英國(guó)文學(xué)簡(jiǎn)史期末考試復(fù)習(xí)要點(diǎn) 劉炳善版

1、英國(guó)文學(xué)史資料British Writers and WorksI. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages<Beowulf>貝奧武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-SaxonsEpic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated. e.g. Hom

2、ers Iliad and OdysseyArtistic features: 1. Using alliteration Definition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（頭韻） Some examples on P5 2. Using metaphor and understatement Definition of understatement: expressing something in a con

3、trolled way Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideasGeoffery Chaucer 杰弗里喬叟1340(?)1400(首創(chuàng)“雙韻體”，英國(guó)文學(xué)史上首先用倫敦方言寫(xiě)作。約翰·德萊頓（John Dryden）稱(chēng)其為“英國(guó)詩(shī)歌之父”。代表作坎特伯雷故事集。)The father of English poetry.It is _alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a compre

4、hensive (綜合的，廣泛的)realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life. ( A )A. Geoffrey Chaucer B. Matin Luther C. William Langland D. John Gowerwriting style: wisdom, humor, humanity. <The Canterbury Tales>坎特伯雷故事集：first ti

5、me to use heroic couplet(雙韻體) by middle English<Troilus and Criseyde>特羅伊拉斯和克萊希德 <The House of Fame>聲譽(yù)之宮Medieval Ages popular Literary form: Romance(傳奇故事)Famous three：King ArthurSir Gawain and the Green KnightBeowulfII The Renaissance PeriodA period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan dr

6、ama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.Two features1

7、. a thirsting curiosity for the clasical literature 2. the keen interst in the activities of humanity.The Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. The Renaissance is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts:(1) to get rid of

8、those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, (2) to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, (3) to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.Three historical events of the Renaissance rebirth or revival:1. new discove

9、ries in geography and astrology2. the religious reformation and economic expansion3. rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek cultureThe most famous dramatists: Christopher MarloweWilliam ShakespeareBen Johnson.English Renaissance:the early 16th century to the early 17th century. 1. Edmund Spenser埃德蒙斯

10、賓塞15521599（后人稱(chēng)之為“詩(shī)人的詩(shī)人”。） The poets poet. The first to be buried in the Poets corner of Westerminster Abbey12. Which of the following statements is not the reason for that Edmund Spenser is famous for “the poets poet”? ( B ) A. Spensers idealism B. his struggle for criteria C. his love of beauty D.

11、his exquisite melody     <The Faerie Queene>仙后(for Queen Elizabeth)The theme is not “Arms and the man”, but something more romantic “Fierce wars and faithfull loves”.Artistic features:1. Using Spenserian StanzaDefinition of Spenserian Stanza:a stanza of nine lines ababbcbcc. Eight li

12、nes in iambic pentameter, and last line in iambic hexameter. <The Shepherds Calendar>牧人日歷The theme is to lament over the loss of Rosalind. <Amoretti>愛(ài)情小唱n2.  Thomasl More托馬斯莫爾14781535One of the greatest English humanists<Utopia>烏托邦n3.  Francisl Bacon弗蘭西斯培根15611626（哲學(xué)家、散文家

13、；在論述探究知識(shí)的著作中提出了知識(shí)就是力量這一著名論斷；近代唯物主義哲學(xué)的奠基人和近代實(shí)驗(yàn)科學(xué)的先驅(qū)。）Philosopher, scientist, lay the foundation for modern science. The first English essayist.nWriting style:brevity, compactness&powerfulness, well-arranging and enriching by Biblical allusions, metaphors and philosophy to mans reason.<The Adva

14、ncement of Learning>學(xué)術(shù)的推進(jìn)<Essays>隨筆(famous quotas: <Of studies>)nThe theme of Of Studies: uses and benefits of study and different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies.4. Ben Jonson<Comedy of Humours><Volpone, or the fox>狐貍5. Christopherl Marlowe柯里斯托弗馬洛1

15、5641595“University Wits”, the pioneer of English drama（完善了無(wú)韻體詩(shī)。）Blank verse: written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.14. Marlowe gave new vigor to _ with his “mighty lines” ( D ) A. the Petrarchan sonnet B. sestina C. terza rima D. blank verse <The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus>浮士德博士的悲?。ǜ鶕?jù)德

16、國(guó)民間故事書(shū)寫(xiě)成） <Tamburlaine>帖木耳大帝n  <The Jew of Malta>馬耳他的猶太人6.  William Shakespeare威廉莎士比亞15641616l  Historical plays: Henry VI ; Henry IV : Richard III ; Henry V ；Richard II；Henry VIIIFour Comedies: <As You Like It>皆大歡喜; <Twelfth Night>第十二夜; <A Midsummer Ni

17、ghtS Dream>仲夏夜之夢(mèng); <Merchant Of Venice>威尼斯商人Four Tragedies: <Hamlet>哈姆萊特; <Othello>奧賽羅; <King Lear>李爾王; <Macbeth>麥克白Shakespeare Sonnet :154 <The Sonnets>Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefggA sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic p

18、entameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme.III The 17th Century  1. John Milton約翰彌爾頓16081674（詩(shī)人、政論家;失明后寫(xiě) 失樂(lè)園、復(fù)樂(lè)園、力士參孫。）Epics: <Paradise Lost>失樂(lè)園n <Paradisen Regained>復(fù)樂(lè)園Dramatic poem: < Samson Agonistes>力士參孫 <Areopagitica>論出版自由n<The Defence

19、of the English People>為英國(guó)人民聲辯 <On His Blindness>我的失明This sonnet is written in iambic pentameter rhymed in abba abba cde cde, typical of Italian sonnet.Its theme is that people use their talent for God, and they serve him best sho can endure the suffering best.2.  John Bunyan約翰班揚(yáng)1628168

20、8（代表作天路歷程，宗教寓言，被譽(yù)為“具有永恒意義的百科全書(shū)”，是英國(guó)文學(xué)史上里程碑式著作。與但丁的神曲、奧古斯丁的懺悔錄并列為世界三大宗教題材文學(xué)杰作。）Puritan poet(清教徒派詩(shī)人)Religionary Allegory:<The Pilgrims Progress>天路歷程n3. John Donne the Metaphysical poet(玄學(xué)派詩(shī)人).Metaphysical Poetry(玄學(xué)詩(shī))：（用語(yǔ)）the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual, (形式)the form is freq

21、uently an argument with the poets beloved, with god, or with himself.（主題：love, religious, thought）Artistic features:1. conceits or imagery奇思妙喻2. syllogism三段論 Meditations 沉思錄The Flea 虱子 Songs And SonnetsHoly SonnetsValediction:<Forbidding Mourning>IV The 18th Century：Enlightenment同時(shí)為美國(guó)獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)與法國(guó)大革

22、命提供了框架，并且導(dǎo)致了資本主義和社會(huì)主義的興起，與音樂(lè)史上的巴洛克時(shí)期以及藝術(shù)史上的新古典主義時(shí)期是同一時(shí)期。A revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感) and accuracyThe Age of Enlightenment/Reason: the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centries, a progressive intellectual mo

23、vement, reason(rationality), equality&science(the 18th century)小說(shuō)崛起：In the mid-century, the newly literary form, modern English novel rised(realistic novel現(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說(shuō))Gothic novel(哥特式小說(shuō))：mystery, horror, castles(from middle part to the end of century)1.  Alexander Pope亞歷山大蒲柏16881744（18世紀(jì)英國(guó)最偉大的詩(shī)人

24、，其詩(shī)多用“英雄雙韻體”/ “ heroic couplets”。詞句工整、精練、富有哲理性。）As a representative of the Enlightenment， Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England.Eg. Among the representatives of the Enlightenment, who was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England? ( C ) A. John Bunyan B. Daniel Def

25、oe C. Alexander Pope D. Jonathan Swift <An Essay on Criticism>批評(píng)論nArtistic features:1.Using “heroic couplets” <The Rape of the Lock>卷發(fā)遇劫記 <Moral Essays>道德論<Essay on Man>人論n<The Dunciad>愚人記2.  Samuell Johnson塞繆爾約翰遜17091784      Dictionary =<A Dicti

26、onary of English Language>英語(yǔ)大詞典n3. Jonathan Swift喬納森斯威夫特16671745（十八世紀(jì)杰出的政論家和諷刺小說(shuō)家a master satirist。） <Gullivers Travels>格列佛游記(fictional work)Four parts:Lilliput 小人國(guó) Brobdingnag 大人國(guó)Flying Island 飛島 Houyhnhnm 馬島<A Modest Proposal>一個(gè)小小的建議n <The Battle of Books>書(shū)戰(zhàn) <A Tale of a Tu

27、b>木桶的故事n <The Drappers Letters>一個(gè)麻布商的書(shū)信4. Daniel Defoe丹尼爾笛福16601731（小說(shuō)家，新聞?dòng)浾?，小?cè)子作者；十八世紀(jì)英國(guó)現(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說(shuō)的奠基人。）lHe is the first writer study of the lower-class people, his language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular, and he is the founder of realistic novel. <Robinsonn Crusoe>魯賓遜

28、漂流記It praise the fortitude of the human labor and the Puritan. Robinson grew from a naive and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man,tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life. It is an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned on a lonely isla

29、nd, struggles to live for 24-years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England. <Moll Flanders> <Colonel Jacque> <Captain singleton> 5. Henry Fielding亨利菲爾丁17071754（英國(guó)小說(shuō)家，戲劇家，被譽(yù)為“英國(guó)小說(shuō)之父” 。）He is called “Father of English novel”. He was the first to write a “Comic epic in

30、prose”(散文體史詩(shī)), and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style. novels:<The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling>棄嬰湯姆瓊斯<The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews>約瑟夫安德魯<The Life of Mr Jonathan Wild, the Great>大詩(shī)人江奈生威爾德<Amelia>愛(ài)米利亞n plays:<The Historical R

31、egister for 1736>一七三六年歷史記事<Don Quixote in England>堂吉柯德在英國(guó)n6. Oliver Goldsmith奧利弗格爾德斯密斯17301774 poems: <The Traveller>旅游人 <The Deserted Village>荒村 novel: <The Vicar of Wakefield>威克菲爾德牧師傳n7.   Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查德布林斯利施萊登17511816 <The Rival

32、s>情敵n <The Schooln for Scandal>造謠學(xué)校8. William Blake威廉布萊克17571827 <Songs of Innocence>天真之歌A happy and innocent world from childrens eye. <Songs of Experience>經(jīng)驗(yàn)之歌A word of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone from men eyes.Include:  <The Chi

33、mney Sweeper><London><The Tyger>Lamb is a symbol of peace and purityTyger is a symbol of dread and oiolence  <The Marriage of Heaven and Hell>天堂與地獄的婚姻n9. Robert Burns羅伯特彭斯17591796The greatest Scottish poet in the late 18th century.Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect主要用蘇格蘭

34、方言寫(xiě)的詩(shī) <John Anderson, My Jo>約翰安德生，我的愛(ài)人 <A Red, Red Rose>一朵紅紅的玫瑰n <Auld Longn Syne>往昔時(shí)光 <A Mans a Man for AThat>不管那一套n <My Hearts in then Highlands>我的心在那高原上 <Bruce At Bannockburn> <The Tree Of Liberty>V The Romantic PeriodThe romantic period began in 1798 the

35、 publication of Wordsworth and Coleridges <Lyrical Ballads>, and end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scotts death.Romanticism:It emphasize the specialqualitie of each individuals mind.(人應(yīng)該是獨(dú)立自由的個(gè)體)In it, emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to

36、the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplace.Two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen (realistic) and Walter Scott (romantic).“The Lake Poets”湖畔詩(shī)人，who lived in the lake district.William Wordsworth; Samuel Taylor Colerid

37、ge; Robert Southey1. William Wordsworth威廉華茲華斯17701850（與柯?tīng)柭芍巍Ⅱ}塞同被稱(chēng)為“湖畔派”詩(shī)人。 The Lake Poets） <Lyrical Ballads>抒情歌謠集(with Samuel Taylor Coleridge) <I Wondered Lonely As A Cloud> Theme:1.Nature embodies human beings in their diverse circumstance. It is nature that give him “strength and know

38、ledge fullof peace”2.It is bliss to recolled the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is in solitude.Comment:The poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils(水仙) and poets phil

39、osophical ideas and mystical thoughts. Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey The Solitary Reaper孤獨(dú)的割麥女 <The Prelude>序曲2.  Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞繆爾泰勒科爾律治17721834        The Lake Poets <The Rime of the Ancient Mariner>古舟子頌 <Christabel>柯里斯塔貝爾 <Ku

40、bla Khan>忽必烈汗Artistic features: mysticism, demonism with strong imagination, a strange territory <Frost at Night>半夜冰霜 <Dejection, an Ode>憂郁頌 <Lyrical Ballads>抒情歌謠集(with William Wordsworth)3.  George Gordon Byron喬治戈登拜倫17881824（拜倫式英雄Byronic heroes孤傲、狂熱、浪漫，卻充滿了反抗精神。內(nèi)心充滿了孤獨(dú)與苦悶，

41、卻又蔑視群小。恰爾德·哈羅德是拜倫詩(shī)歌中第一個(gè)“拜倫式英雄”。）l“Byronic hero” is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or moral principles. <Don Juan>唐璜<Childe Harolds Pilgrimage>恰爾德哈羅德?tīng)栍斡?lt;Cain>該隱 <When We Two Parted>當(dāng)初我們倆分別 <She Walks In Beauty> 4.  Pe

42、rsy Bysshe Shelley波西比希雪萊17921822 Poetic Drama：<Prometheus Unbound>解放了的普羅米修斯Theme: the drama celebraies mans victory over tyranny and oppression <Queen Mab>麥布女王<Revolt of Islam>伊斯蘭的反叛<The Cenci>欽契一家<A Defence of Poetry>詩(shī)辯<The Necessity of Atheism>無(wú)神論的必要性 Lyrics: &l

43、t;Ode to the West Wind>西風(fēng)頌Theme: The author express his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality. Compare the west wind to destroyer of the old who drives the last signs of life from the trees, and preserver of the new who scatter the seads shich sill come to life in the spring.

44、This is a poem about renewal, about the wind blowing life back into dead things, implying not just an arc of life (which would end at death) but a cycle, which only starts again when something dies.Comment: Percy Bysshe Shelley's "Ode to the West Wind" is written in iambic pentameter.

45、It contains five sonnet length stanzas, each with a closing couplet. The rhyming scheme form is aba bcb cdc ded ee. The tone is poignant. Many will agree that this poem is an invocation for an unseen force to take control and revive life.Artistic features:Using rerza rima(三行詩(shī)aba bcb cdc ded efe )<

46、;To a Skylark>致云雀    5.  Johnl Keats約翰濟(jì)慈17951821 (“美即是真，真即是美”是他的著名詩(shī)句。)    Four great odes: <Ode on a Grecian Urn>希臘古甕頌<Ode to a Nightingale>夜鶯頌<Ode to Psyche>心靈頌<Ode On Melancholy> 憂郁頌 <To Autumn>秋頌nTheme: The theme of John Keats' poem, &

47、quot;To Autumn", is that change is both natural and beautiful. The poem praises the glories of the fall season by using almost every type of imagery to both charm and appeal to the reader.Comment: The speaker in the poem acknowledges that time passes by, but also asserts that this change usuall

48、y yields something new and better than what came before. Each of the poem's three stanzas represents the evolving of two different types of change. One type of change shown in the poem is the change of periods in a day.6.  Jane Austen簡(jiǎn)奧斯丁17751817lShe compared her works to a fine engraving u

49、pon a literary piece of ivory only inches squire. <Sense and Sensibility>理智與感情<Pride and Prejudic> 傲慢與偏見(jiàn)(chapter I)【Elizabeth Bennet & Darcy】in the end false pride is humbled and prejudice dissolved【Collins & Charlotte Lucas】see the reality of marriage as a necessary step if a wo

50、man is to avoid the wretchedness of aging spinsterhood【Lydia & Wickham】shown the dangers of feckless relationships unsupported by money.【Mr.&Mrs. Bennet, Mr. Collins, Lady Catherine de Burgh】comic characters<Mansfield Park>曼斯菲爾德莊園<Emma>愛(ài)瑪<Northanger Abbey>諾桑覺(jué)寺<Persuasion

51、>勸導(dǎo)7. Walterl Scott沃爾特斯科特17711832(歷史小說(shuō)之父”)Father of history novels <Rob Roy> 羅伯羅伊 <Ivanhoe> 艾凡赫 VI The Victorian Period 1832-1900Common sense and moral propreity, again became the predominant preoccupation. Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common people

52、and everyday events.1.  Charles Dickens查爾斯狄更斯18121870（批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說(shuō)家）critical realist writer <The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club>匹克威克外傳 <Oliver Twist>奧利弗特維斯特（霧都孤兒） <The Old Curiosity Shop>老古玩店  <A Christmas Carol>圣誕頌歌 <Dombey and Son>董貝父子 <David Cop

53、perfield>大衛(wèi)科波菲爾 <Bleak House>荒涼山莊<Hard Times>艱難時(shí)世 <A Tale of Two Cities>雙城記(London & Paris) <Great Expectations>遠(yuǎn)大前程 <Our Mutual Friend>我們共同的朋友  是英國(guó)19世紀(jì)小說(shuō)繁榮時(shí)期最杰出的代表作家，影響遍及歐美以及世界各國(guó)。他那富有社會(huì)批判意義的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說(shuō)不僅使英國(guó)文壇煥然一新，而且對(duì)世界文學(xué)的發(fā)展也產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響。2. William Makepeace Thackera

54、y威廉麥克匹斯薩克雷18111863<Vanity Fair> or a Novel without a Hero名利場(chǎng)(the name is an excerpt from <The Pilgrims Progress>by John Bunyan)<The Book Of Snobs>  3. Charlotte Bronte夏洛蒂勃朗特18161855 <Jane Eyre>簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)Jane Eyre, a plain little orphan, was sent to Lowood, a charity school. Ther

55、e she suffer a lot and 8 years later she left school and became a boverness at Thornfield Hall. There she falls in love with the master,Mr. Rochester.It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society, e.g. charity institution such as Lowood SchoolIt is a successful introduction to the firs

56、t governess heoine in the English novel, whom represents those middle-class working women struggling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being. <Shirley>雪莉 <Professor>教師   4.  Emily Bronte艾米莉勃朗特18181854 < Wutheringn Heights>呼嘯山莊A story about

57、 two familie and an intruding stranger.【TheEarnshaw Family】Mr. Earnshaw, his wife, the son Hindley, the daughter Catherine, Heathcliff【The Linton Family】Mr.Linton, his wife, son Edgar, daughter Isabella < Old Stoic>5. George Eliot喬治艾略特18191880l <The Mill on the Floss>弗洛斯河上的磨坊 < Adamn

58、Bede>亞當(dāng)比德 < Silasn Marner>織工馬南 < Middlemarch>米德?tīng)栺R契6. Alfred Tennyson阿爾弗萊德丁尼生18091892（維多利亞時(shí)代最具代表性的偉大詩(shī)人）Poet Laureate （桂冠詩(shī)人） < In Memoriam>悼念To memorialize his friend < Break, Break, Break> < Idylls of the King>國(guó)王敘事詩(shī)7.  Robert Browning羅伯特白朗寧18121889  <

59、; My Last Dutchess>我已故的公爵夫人 < Home Thoughts From Abroad>海外鄉(xiāng)思Elizabeth Barrett Browing: <Sonnet from the Portuguese>葡萄牙十四行詩(shī)8. Robert Louis Stevenson <Treasure Island>金銀島 9. Thomasl Hardy托馬斯哈代18401928（小說(shuō)多以農(nóng)村生活為背景；自然主義小說(shuō)家。Wessex novels; novels of character and environment）  &#

60、160; Novels < Tess Of The DUrbervilles>德伯家的苔絲Theme:experience is as to intensity, and not as to duration < Jude The Obscure>無(wú)名的裘德 < Under The Greenwood Tree>綠蔭下 < Far Fromn The Madding Crowd>遠(yuǎn)離塵囂 < The Mayor Of Casterbridge>卡斯特橋市長(zhǎng) < The Return of the Native>還鄉(xiāng)  PoemsWessex Poems And Other VersesPoems Of The Past And PresentThe Dynasts 列國(guó)VII 19001950 The 20th CenturyPlaywrights Oscar Wilde George Bernard Sh