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1、1988年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語試題Section I Close TestFor each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labeled A, B, C, and D. Choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. Read the whole passage before making your choice. (10 points)In 1620, a small sailboat named the Mayf

2、lower left England for the New World. The Mayflower headed for the Jamestown colony on the warm shore of Virginia. Its one hundred passengers were the Pilgrims. They were looking for a place where they could worship God 1 . Because of strong winds and severe storms, the Mayflower lost its 2 . The br

3、ave group of colonists finally had to land at Plymouth on the rocky coast of Massachusetts in December 1620. It was the middle of the stern northern winter. 3 months of starvation, disease, and death were ahead of them. Only the strongest of the pilgrims 4 that winter. Many women gave their own piti

4、ful rations to their children and died for lack of food for themselves. Living 5 began to improve in the spring of 1621. There were wild vegetables. There were berries and fruit. Fish and game were plentiful. Therefore, they were able to get enough fresh meat despite their lack of skill or experienc

5、e in hunting and fishing. The colonists health 6 with the warm weather and their better diet.In the fall, they look back 7 the past year. They were both regretful and thankful. Only fifty of the original one hundred passengers remained. The price in human life and tragedy had been great. On the othe

6、r hand, they saw new hope for the future. A splendid harvest was 8 them. They were ready for the second winter with confidence. They had eleven crude houses for protection against the severe winter. Seven were for families, and four were for communal use. 9 , they had established a treaty of friends

7、hip with their Indian neighbors under Chief Massasoit in the summer.The woods and forests became safe. When the Mayflower returned to England that summer, there were no colonists 10 . At the end of their first year in their new home, the Pilgrims wanted to celebrate with a real holiday. It was their

8、 first Thanks giving Day. 328 words1. A in their own styleB in their own wayC on their ownD of their own2. A courseB routeC passageD channel3. A UncomfortableB BadC UnfavourableD Terrible4. A passedB sustainedC survivedD spent5. A situationsB environmentsC conditionsD circumstances6. A strengthenedB

9、 regainedC recoveredD improved7. A inB ofC overD at8. A onB behindC forD beyond9. A Best of allB For the bestC To their bestD All in all10.A ashoreB aroundC aboutD aboard試題精解一、文章結(jié)構(gòu)分析本文是一篇記敘文,講述了“五月花號”抵達美洲新大陸的情況及感恩節(jié)的來歷。第一段交代了文章的背景:一批殖民者到達北美新大陸。至句介紹了“五月花號”前往美洲的原因,至句介紹了“五月花號”上的朝圣者在途中以及登陸后遇到的困難,至句介紹了他們生

10、活條件得到好轉(zhuǎn)的原因及表現(xiàn)。第二段通過對過去的回顧與對未來的展望,敘述了朝圣者懷有感恩的心態(tài)并與當?shù)赜〉诎踩撕炇鹩押脜f(xié)定,為下文感恩節(jié)的形成做了鋪墊。第三段說明了感恩節(jié)產(chǎn)生的直接原因:朝圣者想慶祝他們定居新家的第一年。二、試題具體分析1. A in their own styleB in their own way以特有的方式C on their own單獨,獨立地D of their own自己的,本人的本題考核的知識點是:句內(nèi)語義+固定短語快速解題空格處填入的短語作狀語,修飾worship God,說明朝圣者前往新大陸的原因。in ones own way是固定搭配,意為“以特有的方式”,

11、代入文中意為“以他們特有的方式敬仰上帝”,符合上下文邏輯關(guān)系,為正確答案。on their own與of their own不符合文意,style雖然可以表示“方式、方法”,但該含義不用于in ones own結(jié)構(gòu),應(yīng)排除。篇章分析至句是第一段的第一個層次,揭示了五月花號前往新大陸的原因。句是一個復(fù)合句,主干為They were looking for a place,后接where引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾place??崭裨O(shè)置in ones own way是固定短語,如:I expect she does love you in her own way.我想她的確是以她特有的方式愛你。干擾項設(shè)置其他

12、項利用常見的固定搭配設(shè)置干擾。例句:The accident happened through no fault of her own.這一事故的發(fā)生不是她本人的過錯。He did it on his own.這件事他獨立完成了。2. A course航向,航線B route路線,路途C passage通道,航程D channel渠道,海峽本題考核的知識點是:名詞詞義辨析快速解題空格處填入的名詞作lost的賓語,因此此題關(guān)鍵是判斷那個選項可與lost搭配且符合文意。四個選項構(gòu)成的動賓搭配分別表示“迷失航向”、“迷失路線”、“迷失航程”和“迷失海峽”,顯然不存在后兩種搭配,首先排除C和D。由于文

13、中具體指出了是海上航行,因此排除常指“地面路線”的route,最佳答案為Acourse。篇章分析至句是第一段的第二個層次,分別介紹了朝圣者在航行中及登陸后遇到的困難。空格設(shè)置course除了考生熟悉的表示“課程”的含義外,還可意為“(船或飛機的)航向,航線“,如:The plane was on/off course.飛機航向正確/偏離航向。干擾項設(shè)置其他項利用其他表示“路徑”的詞對course形成近義干擾。例句:Which is the best route to take 哪一條是最佳路線?This passage will take us to the other building.穿過

14、這條通道,我們就可以到達另一座大樓。Complaints must be made through the proper channels.投訴必須通過正當途徑進行。3.A Uncomfortable令人不舒適的B Bad令人不快的,壞的C Unfavourable不利的,有害的D Terrible可怕的,造成極大傷害的本題考核的知識點是:上下文語義+形容詞辨析快速解題空格處填入的形容詞做定語修飾months,意為“的幾個月”。months后面的of介詞結(jié)構(gòu)也做定語后置修飾months,由of后面的一系列名詞“starvation、disease、death”可知,這幾個月的情況是極其嚴重的,

15、因此,在四個選項中應(yīng)選擇表示惡劣程度最深的terrible??崭裨O(shè)置terrible的詞義和用法比較簡單,本題需要考生理解上下文的具體內(nèi)容做出選擇。干擾項設(shè)置其他項利用表示“不利的”的形容詞設(shè)置干擾,考生需結(jié)合詞語表達含義的程度與具體語境排除干擾。4. A passed通過,經(jīng)過;消磨,度過B sustained維持(生命、生存)C survived生存;幸存,挺過,艱難度過D spent花(時間),度過本題考核的知識點是:上下文語義+動詞辨析快速解題空格所在部分意為“朝圣者中只有最為強壯的人那個冬天”。pass常用于指無聊或等人時打發(fā)、消磨時間;spend強調(diào)以某種方式花時間,常接on st

16、h或in doing sth來表示方式。sustain雖然含有“生存”的意思,但其后常接life或人作賓語,不符合文中用法。符合上下文意的只有survive,指“艱難挺過那個冬天”,與上一題中的terrible相呼應(yīng)。空格設(shè)置本題借survive考查了考生對上下文的理解。例句:I cant survive on $40 a week.一星期40美元,我無法維持生活。干擾項設(shè)置其他項是利用表示“度過”的動詞對survive構(gòu)成近義干擾,考生要在理解詞義的基礎(chǔ)上對單詞的用法區(qū)別掌握。例句:We sang songs to pass the time.我們借唱歌消磨時間。Few planets ca

17、n sustain life.能夠維持生命存在的行星很少。How long did you spend on your homework 你做家庭作業(yè)用了多長時間?5. A situations情況,狀況B environments環(huán)境C conditions環(huán)境,條件D circumstances條件,狀況本題考核的知識點是:上下文語義+名詞辨析快速解題空格所在部分living 5 意為“生活”,四個選項都含有“環(huán)境,狀況”的意思,但是側(cè)重點各有不同。situation強調(diào)特定時期和特定地點形勢、局面,environments特指影響個體或事物行為或發(fā)展的環(huán)境,conditions指居住、工

18、作或做事情的環(huán)境或條件,circumstances尤其指經(jīng)濟狀況。由living以及下文的vegetables、berries等詞可知,這里指的是人們的生活條件得到改善,符合文意的為Cconditions.篇章分析句至句是第一段的第三個層次,指出了朝圣者在新的定居點生活條件得到改善的原因及表現(xiàn)??崭裨O(shè)置conditions本身詞義比較簡單,但要求考生根據(jù)上下文語境排除干擾,作出正確判斷。例句:changing economic conditions不斷變化的經(jīng)濟狀況。干擾項設(shè)置其他項利用表示“環(huán)境、狀況”的名詞對conditions形成近義干擾。這幾個詞雖然含義相近,但用法上各有不同,例句如:

19、We have all been in similar embarrassing situations.我們都遇到過類似的尷尬局面。They have created an environment in which productivity should flourish.他們創(chuàng)造了一種可以大大提高生產(chǎn)力的環(huán)境。Grants are awarded according to your financial circumstances.補助金根據(jù)經(jīng)濟狀況發(fā)放。6. Astrengthened加強,鞏固Bregained 重新獲得,恢復(fù)Crecovered恢復(fù)健康,康復(fù)Dimproved 改進,改善

20、本題考核的知識點是:動詞辨析快速解題空格所在部分的主語是the colonists health,此題的關(guān)鍵是判斷哪個動詞能與health搭配,并且能與上下文銜接。strengthened指“增強能力或地位等”,不能與health搭配,首先排除。regained意為“恢復(fù)”時常做及物動詞,不符合文中用法,但是可以說regained health。recovered本身即意為“恢復(fù)健康”,不需要health作主語。符合上下文語義的只有improve,在文中意為“健康得到改善”。 篇章分析句的主干部分是The colonists health improved,介詞with的用法比較特殊,表原因,

21、介賓短語with解釋了health improved的原因??崭裨O(shè)置improve的含義比較簡單,但用法很豐富,可以泛指各方面的“改善、提高”,如:His quality of life has improved dramatically since the operation.手術(shù)后他的生活質(zhì)量大大改善了。to improve efficiency/standards/conditions提高效率/標準;改善條件。干擾項設(shè)置其他項利用考生熟悉的漢語表達法設(shè)置干擾。漢語里經(jīng)常有“恢復(fù)健康、增強健康”的表達方式,考生要熟悉英漢兩種語言表達方式的區(qū)別,排除干擾。例句:Her position in

22、 the party has strengthened in recent weeks.最近幾個星期以來,她在黨內(nèi)的地位有所增強。I struggled to regain some dignity.我努力恢復(fù)自己的一點兒尊嚴。Hes still recovering from his operation.手術(shù)后,他仍在恢復(fù)之中。7. A inB ofC overD at 本題考核的知識點是:介詞搭配快速解題空格處填入的介詞既要與look back搭配,又要能接the past year作賓語。不存在look back in與look back of的用法,首先排除A和B。look back

23、over與look back at都可意為“回顧”,但look back at后面接具體的時間或事物,look back over后面接特定階段,顯然文中the past year強調(diào)的是一個時間段,符合要求的是look back over,代入文中意為“回顧過去的一年”。 篇章分析第二段分為兩個層次:至句是對過去的回顧,至句是對未來的展望與準備。句句首on the other hand表明了這種今昔對比??崭裨O(shè)置介詞over的含義和用法都很豐富,在知識運用的文章中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn),考生要結(jié)合具體語境掌握該詞用法。干擾項設(shè)置其他項利用其他可與look搭配的常用介詞設(shè)置干擾,需要正確理解上下文才排除干擾

24、。8. A onB behindC forD beyond本題考核的知識點是:上下文語義+介詞辨析快速解題空格所在部分A splendid harvest was 8 them,意為“一個大豐收他們”。由句in the fall和句ready for the second winter可知,他們在秋天已經(jīng)取得大豐收,并為第二年冬天做準備。behind意為used to say that sth is in sbs past,它代入文中,意為“他們身后是(秋天的)一個大豐收”,即“已經(jīng)獲得了豐收”。其他項與them搭配分別意為“由他們支付”、“為了他們”與“他們無法理解“,均不符合上下文語義,應(yīng)

25、排除。篇章分析句是第二段第二個層次的總起句,指出了對未來的希望。句至段末分別從食物、住所以及人際關(guān)系三方面舉出了充滿希望的原因。空格設(shè)置本題通過behind考查了考生對文章內(nèi)部時間邏輯的把握,及它本身不為考生所熟悉的含義。例句:She has ten years useful experience behind her.她已有十年的經(jīng)驗,能派上用場。干擾項設(shè)置其他項都是利用常用介詞設(shè)置的脫離上下文的無關(guān)干擾,聯(lián)系上下文語義不難排除。9. A Best of all最好的是,尤其B For the best出于好意C To their bestD All in all總的來說本題考核的知識點是:

26、邏輯關(guān)系快速解題空格處填入的短語放在句首,體現(xiàn)句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系,此題的關(guān)鍵是判斷空格前后部分的邏輯關(guān)系。to their best短語不存在,首先排除。上文都是講殖民者為來年做的物質(zhì)準備,句重在強調(diào)人際關(guān)系方面的改善,體現(xiàn)這種強調(diào)關(guān)系的只有best of all。篇章分析句雖然是一個簡單句,但是句子結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜,主干為they had established a treaty of friendship,句首的best of all與with.,under,in三個介賓短語做狀語??崭裨O(shè)置邏輯關(guān)系在知識運用中的考查比重越來越大,需要考生提高語篇結(jié)構(gòu)的分析能力。例句如:Best of all,

27、 we dont have any homework.最好的是我們沒有什么家庭作業(yè)了。干擾項設(shè)置其他項都是利用詞形設(shè)置的形近干擾。例句:I did it for the best.我是出于好意這么做的。All in all it has been a great success.總的來說,那是個巨大的成功。10.A ashore在岸上B around周圍C about到處D aboard在(船、車飛機)上本題考核的知識點是:上下文語義+副詞辨析快速解題空格所在部分意為“當五月花號返回英格蘭的時候,沒有一名殖民者”,顯然,表示“在船上”的aboard符合文章語義的銜接,為正確選項。其他三項不符合

28、上下文,應(yīng)排除。 篇章分析句承接上文,總結(jié)指出殖民者生活狀況好轉(zhuǎn),他們在殖民地定居下來。句是過渡句,指出他們想要建立一個節(jié)日慶祝新的生活,由此引出句感恩節(jié)的來歷??崭裨O(shè)置aboard的含義和用法都比較簡單,但需要根據(jù)上下文進行推斷。干擾項設(shè)置其他項是利用aboard的形近詞設(shè)置的干擾,由于都脫離了上下文,不難排除。三、全文翻譯1620年,一艘被命名為“五月花號”的小帆船離開倫敦駛往新大陸。“五月花號”向位于弗吉尼亞州溫暖海岸的詹姆斯頓殖民地行進。船上的一百名乘客都是朝圣者,他們正在尋找一個地方,在那里他們能以自己特有的方式敬仰上帝。由于狂風和兇猛的暴風雨,“五月花號”迷失了航向。1620年12

29、月份,這一群勇敢的殖民者最終不得不在位于馬薩諸塞州巖石嶙嶙海岸的普利茅斯登陸。當時正是北方嚴冬時期,他們將面對的是充滿了饑餓、疾病和死亡的極其可怕的幾個月。朝圣者中只有最為強壯的人活過了那個冬天。許多婦女把她們少得可憐的口糧留給了自己的孩子,自己卻死于饑餓。生活條件在1621年的春天開始改善:有了野菜、漿果和水果以及充足的魚和野禽。因此,盡管缺乏狩獵、捕魚的技巧和經(jīng)驗,他們也能夠獲得足夠的新鮮肉類。由于天氣變暖和飲食的改善,殖民者們的健康狀況得以好轉(zhuǎn)。在秋天,他們回顧了過去的一年,既遺憾又感激。最初的一百名乘客只有五十人存活了下來,人類生命的代價和和悲劇是如此巨大。另一方面,他們看到了未來的新

30、希望。在他們身后是(秋天的)一個大豐收,他們充滿自信地為第二個冬天的到來做好了準備。他們有十一所用于抵御嚴冬的簡陋房屋,其中的七所為家庭所有,四所作為公用。最重要的是,在馬薩索特酋長的監(jiān)管下,他們在夏天與其印第安鄰居訂立了友好協(xié)定。林地和森林變安全了。那年夏天,當“五月花號”返回英格蘭的時候,船上沒有一名殖民者。在他們定居新家的第一年年底,這些朝圣者想以一個真正的節(jié)日來慶祝,這便是他們的第一個感恩節(jié)。Section IIReading ComprehensionEach of the two passages below is followed by five questions. For e

31、ach question there are four answers. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Put your choice in the brackets on the left. (10 points)Text 1It doesnt come as a surprise to you to realize that it makes no difference what you read or study if you cant remember i

32、t. You just waste your valuable time. Maybe you have already discovered some clever ways to keep yourself from forgetting.One dependable aid that does help you remember what you study is to have a specific purpose or reason for reading. You remember better what you read when you know why youre readi

33、ng.Why does a clerk in a store go away and leave you when your reply to her offer to help is, “No, thank you. Im just looking” Both you and she know that if you arent sure what you want, you are not likely to find it. But suppose you say instead, “Yes, thank you. I want a pair of sun glasses.” She s

34、ays, “Right this way, please.” And you and she are off - both eager to look for exactly what you want.Its quite the same with your studying. If you chose a book at random, “just looking” for nothing in particular, you are likely to get just that - nothing. But if you do know what you want, and if yo

35、u have the right book, you are almost sure to get it. Your reasons will vary; they will include reading or studying “to find out more about”, “to understand the reasons for”, “to find out how”. A good student has a clear purpose or reason for what he is doing.This is the way it works. Before you sta

36、rt to study, you say to yourself something like this, “I want to know why Stephen Vincent Benet happened to write about America. Im reading this article to find out.” Or, “Im going to skim this story to see what life was like in medieval England.” Because you know why you are reading or studying, yo

37、u relate the information to your purpose and remember it better.Reading is not one single activity. At least two important processes go on at the same time. As you read, you take in ideas rapidly and accurately. But at the same time you express your own ideas to yourself as you react to what you rea

38、d. You have a kind of mental conversation with the author. If you expressed your ideas orally, they might sound like this: “Yes, I agree. Thats my opinion too.” or “Ummmm, I thought that record was broken much earlier. Id better check those dates,” or “But there are some other facts to be considered

39、!” You dont just sit there taking in ideas - you do something else, and that something else is very important.This additional process of thinking about what you read includes evaluating it, relating it to what you already know, and using it for your own purposes. In other words, a good reader is a c

40、ritical reader. One part of critical reading, as you have discovered, is distinguishing between facts and opinions. Facts can be checked by evidence. Opinions are ones own personal reactions.Another part of critical reading is judging sources. Still another part is drawing accurate inferences.一、詞匯1m

41、ake no difference沒有.作用或影響2specific a. 明確的3suppose v. 假設(shè),以為,認為4at random隨便地,任意地5happen to (do sth) 碰巧(做某事)6skim v. 略讀7react to對.做出反應(yīng)8take in接受,理解二、長難句1. It doesnt come as a surprise to you to realize that it makes no difference what you read or study if you cant remember it.該句的主干為It doesnt come as a

42、surprise to you,其中it為形式主語,真正的主語是后面的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)to realize that ,that引導(dǎo)的從句做realize的賓語。賓語從句為主從復(fù)合句,句末為if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句,主干為it makes no difference,其中it為形式主語,真正的主語是后面的what you read or study。翻譯:如果你不能記住你所讀或者所學的東西,那你讀什么或?qū)W什么就無關(guān)緊要了,這一點毫不出奇。三、文章結(jié)構(gòu)分析這篇文章主要探討閱讀和學習中記憶的方法。文章段落分散,語言平實易懂,總體可以分為三個部分。第一部分為第一段,提出現(xiàn)象:指出記憶對于閱讀或?qū)W習的重要性,

43、并且記憶需要聰明的方法。第二部分為第二至五段,敘述幫助記憶的方法之一:有目的或有原因的閱讀。以購物過程和閱讀過程做類比說明,有目的或有原因的閱讀可以幫助讀者獲得明確信息并進行良好記憶。第三部分為第六至八段,論述閱讀的過程理解內(nèi)容和批判性地思考評估內(nèi)容,而后者又包括區(qū)分事實與觀點、評判信息來源和進行準確推理。四、試題具體分析11.If you cannot remember what you read or study, _.11. 如果你不能記住所閱讀或?qū)W習的內(nèi)容,_。A it is no surpriseA 這毫不出奇B it means you have not really learne

44、d anythingB 這意味著你沒有真正學到任何東西C it means you have not chosen the right bookC 這意味著你沒有選對閱讀的書籍D you realize it is of no importanceD 你意識到這無所謂【分析】本題所考查的知識點是:具體細節(jié)題。第一段指出如果你不能記住你所讀或所學的內(nèi)容的話,就是在浪費寶貴的時間,即你沒有從中學到任何東西,B選項正確。A和D選項偷換概念,第一段指出,如果不能記住所讀或所學的內(nèi)容,那么所讀或所學內(nèi)容無關(guān)緊要,這一點毫不出奇,而非“不能記住所讀或所學內(nèi)容”不出奇或無關(guān)緊要。C選項無干干擾,從文中無從推

45、知。12.Before you start reading, it is important _.12. 在你開始閱讀之前,有必要_。A to make sure why you are readingA 確定你閱讀的原因B to relate the information to your purposeB 將信息與目的聯(lián)系起來C to remember what you readC 記住你所讀的內(nèi)容D to choose an interesting bookD 選擇有趣的讀物【分析】本題所考查的知識點是:具體細節(jié)題。第二段提出一種幫助記憶的可靠方法,即有目的或有原因的閱讀,換句話說,就是

46、在閱讀前確定閱讀的目的或原因。A選項正確。B和C選項張冠李戴,它們是閱讀和記憶過程中的步驟,而非閱讀前的步驟。D選項無中生有。13.Reading activity involves _.13. 閱讀行為包括_。A only two simultaneous processesA 僅僅兩個同時發(fā)生的過程B primarily learning about ideas and evaluating them criticallyB 主要是理解內(nèi)容和批判性地評估內(nèi)容C merely distinguishing between facts and opinionsC 僅僅區(qū)分事實與觀點D main

47、ly drawing accurate inferencesD 主要進行準確推理【分析】本題所考查的知識點是:具體細節(jié)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞reading activity定位到文章第六段。第六段首句指出閱讀并非一項獨立的行為,它包括至少兩個同時發(fā)生的重要過程。句列出這兩個過程:迅速而準確地理解內(nèi)容和以自己的思維表述對所讀內(nèi)容的反應(yīng)。B選項是對這兩個過程的同義改寫,為正確項。A選項以偏概全,第六段首句指出閱讀行為至少包括(at least)兩個同時發(fā)生的過程,而非僅僅(only)這兩個過程。C和D選項張冠李戴,“區(qū)分事實與觀點”和“進行正確推理”是最后兩段提到的“對所閱讀的內(nèi)容進行思考的附加過程”的

48、部分內(nèi)容,而非閱讀行為的直接過程。一般而言,帶有絕對意味的限定性詞語的選項(如only和merely)都不是正確項。14.A good reader is one who _.14. 一位好讀者是_。A relates what he reads to his own knowledge about the subject matterA 將其所讀的內(nèi)容與其了解的主題相關(guān)知識聯(lián)系起來B does lots of thinking in his readingB 在閱讀過程中進行大量思考C takes a critical attitude in his readingC 對閱讀采取批判性的態(tài)度

49、D is able to check the facts presented against what he has already knownD 能夠?qū)⑺x到的事實與已知事實核對【分析】本題所考查的知識點是:具體細節(jié)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“a good reader”定位到第七段。句明確指出,一位好讀者就是一位批判性的讀者。C選項是這句話的同義改寫,為正確項。A、B和D選項以偏概全,第七、八段論述批判性閱讀,指出思考閱讀內(nèi)容的過程包括評估內(nèi)容、將所讀內(nèi)容與已知內(nèi)容進行聯(lián)系、根據(jù)自己的目的進行應(yīng)用;而批判性閱讀則包括區(qū)分事實與觀點、評判內(nèi)容來源、進行準確推理。A選項是思考過程中的一點;B選項僅提及閱

50、讀中思考這一要素,而忽略批判性閱讀的其他要素;D選項也只提到批判性閱讀中的兩點,因此其他三項都不完整。五、全文翻譯如果你不能記住你所讀或者所學的東西,那你讀什么或?qū)W什么就無關(guān)緊要了,這一點毫不出奇。這樣不過是浪費寶貴時間罷了。不過,或許你早已發(fā)現(xiàn)一些聰明的方法來避免遺忘。一種幫助你記住所學內(nèi)容的可靠方法就是有目的或有原因的閱讀。如果你清楚你為何而閱讀,那么你對所閱讀的內(nèi)容就會記得更牢靠些。當你拒絕商店售貨員的幫助(“不,謝謝,我只是看看”)時,為什么售貨員就轉(zhuǎn)身走開了呢?這是因為你和她都知道,如果你不確定自己要什么,你也不大可能會有所收獲。然而,假設(shè)你的回答是“是的,謝謝,我想買一副太陽鏡。”

51、她會回答,“好的,請這邊走?!比缓竽愫退拖颉澳康牡亍弊呷ザ计惹械厝ふ夷阆胍臇|西。這與你的學習過程非常相似。如果你隨機選擇了一本書,“只是看看”而不是尋找具體東西,那么你所得到的很可能是一無所獲。但是,如果你知道你想要什么,而你手頭又有正確的書,那么你幾乎肯定會獲得你所想要的東西。你的緣由可能大不相同:閱讀或?qū)W習是為了“找出更多信息”、“為了理解原因”和“為了找出方法”。一個好學生對于他所做的事情總有一個明確的目的或原因。這就是奏效的方法。在開始學習之前,你這樣告訴自己,“我想知道斯蒂芬文森特貝尼特為什么這樣描寫美國。我讀這篇文章就是要找出原因?!被蛘摺拔乙ㄗx這篇文章,看看中世紀英格蘭的

52、生活到底是什么樣子的?!庇捎谀阒篱喿x或?qū)W習的原因,你就可以將這些信息與你的目的緊密聯(lián)系,并更好地記住它。閱讀并不是一項獨立的行為,期間至少兩個重要過程同時發(fā)生。在閱讀時,你能夠迅速而又準確地理解內(nèi)容,同時在對所讀內(nèi)容予以反應(yīng)時也在表述自己的思想。你與作者進行一種精神對話。如果你口頭表述你的想法的話,它們很可能是“是的,我同意,我的想法也是這樣?!被蚴恰班?,我以為這項紀錄早就被打破了。我最好還是再查查日期?!被蚴恰暗沁€要考慮一些其他的事實!”你并不只是坐在那里理解內(nèi)容你還在做其他的事情,而這些事情往往非常重要。對所閱讀的內(nèi)容進行思考的附加過程包括評估這些內(nèi)容、將其與已知信息相聯(lián)系,并根據(jù)自身

53、目的來進行應(yīng)用。換句話說,一位好讀者也是一位批判性的讀者。正如你所發(fā)現(xiàn)的,批判性閱讀的一部分就是區(qū)分事實與觀點。事實可以通過證據(jù)來確認,而觀點只是個人反應(yīng)。批判性閱讀的還包括評判來源和進行準確推理。Text 2If you live in a large city, you are quite familiar with some of the problems of noise, but because of some of its harmful effects, you may not be aware of the extent of its influence on human be

54、havior. Although everyone more or less knows what noise is, i.e., it is sounds that one would rather not hear, it is perhaps best to define it more precisely for scientific purposes. One such definition is that noise is sounds that are unrelated to the task at hand. Thus stimuli that at one time mig

55、ht be considered relevant will at another time be considered noise, depending on what one is doing at the moment. In recent years there has been a great deal of interest in the effects of noise on human behavior, and concepts such as “noise pollution” have arisen, together with movements to reduce n

56、oise.Exposure to loud noises can definitely produce a partial or complete loss of hearing, depending on the intensity, duration, and frequency composition of the noise. Many jobs present noise hazards, such as working in factories and around jet aircraft, driving farm tractors, and working (or sitting) in music halls where rock bands are playing. In general, cont

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