英語圖表作文

1、文都教育：07大學(xué)英語四六級講義四級寫作（下）第四節(jié) 題型分析在本節(jié)中我們將以題型為依據(jù)進行分析講解，以掌握各種題目的寫作方法與技巧。下面就按照題型不同，分別進行討論。一、 圖表圖畫題型 （Graphs/Tables and Cartoons/Pictures）表格和圖表題型表格和圖表題型是大學(xué)英語寫作中較為常見的題型之一，也是難度較大的一種寫作題型，故大家應(yīng)對此類題型加強練習(xí)，熟練掌握。表格和圖表題型寫作注意事項l 仔細(xì)研究題目以及提示信息，看準(zhǔn)、看清圖表中的數(shù)字、線條、陰影等部分的變化趨勢和走向，然后根據(jù)圖表所顯示的中心信息確定內(nèi)容層次以及主題句。l 仔細(xì)觀察分析圖表所給出的大量信息，從中

2、選取最重要，最有代表性，最核心的信息，然后根據(jù)全文的主旨去組織運用所獲取的關(guān)鍵信息,切忌簡單地羅列圖表所給出的信息。l 表格和圖表題型寫作一般采用一般現(xiàn)在時，但如果圖表給出了具體時間參照，則應(yīng)對時態(tài)進行相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。l 表格和圖表題型要求考生使用一些固定句型和表達法，大家應(yīng)對此融會貫通。l 表格和圖表題型可以細(xì)分為表格，曲線圖、柱形圖和圓形圖。除了上述共同要點，還應(yīng)弄懂這四種圖在寫作方面的各自特點。ü 表格形式要求考生對表格中所給出的大量數(shù)字進行比較分析，從中找出其變化規(guī)律。ü 曲線圖形式要求考生認(rèn)真觀察坐標(biāo)系所顯示的數(shù)據(jù)信息，并且密切注意交匯在坐標(biāo)橫軸和縱軸上的數(shù)字及單位。

3、ü 柱形圖形式要求考生通過寬度相等的柱形的高度或長度差別來判斷事物的動態(tài)發(fā)展趨勢，故考生應(yīng)密切關(guān)注坐標(biāo)線上的刻度單位及圖表旁邊的提示說明與文字。ü 圓形圖形式旨在要求考生準(zhǔn)確理解并闡述一個被分割成大小不等切片的圓形圖所傳達的信息?？忌鷳?yīng)清楚掌握部分與整體，部分與部分之間的相互關(guān)系，這種關(guān)系通常是以百分比的數(shù)字形式給出的。l 列出各段的主題句?？忌梢愿鶕?jù)所給提綱或已知信息列出每段的主題句，為全文的展開鋪平道路。l 嚴(yán)格圍繞主題句展開段落。l 檢查與修改。表格與圖表寫作的檢查與修改應(yīng)著重檢查文章中所列舉的信息是否與圖表所顯示的信息一致。表格和圖表題型寫作中常用的核心句型歸納如

4、下：1. According to the figures given in the table,2. This chart shows that.3. As is shown by the graph,.4. It can be seen from the statistics （chart diagram table graph figures）that.5. It is generally believed（accepted thought held） that 6. There is slight （slow steady rapid）increase （decrease declin

5、e reductionfalldroprise） in demand（income.populationpricesproduction）. 7. be on the increase （decrease rise decline）（.在不斷地增加，減少，上升，下降）8. From the table （figuresdataresultsinformation）,it can be seen （concludedshownestimatedcalculatedinferred） that9. During the period 19002000 （From 19002000Since 190

6、0For a decade, from 19052005 ）其它常用表達Other Useful Expressions and Structures: 介紹圖表 As is shown/described/illustrated/indicated/revealed in the cartoon/picture/graph/chart/table, .As can be clearly seen from the cartoonWhat a vivid picture it is! It tells us thatAccording to the table., As can be seen

7、 from the table., It can be seen from the table.It is self-evident that, It goes without saying that, There is no denying the fact that統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)的表達方法increase/fall slightly/a little/sharply/dramatically/drastically from.to., skyrocket/soar/rise/ decline/jump fromtoremain steady at., level off at, peak at.

8、, reach the climax at., reach the low at, account for.twice/three. times as many/much as., one fifth/a quarter/a third/a half of.數(shù)據(jù)變化的表達方法The number/amount of.increased/jumped/rose/decreased/dropped/fell/ suddenly/rapidly/ dramatically/ sharply/ steadily/ gradually/ slowly/slightly from.to.There was

9、 a sudden/rapid/dramatic/significant/sharp/steady/gradual/slow/slight increase/jump/rise/ decrease/drop/fall in the number/amount of.from.to.開頭和結(jié)尾的常用句型The two graphs describe the same thing seen in two different ways. The first diagram simply recordsThe second graph throws a new light onThe key find

10、ings taken from the surveys are as follows:This table provides several important points of comparison between A and B.一般圖表作文的特征主要體現(xiàn)在第一段，該段的任務(wù)是描述圖表同時點明圖表所要表達的主題或說明的問題，如：As is shown in the table （or in the picture）.dropped from. in 1994 to.in 1996.According to the figures given in the table, .has grea

11、t increased （or decreased） in the past.years （or decades）, reaching.in 1996. From the table we can also see that there has been a sharp decline （or rise） in.It is clear that大家看下面的實例，注意體會圖表作文的寫作特點：實例1-2002年6月真題Directions: For this part you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topi

12、c Student Use of Computers. You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the chart and the outline given below Average number of hours a student spends on the computer per week1. 上圖所示為1990年、1995年、2002年某校大學(xué)生事業(yè)計算機的情況，請描述其變化；2. 請說明發(fā)生這些變化的原因（可從計算機的用途、價格或社會發(fā)展等方面加以說明）；3. 你認(rèn)為目前大學(xué)生在計算機使用

13、中有什么困難或問題。Model CompositionGreat changes have taken place in student use of computers in the university. The hours the student spent on computers per week skyrocketed from about 2 in 1990 to 20 in 2000, more than 9 times higher. This rapid increase proves that students were in closer contact with co

14、mputers.To account for this phenomenon, people have come up with various reasons as listed below. In the first place, with the drop in prices of computers, more students could afford computers, therefore they could spend much more time with computers. In the second place, the computers were applied

15、to wider and wider use and students had to take advantage of this modern invention. Last but not the least important, the development of society pushed computers into more dormitories.Whatever the reason, there are still some problems with student use of computers. To begin with, many students still

16、 have no computers of their own. Whats more, many students use computers only to play e-games and browse porn websites, which causes harm to their mind. （172 words）實例2-1991年6月真題Changes in Peoples Diet Food19861987198819891990Grain49%47%46.5%45%45%Milk10%11%11%12%13%Meat17%20%22.5%23%21%Fruit& Ve

17、getable24%22%20%20%21%Total100%100%100%100%100%l State the changes in peoples diet in the past five years.l Give possible reasons for the changes.l Draw your own conclusionModel CompositionAs is shown in the above table, great changes took place on peoples diet from 1986 to 1990. On the whole, the c

18、onsumption of grain decreased year by year, while that of some high-energy food, such as milk and meat, increased consistently.In my opinion, there are two major reasons for the changes in peoples diet. On one hand, people gave their attention to the quality of their diet. On the other hand, they co

19、uld afford to buy more expensive food with better nutrition owing to the increase of their income.From the above, we can see that peoples living standard improved remarkably in the five years from 1986 to 1990. And we can also anticipate that they will live more and more comfortably and healthily in

20、 the future. （128 words） 實例3Employment Problem of College GraduatesYear20022003（Estimated）2004（Estimated）Number of Unemployed Graduates380,000420,000500,000l 描寫2002年到2004年找不到工作的大學(xué)畢業(yè)生的人數(shù)變化；l 分析原因（高校擴招使畢業(yè)生供給大于需求，很多畢業(yè)生只愿留在大城市，畢業(yè)生的專業(yè)不適合社會需要等）l 給出解決問題的辦法。Model CompositionAs is demonstrated in the table,

21、more and more college graduates are out of a job in our country, which is a serious problem to our economic development and social security. It is estimated that in 2004, there will be 500,000 unemployed graduates, more than 30% higher than in 2002.There are several reasons for this phenomenon. In t

22、he first place, as the enrollment of college students has grown by more than 30% annually since 1998, more and more students are thrown into the labor market. However, our annual GDP growth has been about 8%. Therefore, the supply of labor exceeds the demand, hence a shortage of positions. In the se

23、cond place, many graduates do not want to work in medium-sized and small cities or towns where they are most needed. Instead, too many of them crowd in big cities like Beijing, Shanghai or Guangzhou.Serious as the problem seems, we can come up with some measures to deal with it. On one hand, the gov

24、ernment should develop our national economy more rapidly, creating more job opportunities. On the other hand, the college students must be realistic in choosing jobs. Only in these ways can we hope to solve the problem. （201 words）實例4The Average Life Expectancy in America Year19001910192019301940195

25、0196019701980ALE47.35054.159.762.968.769.770.873.8l State the changes in the average life expectancy in America;l Explain the reasons for the changes;l Draw your conclusions.圖畫作文除了表格和圖表題目，還有與其類似的圖畫題目。圖畫寫作是較難的題型，雖然大學(xué)英語四級考試一直未曾采用，但近年來新題型頻繁出現(xiàn)，象報告、公眾演講、導(dǎo)游解說都已考過，故防患于未然，該題型也是大家應(yīng)該掌握的。首先看一下圖畫題型寫作注意事項：l 詳細(xì)查看

26、圖畫。對圖畫進行全面而細(xì)致的研究，尤其注意圖畫中人或物（人與物）的體貌表情特征和背景，確定人物之間，人物與背景之間的主要關(guān)系，以便正確掌握圖畫所傳達的信息。l 如果圖畫以系列形式（既兩幅以上）出現(xiàn)，考生除了掌握每一幅圖畫的信息，還應(yīng)該對圖畫之間的相應(yīng)聯(lián)系有所理解，從而在整體上把握圖畫所傳達的信息。l 面對圖畫題型，應(yīng)該展開合理而豐富的聯(lián)想，用生動而恰當(dāng)?shù)难赞o抒發(fā)自己對圖畫的所思所想所感。l 注意圖畫題型中的文字提示。文字提示非常重要，文字提示通常十分清楚地提供一些寫作要點。l 草擬提綱，合理組織材料。根據(jù)圖畫內(nèi)容的不同采用不同的段落發(fā)展方式。如果畫面內(nèi)容是以描述為主，即按空間方位或時間先后順序

27、排列，可采用“開頭擴展結(jié)尾”的寫作方式。如果畫面內(nèi)容是以解釋說明為主，寫作時則先給出主題句，再圍繞主題句完成各段落的寫作，這是采用“主題句擴展句總結(jié)句”的寫作方式。l 系統(tǒng)且突出地展開段落。展開段落要根據(jù)畫面內(nèi)容進行，同時也要圍繞每一段的主題句進行。l 檢查與修改。重點檢查圖畫內(nèi)容是否準(zhǔn)確地被表達出來，題目所給提示是否完整地反映在文章之中。如果存在與畫面不相符的內(nèi)容，或未能完全涵蓋題目所給提示，應(yīng)對文章做出相應(yīng)修訂。l大家看下面的實例，注意體會圖畫作文的寫作特點：實例1The Harmfulness of Smoking1. Show your understanding of the sym

28、bolic meaning of the cartoon;2. Give reasons why smoking is harmful; and3. How we can solve the problem.Model CompositionAs is shown in the cartoon, when the man is enjoying the cigarette, the smoke becomes a monster （怪物） which will devour him. This picture tells us vividly that smoking is harmful t

29、o people.The harmfulness of smoking can be illustrated in three aspects. First of all, smoking does harm to peoples health. It is common knowledge that many deadly diseases derive from smoking. The best example is lung cancer. In addition, smoking costs a lot of money. It is estimated that tens of b

30、illions of yuan is spent on cigarettes every year in our country, which is a huge waste. Last but not the least important, smoking may cause fire. Do you still remember the big fire in Northeastern China which caused serious damages to peoples lives and properties?Since smoking does so many harms, e

31、very one of us should try to do something to put an end to the problem. The government should make stricter rules to prohibit smoking in public places and the smokers should give up smoking. （169 words）實例2The Tears of A Birdl Describe the cartoon and deduce the purpose of the drawer of the picture;l

32、 State the harmful effects of the phenomenon;l Give suggestions as to how to solve the problem.Model CompositionAs can be clearly seen from the cartoon, a bird is sitting on the top of a huge ax, with tears streaming from its eyes. Because all the trees are cut down, the bird will have no habitat. T

33、he cartoon conveys the meaning that it is urgent to preserve the woods for the birds and protect the environment for human beings.The cutting of trees, as well as the destruction of our environment, may lead to several harms as follows. In the first place, the trees provide us with many vital things

34、 we humans need, such as oxygen, food, shelter and so on. The animals, such as the bird in the picture, also need the trees. In the second place, if trees are cut down, then there will be nothing to retain the rain water, thus floods will happen more often in the future. Last but not least, there is

35、 only one earth. If the environment is destroyed, then we will have no place to live in.Since this phenomenon causes so many harmful effects, we have to come up with some measures to deal with it. First of all, the authorities should adopt the policy of “sustainable development”, just as our governm

36、ent has been doing. Whats more, every citizen should realize the seriousness of the problem and make concerted efforts to protect our environment.實例3Love Among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is probably the noblest, but everyone has his/her understanding of it. There has been a discussion

37、recently on the issue in a newspaper. Write an essay to the newspaper tol show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the picture below,l give a specific example, andl give your suggestion as to the best way to show love. Model CompositionIt is generally believed that love is a hot topic whic

38、h is most talked about. This is true not only in China but also in other countries. Love is of the utmost importance to the human beings. As is described in the picture, “l(fā)ove is a lamp which is brighter in darker places.” This is indeed true. People in darker places need more light than ordinary pe

39、ople. Take my neighbor as an example. There are three members in their family and the two adults were laid off last year. The only child will have to drop out of school next semester. In order to help them, I donated all my money300 yuan to pay the tuition. And I plan to call on others to donate mor

40、e money.（11） Though I cannot do a lot, I have given love which is like a lamp in a dark place where light is most needed. So to sum up, we should offer our help to all who are in need. We expect to get love from others and we also give love to others. I believe that the relationship between people w

41、ill be harmonious and our society will be a better place for us to live in. Follow-up ExerciseHomeworkl Show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the cartoon;l State the negative effects of the phenomenon;l Give your solutions to the problem.（Clue: 麻將牌mahjong pieces, 打麻將play mahjong） 二、應(yīng)用文題

42、型 （Applied Writing）應(yīng)用文的范圍很廣，包括書信、便條、廣告、簡歷以及通知等諸方面。英語考試中的應(yīng)用文以書信為主、兼或有報告、演講詞、導(dǎo)游介紹之類的要求，這一點在大學(xué)英語四級考試中屢有所見。書 信英文書信一般包括六個部分：ü 信頭-寫信人的地址和日期ü 收信人內(nèi)文地址-收信人的姓名及地址ü 稱呼-對收信人的稱謂語，寫在內(nèi)文地址以下兩行ü 正文-寫信人的身份及寫信目的ü 結(jié)束客套語-信尾謙辭ü 簽名l 稱謂（Salutation） 這兒指寫信人對收信人的稱謂。從左邊頂格寫起，自成一行，比信內(nèi)地址低兩行。其開頭詞和專有名詞

43、的第一個字母還應(yīng)大寫。稱謂后，英國人喜用逗號，而美國人則用冒號。ü “Dear” 的用法：最常見的是用Dear + （頭銜）姓或名，如：Dear Professor Chen, Dear Mr. Alan 或Dear Isabel, 也就是在Mr., Mrs, Miss, Ms, Prof., Dr. 等后只用姓，不用名字。如果關(guān)系比較親密，可用My Dear。 ü 給某個機構(gòu)或你不認(rèn)識的人寫信，則按如下稱呼寫：Dear Sir, Dear Sirs, Sirs, Gentlemen, Dear Madame, Ladies or Madame, To Whom It Ma

44、y Concern. ü 寫給政府各部門首長，如參議員、法官、大使、市長等可用Hon. （Honorable 閣下的縮寫），表示尊重。l 正文（Body） 正文是書信的主要部分。通常在低于稱呼一行處寫起，每段開頭要向后縮進五到八個字母。正文從內(nèi)容結(jié)構(gòu)上一般包括：ü 寫信人的身份及寫信目的-位于開頭部分，一般是寒暄或點明寫信的目的；要寫得貼切、熱情、恰如其分。ü 寫信人的想法，請求等細(xì)節(jié)-位于中間部分，敘述一封信的主要內(nèi)容，要求寫得具體明了，直截了當(dāng)ü 向收信人表示謝意、希望等-位于結(jié)尾部分，通常寫一些表示祝愿、問候、感謝等結(jié)束敬語或希望之類的話語。下面是

45、一些寫信時的常用表達：開頭語常用表達：ü 寒暄或關(guān)于“接到你的某月某日的信”Excuse me of not writing you for such a long time. Your letter dated the 10th inst. （instant 本月） is at hand. I feel complimented by the kindness of your letter which arrived this morning. Words cant express my delight of receiving your letter dated Aug. 27.

46、 ü 點明目的，表示通知、消息。I am writing to ask if you can do me a favor. I have the pleasure to tell you that our friend, Jim, will get married in the New Years Day. I am very much delighted to inform that you will get a promotion soon. 結(jié)尾語常用表達：ü We send you our best wishes. ü With best regards.

47、 ü Looking forward to hearing from you soon. ü Love to all you. ü Please give my best regards to your family / parents. ü All the luck in the world to you. 結(jié)尾謙辭（Complementary Close）。 結(jié)尾謙辭指寫信人對收信人的謙辭稱，寫在正文下第二、三行處，從信紙中間稍向右處或齊頭左頂格寫起，第一字母大寫，末尾加逗號。結(jié)尾謙辭根據(jù)通信人之間關(guān)系的親疏恰當(dāng)選擇。常見的有以下幾種：ü

48、通常使用：Sincerely,（Your Sincerely; Sincerely yours; Most sincerely） Truly，（Yours truly; very truly yours） ü 給上級、長輩、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)或公務(wù)信件用：Respectively yours, Faithfully yours, ü 一般同事或熟人之間用：Yours ever,Your friend, Cordially yours, ü 寫出親屬或關(guān)系非常親密的是：With love, Love, All my love, Forever yoursYours affecti

49、onately, Your loving son / daughter 書信作文的語體問題就書信作文而言，作文內(nèi)容固然重要，但語體更是問題。英文書信大致可分為事務(wù)書信（Business Letters）和個人書信（Personal Letters）兩種。前者是單位與單位或個人與單位之間來往的信件，語體比較正規(guī)（formal）；后者則是個人與個人之間的飛鴻，表達較為隨便（Personal）。但有時，同一封信可以采用正式與非正式兩種語體表達，這就要求考生具有明辨和變換語體的能力。會變換語體，就要掌握大量詞匯和句子結(jié)構(gòu)、套語，尤其是同義詞的不同感情色彩以及委婉語氣和祈使句的應(yīng)用。一般說來，正式文多采

50、用包含would, should, might 等情態(tài)動詞的語句，而個人書信除對師長的客套外，大都可融進少量口語體的句子（如祈使句、感嘆句等）。值得一提的是廣義虛擬語氣在書信中的應(yīng)用（凡要表達客氣委婉的語氣或留有余地的主觀愿望而使用的虛擬語氣屬廣義用法）。廣義虛擬語氣涉及到若干固定句式，比如：l 陳述看法I believed/thought/guessed/supposed/that+表述內(nèi)容（用過去時代替現(xiàn)在時是客氣委婉的表示。）l 提出勸告、建議It would/could be fine to do You might as well do You should dol 提出請求、詢問意

51、向I would （very much） like to V Could you .Would you l 表明意向I was wondering if I wondered if 以上句式在正式或比較正式的書信中是常見的，應(yīng)學(xué)會使用。實例1-2002年1月真題Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: A Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus.

52、You should write at least 100 words, and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below: 假設(shè)你是李明，請你就本校食堂的狀況給校長寫一封信，內(nèi)容應(yīng)涉及食堂的飯菜質(zhì)量、價格、環(huán)境、服務(wù)等，可以是表揚，可以是批評建議，也可以兼而有之。 Model CompositionJanuary 12th, 2002Dear Mr. President,I am a student here. I write you this letter to say a few words about the

53、 dining halls in this university. First, the food in the dining halls is not delicious enough, either too salty or too watery, especially in Dining Hall 3. Second, the prices in dining hall are very high and usually we cannot afford it. Third, the dining halls are always very crowed and we can seldo

54、m find seats if arriving there not early enough and the tables are not cleaned in time. Anyway, what is good is that the working staff in the dining halls are quite kind, friendly and patient, and they usually try their best to meet the demand of the students and teachers.Thus I suggest enlarging th

55、e dining halls and improving the quality of foods and reducing the prices to what is acceptable to all the students.Best wishes.Yours sincerely,Li Ming實例2-2003年12月真題Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter in reply to a friends inquiry about applying for admission to y

56、our college or university. You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese: l 建議報考的專業(yè)及理由l 報考該專業(yè)的基本條件l 應(yīng)當(dāng)如何備考lModel CompositionA Letter of Reply to a FriendDecember 27, 2003DearWhen it comes to which major you should choose, I propose that you apply for the major o

57、f English. To begin with, English is the most popular language in the world, which is widely used in all fields such as teaching, translation, foreign trade and so on. Whats more, it goes without saying that English majors are more likely to find a good job in the tighter and tighter job market.In order to study at English Department, you have to meet the f