大學(xué)英語(yǔ)翻譯教程-第九單元

1、 翻譯技巧（五）翻譯技巧（五） 省略法省略法 英漢翻譯中的省略指的是依循“減詞不減意”的原則，把原文中的一些詞語(yǔ)舍去不譯。比較下例中的兩種譯文： （1）We take this opportunity to inform you that we are now in a position to make prompt shipment of the merchandise. 原譯：我們借此機(jī)會(huì)告知你們現(xiàn)在我們可以立即裝運(yùn)那批貨物。 改譯：茲奉告，該商品可即期裝運(yùn)。 （2）Dr Stevenson resumed his experiment as soon as he came into th

2、e laboratory. 原譯：史蒂文森博士一到實(shí)驗(yàn)室，他就繼續(xù)做實(shí)驗(yàn). 改譯：史蒂文森博士一到實(shí)驗(yàn)室就繼續(xù)做實(shí)驗(yàn)。v總體說(shuō)來(lái)，英譯漢中的省略主要出于兩個(gè)方面的考慮：v一是由于英漢句法上的差異，英語(yǔ)句法上所必需的一些表達(dá)某種句法關(guān)系或語(yǔ)法功能的詞語(yǔ)，其表意作用不大或無(wú)表意作用，譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)往往省卻；v二是根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)的修辭習(xí)慣需要?jiǎng)h除一些不言而喻或冗雜累贅的詞語(yǔ)。 英漢翻譯中采用省略法的幾種主要類(lèi)型 v9.1冠詞的省略 v9.2代詞的省略v9.3 it的省略 v9.4介詞的省略 v9.5連詞的省略 v9.6動(dòng)詞的省略v9.7同義詞語(yǔ)的省略v9.8冗詞贅語(yǔ)的省略 9.1冠詞的省略 v9.1.1定冠詞

3、的省略 v9.1.2不定冠詞的省略9.1.1定冠詞的省略v英語(yǔ)定冠詞在泛指類(lèi)別、表示世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物，或者用于帶有限定性定語(yǔ)的名詞之前、形容詞最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞等之前時(shí)，漢譯一般省略。例如：v（3）The pen is mightier than the sword.v（4）The fox may grow gray, but never good. v（5）The pump is one of the oldest machines.v（6）The proton has a positive charge and the electron a negative charge，but the

4、neutron has neither. v（7）The sun was slowly rising above the sea.v（8）The rate of a chemical reaction is proportional to the concentrations of the reacting substances. v（9）The color sensation produced by light depends simply upon the length of the wave producing the light. v（10）As we know, the sun is

5、 one of the greatest sources of electromagnetic waves.v（11）A light year is the greatest unit of measurement for distance.v（12）The fourth section of the second chapter deals with conversion of parts of speech v然而，假如定冠詞具有詞匯意義、起著指示代詞( this, that, these的作用時(shí)，一般就不能省譯。例如：v（13）“What about the horse？”cried t

6、he crowd of Trojans.v（14）The onlookers saw the little party climb ashore. v（15）The words “suitably selected should be duly stressed.v（16）The machines over there have been well lubricated. 9.1.2不定冠詞的省略 v不定冠詞在泛指某一類(lèi)事物中的任何一個(gè)或用于某些固定詞組等情況下往往省譯。例如：v（17）A teacher should have patience.v（18）If an investor wan

7、ts to up the ante，he borrows money to buy the shares. v（19）Any substance is made up of atoms whether it is a solid，a liquid，or a gas. v（20）A camel is much inferior to an elephant in strength. v（21）A material whose deformation vanishes rapidly with the disappearance of the loads is said to behave ela

8、stically.v（22）Ohms law indicates that whenever a current flows through a resistance，a difference of potential exists at the two ends of that resistance. v一些含有不定冠詞的常用短語(yǔ)在漢譯時(shí)，省略其中的不定冠詞。例如：a couple of兩個(gè)，幾個(gè)make an exception of將除外 a few幾個(gè)on a fifty-fifty basis平均地，在對(duì)開(kāi)分的基礎(chǔ)上 a good (great) many很多on a large s

9、cale大規(guī)模地（的） a great (good) deal of很多，大量a large amount (number) of大量as a whole整個(gè)地，就總體而言a variety of各種各樣的 for a long time長(zhǎng)時(shí)間as a matter of f act事實(shí)上，其實(shí)for a time一些時(shí)候，暫時(shí)as a result結(jié)果 for a while 暫時(shí)，片刻as a (general) rule通常，照例for an instant一瞬間，片刻once upon a time從前 go a long way達(dá)到很遠(yuǎn)，用得很久put an end to結(jié)束in a

10、 sense在某種意義上quite a while相當(dāng)久 in a way有點(diǎn)，在某點(diǎn)上to a measure有點(diǎn)，有幾分 keep an eye on注意，注視with a view to為了，意在 make an end of (with)結(jié)束without a hitch無(wú)障礙地v但是在不定冠詞明顯地表示數(shù)量在不定冠詞明顯地表示數(shù)量“一一”，或是表示，或是表示“每一每一”、“同一同一”之義時(shí)，往往就不宜將之省譯之義時(shí)，往往就不宜將之省譯。例如：v（23）The thermal energy of a lake is much greater than that of a flask o

11、f boiling water. v（24）The electric resistance is measured in ohms. An ohm is a volt per ampere. v（25）The number of vibrations a second is called frequency. v（26）The material for the tent must stand up to a wind force of at least a hundred andfifty miles an hour.v（27）The two pairs of shoes are of a s

12、ize. 9.2代詞的省略 v9.2.1人稱代詞的省略v9.2.2物主代詞的省略 v9.2.3反身代詞的省略9.2.1人稱代詞的省略v人稱代詞可用作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。一段文字中人稱代詞經(jīng)常會(huì)重復(fù)出現(xiàn)。但漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣卻不同。因此，英漢翻譯時(shí)，原文中的人稱代詞，尤其是那些重復(fù)出原文中的人稱代詞，尤其是那些重復(fù)出現(xiàn)，或是含泛指意義的人稱代詞，大多可以省譯現(xiàn)，或是含泛指意義的人稱代詞，大多可以省譯。例如： v（28）Whether the laws are good or bad，they cannot complain，they cannot question，they cannot suggest cha

13、nges.v（29）I had many wonderful ideas, but I only put a few into practice.v（30）He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable.v（31）Since copper possesses good conductivity，it is widely used in electrical engineering.v（32）We live and learn.v（33）The significance of a man is not in what he attained but

14、 rather in what he longs to attain.v（34）The industrial waste gases are harmful to us and we should by all means remove them. v（35）The more he tried to hide his wants, the more he revealed them.v（36）If you know the frequency, you can find the wave length. v（37）The finished products should be sampled

15、to check their quality before they leave the factory. 9.2.2物主代詞的省略v英語(yǔ)中物主代詞用得較多。英漢翻譯時(shí)，經(jīng)常將這類(lèi)物主代詞省略。例如：v（38）I put on my zip suit and went out. v（39）They（salmon）dig out shallow nests in the riverbed and lay their eggs；then, exhausted by their journey, the parent salmon die. v（40）Many small service firms

16、 fail to analyze their services total cost，and therefore fail to price them profitably. v（41）Mr. White put his pipe down, crossed his hands behind his neck，and turned his face towards the window. v（42）She listened to me with her rounded eyes.v（43）Better than any other, the design engineer should kno

17、w what he wants his design to accomplish.v（44）According to their ability to conduct electric current，all materials may be classified into three major categories：conductors, semiconductors and insulators.9.2.3反身代詞的省略v英語(yǔ)反身代詞作賓語(yǔ)與人稱代詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)的情況類(lèi)似。如：v（45）How do atoms arrange themselves in a solid? v（46）A st

18、ream of liquid enters an air-tight container and spreads itself uniformly within it.v（47）We should concern ourselves here only with the structure of atoms. v（48）Friction manifests itself as a force that opposes motion.v（49）Although pure science usually has no apparent connection with technology, it

19、does lend itself to the development of applied science.9.3 it的省略 v9.3.1非人稱代詞it的省略 v9.3.2先行代詞it的省略v9.3.3非指定型代詞it的省略v9.3.4強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中的it的省略9.3.1非人稱代詞it的省略v非人稱代詞it在句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)實(shí)際上是個(gè)虛詞虛詞，漢譯時(shí)，常將這一非人稱代詞it省略，作為無(wú)主句。例如： v（50）Outside it was pitch dark and it was raining cats and dogs. v（51）I glanced at my watch. It was e

20、arlier than I thought.v（52）It is 112 miles from London to Birmingham.v（53）It11 be lovely in the garden tonight.v（54）It is dead quiet and extremely dark in the outer space. 9.3.2先行代詞it的省略 v先行代詞it的主要作用是充當(dāng)語(yǔ)法規(guī)則所要求的形式主語(yǔ)或形式賓語(yǔ)。它本身也是個(gè)虛詞，沒(méi)有具體的詞匯意義，因此漢譯時(shí)往往省略。例如： v（55）Its impossible to master a foreign languag

21、e in a few months. v（56）It was a nuisance having to work the whole night on the problem. v（57）It is evident that solids differ from liquids in that they tend to keep their shape. v（58）It should be realized that magnetic forces and electric forces are not the same. v（59）It is known to us all that wat

22、er is produced when hydrogen combines with oxygen.v（60）He felt it his duty to serve in the army. v（61）They thought it best that the burial service should be on Friday. v（62）Insufficient power made it difficult to start the motor.9.3.3非指定型代詞it的省略v非指定型it指的是出現(xiàn)在某些習(xí)慣用法中的it，它已失去了本身的詞匯意義，在句子結(jié)構(gòu)中也沒(méi)有具體的指代對(duì)象。英

23、漢翻譯時(shí)，這種習(xí)慣用法中的it也經(jīng)常省略。例如： v（63）The last trains gone. Come on，well have to foot it. v（64）Show them that you too have your pride. Dont let them lord it over you. v（65）They decided that they would sleep out on fine nights and hotel it and inn it when it rained. v（66）The students get with it just before

24、examinations. v（67）The pilot was starting to take off when the control tower ordered：“Hold it！” .9.3.4強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中的it的省略v在“It is/was被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分that/which/who.”的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中，it也是一個(gè)沒(méi)有具體詞義的虛詞，漢譯時(shí)一般予以省略。例如： v（68）It was Pasteur who discovered that diseases are caused by living germs. v（69）It is the gravitation which makes t

25、he satellites move round the earth.v(70) It was Grice with whom Tim first came into contact.v（71）It was on a small Pacific island that they found this rare kind of spider. v（72）It was with some difficulty that he found the way to his own house.9.4介詞的省略v9.4.1表示時(shí)間的介詞?？墒÷詖9.4.2表示地點(diǎn)的介詞常可省略v9.4.3其他介詞的省略9

26、.4.1表示時(shí)間的介詞常可省略v表示時(shí)間的英語(yǔ)介詞譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果置于句首一般可以省略。例如： v（73）Europeans came to the Japanese islands in the 16th century. v（74）The space shuttle will return to earth on Monday next as scheduled. v（75）On July 1, 1997, Hong Kong returned to the Peoples Repulic of China.v但是，假如表示時(shí)間的介詞譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)不位于句首，往往不宜省略。例如： v（76）R

27、umor had it that hostilities were to begin on April 23. v（77）Isaac Newton，theoretical physicist and mathematician，was born in 1642. 9.4.2表示地點(diǎn)的介詞?？墒÷詖同表示時(shí)間的介詞類(lèi)似，表示地點(diǎn)（包括位置、場(chǎng)所等）的介詞譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)若置于句首，也經(jīng)常可以省略。例如： v（78）No smoking in the test site. v（79）Now complaints are heard in all parts of that country. v（80）T

28、here are rich deposits of fine oil and gas in here. v（81）At the top of the bookshelf, there is a pot of flowers.v（82）In winter, it is much colder in the North than it is in the South.v然而，表示地點(diǎn)的介詞在譯文中若不位于句首而處于其他位置，尤其是緊隨動(dòng)詞之后，一般不可省略。例如： v（83）I stayed in my parents house.v（84）He lives in a small village

29、among the hills. 9.4.3其他介詞的省略v一些用于其他場(chǎng)合的介詞短語(yǔ)，漢譯時(shí)若譯文已明確體現(xiàn)有關(guān)介詞的意思，這些介詞也經(jīng)常省譯，以避免畫(huà)蛇添足之嫌。例如： v（85）The capacitor is a square with all sides a half centimeter long. v（86）Most substances expand on heating and contract on cooling. v（87）I should like to make a brief statement regarding some of the consideratio

30、ns leading to our affirmative vote. v（88）The critical temperature is different for various kinds of steel. v（89）The products produced by this factory are good in quality and low in price. 9.5連詞的省略v9.5.1并列連詞在并列連詞中的省略v9.5.2從屬連詞的省略9.5.1并列連詞的省略 v在并列連詞中，比較常見(jiàn)的是and, or, but和for的省略。例如:v（90）He looked gloomy

31、and troubled.v（91）This machine has worked in succession for seven or eight hours. v（92）Bacteria，even great in number, are invisible to the unaided eye，but they can easily be distinguished by the microscope.v（93）Both the earth and grain of sand are bodies，for each consists of a definite amount of mat

32、ter.v（94）Dimensioning is a complicated problem and long experiences are required for the mastering of it.9.5.2從屬連詞的省略v與并列連詞相比，從屬連詞數(shù)量要大得多，用法也繁雜得多。漢譯時(shí)這些連詞經(jīng)?？勺们槭÷浴＠纾?v（95）Because everyone uses language to talk，everyone thinks he can talk about language.v（96）Because the departure was not easy, we made

33、it brief.v（97）We knew spring was coming, as we had seen a robin.v（98）A gas becomes hotter if it is compressed. v（99）If winter comes, can spring be far behind?v（100）As it is late, you had better go home.v（101）Change ones mind the moment when one sees the new.（102）After he packed up his things, he hur

34、ried to the station. After he packed uphis things, he hurried to the station.9.6動(dòng)詞的省略v9.6.1一些連系動(dòng)詞的省略v9.6.2一些動(dòng)詞與具有動(dòng)作含義的名詞搭配時(shí)可省略9.6.1一些連系動(dòng)詞的省略v英語(yǔ)中最主要的連系動(dòng)詞be用作謂語(yǔ)時(shí)，本身并無(wú)具體的動(dòng)作含義，漢譯時(shí)往往省略。至于其他連系動(dòng)詞，如get, become等，若其含義在譯文中已經(jīng)得到體現(xiàn)，也可省譯。例如： v（103）She is very fond of speaking ill of others. v（104）Newspapers，magazi

35、nes and broadcasts are subject to censorship in that country.v（105）It is easier to roll something over a surface than to slide it. v（106）His speech to the Senate was as bald and brief as his address to the soldiers. v（107）When the pressure gets low，the boiling-point becomes low.9.6.2一些動(dòng)詞與具有動(dòng)作含義的名詞搭配

36、時(shí)可省略v英語(yǔ)中某些與具有動(dòng)作含義的名詞連用的動(dòng)詞，本身表意作用不大或根本沒(méi)有表意作用。漢譯時(shí)，經(jīng)常將這種動(dòng)詞省略，而將與之搭配使用的名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞。例如： v（108）The power plant gives factories its constant supply of electricity.v（109）In the case of a possible accident，the machine comes to a halt immediately upon the operators direction.v（110）Delivery must be effected within the time stated on the purchase order. v（111）With regard to their products，they have the same concerns of the interrelation- ship of design，materials，and manufacturing process.v（112）