點(diǎn)評(píng)】本題考點(diǎn)涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解，詞義猜測(cè)，推理判斷和主旨大意四個(gè)題型的考查，是

41、一 篇科研類閱讀，要求考生在捕捉細(xì)節(jié)信息的基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)一步根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，進(jìn)行 分析，推理，概括和歸納，從而選出正確答案。4.薜薜閱讀理解A single dose（齊U量）of an experimental vaccine（ 疫苗）can protect mice against the Zika（ 寨卡） virus, raising renewed hope of a vaccine for humans, say scientists. The US team say the results, published in Nature, are "striking&quo

42、t; and should encourage research efforts.Tests in humans could begin in months. But even if these go well, a licensed vaccine for widespread use to protect those at most risk - such as pregnant women - would still be years away, experts advise. Zika has been spreading across Central and South Americ

43、a and, most recently, Africa. More than 60 countries and territories now have continuing transmission（ 傳播） of the disease, which is carried by mosquitoes. The virus causes serious birth damages during pregnancy and has been declared a global public health emergency.Now, developing a vaccine for preg

44、nant women to protect their unborn babies is an international research priority（ 優(yōu)先事項(xiàng)）.US scientists from the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School tested two types of Zika vaccine in mice one based on bits of genetic（ 基因的）code fr

45、om the virus and another that is an inactive （and therefore harmless） copy of Zika. Both worked well, protecting every mouse that was immunised against the virus. In comparison, all of the mice not given the vaccine caught Zika after they were exposed to it.Researchers say they will push ahead with

46、developing the needed virus vaccine. There are many existing vaccines for other disease that use this type of technology, while there are relatively few DNA- based vaccines. Of course, future tests will need to check the vaccine is safe and effective in humans, as well as how long the immunity might

47、 last.（1） If the tests in humans go smoothly, _.A. a vaccine for use in the laboratory will be still be years away.B. pregnant women in Africa will be the first to benefit from the vaccine.C. a licensed vaccine will still not be accessible in a short term.D. The Zika virus will cause less serious bi

48、rth defects during pregnancy in months.（2） Which of the following statements is NOT true?A. many countries are actively involved in the research of the Zika vaccine.B. US scientists have tested more than two types of Zika vaccine in mice.C. None of the mice given the vaccine caught Zika.D. It is sti

49、ll unknown whether the vaccine is safe and effective.（3） Which can be the best title for the passage?A. Zika vaccine 'works very well' in miceB. Zika vaccine still has a long way to goC. International researches into Zika have paid off D. More attention has been paid to Zika vaccine 【答案】（1）

50、C B（3） A【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，介紹了科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)一種實(shí)驗(yàn)性疫苗可以保護(hù)小鼠免 受寨卡病毒侵襲。（1）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第二段中的"But even if these go well, a licensed vaccine forwidespread use to protect those at most risk - such as pregnant women - would still be years away"可知，但是，即使這些進(jìn)展順利，一種廣泛用于保護(hù)高危人群的授權(quán)疫苗仍需數(shù)年時(shí) 間，也就是說(shuō)如果人體試驗(yàn)進(jìn)展順利的話，短期內(nèi)仍無(wú)法獲得授權(quán)疫苗

51、，故選Co（2）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段中的"US scientists from the Walter Reed Army Institute ofResearch, the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School tested two types of Zika vaccine in mice"可知，美國(guó)科學(xué)家在白鼠身上只測(cè)試了兩種而不是兩種以上的寨卡病 毒，故選Bo（3）考查主旨大意。根據(jù)第一段中的"A single dose（劑量）of an experimental

52、vaccine（疫苗）can protect mice against the Zika（寨卡）virus,"可知，一種實(shí)驗(yàn)性疫苗可以保護(hù)小鼠免受寨卡 病毒侵襲，由此可知，本文主要介紹的是寨卡病毒疫苗對(duì)小白鼠非常有效，故選Ao【點(diǎn)評(píng)】本題考點(diǎn)涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解和主旨大意兩個(gè)題型的考查，是一篇科研類閱讀，考生需 要準(zhǔn)確掌握細(xì)節(jié)信息，同時(shí)根據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行推理，歸納，從而選出正確答案。5.薜薜閱讀理解Babies have an astonishing talent that adults entirely lose. By the age of one, they can recognise t

53、he significant noises around them and group them into a language. When we have lost this capacity as adults, it becomes enormously difficult to distinguish between sounds that are glaringly different to a native speaker. It all sounds Greek to us. This is because the range of possible sounds that hu

54、mans use to convey meaning may be as high as 2,000, but few languages use more than 100 and even then the significant noises the phonemes （音素）of a language 一 each cover a range of sounds and so vague distinctions which would change the meaning of a word in other languages.But where do these phonemes

55、 come from and why do they shift over time? New research suggests that the apparently arbitrary distribution of some sounds around the world may be partially explained by diet. This is unexpected. We'd rather think of language as product of our thought rather than of the arrangement of our teeth

56、. In reality, though, any given language must be both.Hunter gatherer languages very seldom use the sounds known as labiodentals （ 唇齒音）those such as f and v that are made by touching the lower lip with the upper teeth. Only two of the hundreds of Australian aboriginal languages use them, for example

57、. But in cultures that have discovered farming, these consonants （ 輔音）are much more common. The argument goes that farmers eat more cooked food and more dairy than hunter gatherers. Either way, they need to chew mush less, and to bite less with their front teeth. So farmers grew up with smaller lowe

58、r jaws and more of an overbite than their ancestors who had to bite through harder foods. It became easier for them to make the labiodental consonants instead of purely labial ( 唇音)ones: one example is that f come to take the place of p. Romans said "pater" but English speakers (unless the

59、y're Rees Moggs) say "father".Beyond these particular changes, the story highlights the way in which everything distinctively human is both material and spiritual: speech must combine sound and meaning, and the meaning can't exist or be transmitted without a real object. But neither can it be reduced to the purely physical, as our inability to understand or even to recognise foreign languages makes clear. The food we eat shapes our jaws, and our jaws in turn shape the sounds of our language. The ease with which we eat probabl