Chapter 2 The Criteria of Translation

1、lWhat is the function of translation criteria?lA plumb-line for measuring the professional level of translation;lA goal set for translators to strive after.l信: faithfulnessl達(dá): expressivenessl雅: elegance In translation, there are three difficulties to overcome, namely, faithfulness, expressiveness an

2、d elegance. It is already very difficult to achieve faithfulness. Without expressiveness, mere faithfulness would mean work to no avail. 譯文取明深義，故詞譯文取明深義，故詞句之間，時(shí)有所顛倒附句之間，時(shí)有所顛倒附益，不斤斤于字比句次，益，不斤斤于字比句次，而意義則不倍本文。而意義則不倍本文。 The translation must express the profound meaning of the original. As for the word o

3、rder and that of sentences in the original, there is no need to stick to them. He may make some changes where necessary. But in meaning, the translation must c o n f o r m t o t h e o r i g i n a l . 易經(jīng)曰：易經(jīng)曰：“修辭立修辭立誠(chéng)誠(chéng)”。子曰：。子曰：“辭達(dá)而辭達(dá)而已已”。又曰：。又曰：“言之無(wú)文，言之無(wú)文，行而不遠(yuǎn)行而不遠(yuǎn)”。三者乃文章。三者乃文章正軌，亦即為譯事楷模。正軌，亦即為譯事楷模。譯事

4、三難：信、達(dá)、雅。譯事三難：信、達(dá)、雅。求其信，已大難矣。顧求其信，已大難矣。顧信矣不達(dá)，雖譯猶不譯信矣不達(dá)，雖譯猶不譯也。也。 The Book of Change says that faithfulness is the first thing in wording . Confucius stated that what speech requires is only expressiveness. And again he said that language without literary grace cannot go far and wide. All these requi

5、rements mentioned above are indispensable both to writing and to translating. I t m a y b e s a f e l y assumed that, two thousand years ago, before Ceasar set foot in southern Britain, the whole countryside visible from windows of the room in which I write, was in what is called “the s t a t e o f

6、n a t u r e ” .赫胥黎獨(dú)處一室之中，在英倫之南，背山而面野。檻外諸境，歷歷如在幾下。乃懸想兩千年前，當(dāng)羅馬大將愷徹未到時(shí)，此間有何景物。計(jì)惟有天造草昧，人工未施。2. 劉重德：劉重德： 信于內(nèi)容信于內(nèi)容(faithfulness) 達(dá)如其份達(dá)如其份(expressiveness切合文體（切合文體（closeness)l3. 傅雷傅雷:重神似而不重形似重神似而不重形似lResemblance in spirit rather than forml以效果而論以效果而論,翻譯應(yīng)該像臨畫(huà)一樣翻譯應(yīng)該像臨畫(huà)一樣,所求不在形似所求不在形似,而在神似而在神似.以實(shí)際以實(shí)際工作而論工作而論,比臨

7、畫(huà)更難比臨畫(huà)更難.lAmong average respectable woman envy plays an extraordinary large part. If you are sitting in the underground and a well-dressed woman happens to walk along the car, watch the eyes of the other women. You will see that every one of them, with the possible exception of those who are even be

8、tter dressed, will watch the woman with malevolent glances, and will be struggling to draw inferences as derogatory to her.l在一般善良婦女身上，嫉妒具有在一般善良婦女身上，嫉妒具有非常大的作用。要是你在地道車(chē)非常大的作用。要是你在地道車(chē)內(nèi)。有一個(gè)華麗的女子在車(chē)廂旁內(nèi)。有一個(gè)華麗的女子在車(chē)廂旁邊走過(guò)時(shí)，你試圖留神旁的女子邊走過(guò)時(shí)，你試圖留神旁的女子的目光罷。她們之中，除了比那的目光罷。她們之中，除了比那個(gè)女子穿著更美的以外，都將用個(gè)女子穿著更美的以外，都將用惡意的眼光注視著

9、她，同時(shí)爭(zhēng)先惡意的眼光注視著她，同時(shí)爭(zhēng)先恐后地尋出貶抑她的話?？趾蟮貙こ鲑H抑她的話。l文學(xué)翻譯的最高境界可以說(shuō)是文學(xué)翻譯的最高境界可以說(shuō)是“化化”。把作品從一國(guó)文字轉(zhuǎn)換。把作品從一國(guó)文字轉(zhuǎn)換成另一國(guó)文字，既能不因語(yǔ)文習(xí)成另一國(guó)文字，既能不因語(yǔ)文習(xí)慣的差異而露出生硬牽強(qiáng)的痕跡，慣的差異而露出生硬牽強(qiáng)的痕跡，又能保存原作的風(fēng)味，那就算得又能保存原作的風(fēng)味，那就算得入于入于“化境化境”。lDarkness came down on the field and the city; and Amelia was praying for George, who was lying on his face,

10、 dead, with a bullet through his heart. l Vanity Fair,32 Thackery, ed.l夜色四罩，城中之妻祈天保夫無(wú)恙，夜色四罩，城中之妻祈天保夫無(wú)恙，戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上其夫仆臥，一彈穿心，死矣。戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上其夫仆臥，一彈穿心，死矣。信信 (faithfulness) 達(dá)達(dá) (expressiveness） 優(yōu)（優(yōu)（optimization)Most Chinese daughters have a desire strong;To face powder and not to powder the face.In the sky cold waves are swiftly sweeping by; On the va