專轉(zhuǎn)本英語必備知識點

1、英語語法整理1、詞類 動詞詞組：幾乎每年必考。 形容詞和副詞：比較級和最高級。 It作形式主語及形式賓語：常考，it本身無意義。2、動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài) 學會抓時間狀語。 重點關注：進行時、完成時和完成進行時，客觀真理要用一般現(xiàn)在時。 固定句式：如Hardlywhen等。 主動表被動。 3、非謂語動詞 牢記哪些動詞后的賓語只能是不定式(to do)、動名詞(doing)，哪些二者兼可。 作定語、狀語、補語。 注意：現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別，即主動與被動這個最重要的區(qū)別。4、虛擬語氣 記住與現(xiàn)在，過去，將來相反的三種情況。最?？迹号c過去相反的情況。 wish，as if 后接三種情況：常考。 ?？迹?/p>

2、suggest，demand，require，order等表示建議、要求、命令的詞后面加從句時，從句里謂語要用(should)+動詞原形，如果是被動則用should +be +動詞過去分詞。5、情態(tài)動詞 must be表對現(xiàn)在事情的肯定推測。 cant be表對現(xiàn)在事實的否定推測。 must have + v-ed表示對過去事實的肯定推測。 cant have + v-ed表示對過去事情的否定推測。 should have + v-ed則表示過去應該做某事而沒有做。6、定語從句和名詞性從句 定語從句：必考。注意點：關系代詞和關系副詞的區(qū)別，as和which的區(qū)別，限制性和非限制性定語。 從句的

3、區(qū)別：定語從句和同位語從句的區(qū)別。注意名詞性從句引導詞的選擇和語序。 7、狀語從句 重點關注：in case, unless等連詞引導的條件狀語從句。注意：while, when, until, notuntil, before, since引導的時間狀語從句。 同時關注：目的和結果狀語從句。8、特殊句式 倒裝句：必考，重點關注部分倒裝句，as在倒裝結構中的用法及意義等，都是考生應當重視的地方。 強調(diào)句：必考。 反意疑問句：不能忽視，判定方法：前肯定后否定or前否定后肯定，疑問部分主語應與從句主語一致。e.g. I believe she knows it, _? （doesnt she） L

4、ets ，shall we？ Let us ，will you？9、主謂一致題往往出題者都是考謂語動詞選單數(shù)這種情況。 就近原則題：注意。 關注：主語中含有某些連詞(如as well as, besides, in addition to等)時，謂語動詞的數(shù)同第一個主語保持一致。 就近一致 (1) 由here, there, where 等引導的倒裝句中，（有時主語不止一個時）謂語動詞與靠近它的主語在數(shù)上一致。 Here the train. （comes） There _ a pen and five books on the table. （ Is） There _ five books

5、and a pen on the table. （are） Where _ your wife and children to stay while you are on business?（ Is） (2)用連or, eitheror, neither.nor, not only.but also 等連接的并列主語，謂語動詞與靠近它的主語在數(shù)上一致。 Tom or you _ taken my pen.（have） Not only you but also he _ wrong.（is）語法一致 （1）若主語后面跟由with ,along with, together with, like

6、, but, except, besides, as well as, more than, no less than, rather than, including, in addition to等連接的另一個名詞，其謂語通常要與前面的一個主語保持一致。例如：1.He as well as I _ to go boating. (想)（wants）A library with five thousand books _ offered to the nation as a gift（IS）（2）用and連接的并列主語，如果主語是同一個人、同一事、同一概念，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，否則用復數(shù)。A ha

7、mmer and a sickle _ useful tools.（are）錘子和鐮刀都是有用的工具。The poet and singer _ come.（has）那位詩人兼歌唱家來了。(3) 用連詞and 連接的并列主語被each, no, every 或 many a 修飾時，謂語動詞用單數(shù). e.g. Every boy and every girl in our class the pop star. （likes）(4) one and a half 修飾名詞復數(shù)作主語時，謂語用單數(shù); 主語是“one or two復數(shù)名詞”時，謂語用復數(shù)。(5)百分數(shù)或分數(shù)+of+名詞, 以及a

8、lot of, plenty of, a large quantity of, a heap of, heaps of +名詞作句子的主語時, 謂語動詞要與of 后面的名詞的數(shù)保持一致。如: About three-fourths of the earths surface （is ）covered with water. Twenty percent of the workers in the factory （are） men. 時態(tài) 關鍵在于抓住時間狀語。注意： 1) 客觀真理，只有一般現(xiàn)在時； 2) 一般過去時表示過去發(fā)生的動作，現(xiàn)在完成時表示對現(xiàn)在的影響； 3) 瞬間動詞不能和一段時

9、間連用； 4) 大時間小時間，用進行時； 5) by+時間狀語，用完成時； 6) 主句用一般將來時，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來； 7) 表示位置移動的動詞，可以用現(xiàn)在進行時表將來。一般將來時的其他表現(xiàn)形式 一般將來時除了使用“shallwill + V”以外，也可以使用下列的幾種句式來表達: 1) be going to + V (即將會；打算將) 2) be about to + V (即將，指緊接著要發(fā)生的動作， “即將做”或“馬上做”, 指最近的將來) 3) be + V-ing (即將，指接近的將來動作，即現(xiàn)在進行時表將來) 4) be + to V (即將，指約定、命令或按計劃要做的事)

10、 5) 一般現(xiàn)在時表將來 (指接近的將來動作，但不如第3項主觀)注意區(qū)別：used to do: 表示“過去常?；蜻^去曾經(jīng)”be used to doing sth./ sth.: 表示“習慣于”e.g.I used to have a walk after supper, but now I'm used to playing basketball.現(xiàn)在/過去完成時 This is the 最高級 + that從句(現(xiàn)在完成時) e.g. This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen. It has been/is + 時間段 + since

11、It (This) is the first time + 從句(現(xiàn)在完成時) It (This) was the first time + 從句(過去完成時)將來完成時 will have done 表示在將來某一時刻或另一個將來的動作之前，已經(jīng)完成的動作或已獲得的經(jīng)驗。 You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.現(xiàn)在完成進行時 1) 在強調(diào)指出動作還未結束，還要繼續(xù)下去。 Ive been reading this book for two hours, but I havent finished it. 這本書我已讀了兩個小

12、時了，但我還沒讀完。 2) 強調(diào)動作延續(xù)時間的長久或帶感情色彩。 She has always been working like that. 她一貫是這樣工作的。no sooner.than”、“barely/ hardly/ scarcely.when” 含義：“一就”。句子的前半部分用過去完成時，而后半部用一般過去時。該句型通常采用倒裝語序。 No sooner had I opened the cage than the little bird flew out. =Scarcely (Hardly) had I opened the cage when the little bird

13、 flew out. 我一開籠小鳥就飛出去了。 在 hardly/scarcely/when； no soonerthan; not only but also；so.that; suchthat 的倒裝句中，前倒后不倒。被動態(tài) 要點：及物動詞有被動態(tài)，不及物動詞只有和介詞結合才能有被動態(tài)。不用被動態(tài)的情況： 1) 不及物動詞或動詞短語無被動語態(tài)(即多數(shù)的瞬間動詞): appear, die, disappear, fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, ke

14、ep silence, lose heart, take place. 2) 不能用于被動語態(tài)的及物動詞或動詞短語: fit, have, wish, cost, agree with, arrive at/in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to 3) 系動詞無被動語態(tài) (keep除外) appear, be, become, fall, feel, get, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay,

15、 taste, turn主動形式表示被動意義 1) wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell, drive等，當主語為物，表示其特性時，用主動形式。 e.g. The book sells well. 這本書銷路好。 2) 系動詞（如look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove等）要用主動表被動，因為連系動詞為不及物動詞，它們沒有被動語態(tài)形式。 e.g. Your reason sounds reasonable. 3)blame, let(出租),

16、 remain, rent e.g. I was to blame for the accident. 4) 在need, require, want, worth (形容詞), deserve + V-ing結構中，主動形式表示被動意義. e.g. The door needs repairing. = The door needs to be repaired. 5) 在too. to do sth. 和enough to do sth. 這兩個結構中，若句子主語與其后不定式to do sth. 為被動關系，則該不定式通常用主動形式表示被動意義(有時也可直接用被動式). e.g. The

17、writing is too faint to read. 這筆跡太模糊，看不清。 e.g. These boxes are not strong enough to use be used as platforms. 這些箱子不夠牢，不能用作站臺。 6) 某些“be + 形容詞 + to do”結構中的不定式通常要用主動形式表示被動意義。如： The book is difficult to understand. 這書很難懂。 The music isnt pleasant to listen to. 這音樂不好聽。 The picture is interesting to look a

18、t. 這幅畫看起來挺有趣的。“be + 形容詞 + to do”結構 注：此句型中，動詞不定式和主語實際上是一種邏輯上的動賓關系，按理說不定式要用被動形式，但習慣上卻用主動表被動。這類形容詞有：easy, hard, nice, fit, dangerous, difficult, impossible, convenient, interesting, important, pleasant, comfortable, light, heavy, good, safe, tough, tricky等。 e.g. The question is easy to answer. Its easy

19、 to answer the question. 形容詞worth后面跟動名詞的主動形式表示被動含義，但不能跟動詞不定式；而worthy后面跟動詞不定式的被動形式，若接動名詞則其前應有介詞of。 e.g. The picture-book is well worth reading. =The picture-book is very worthy to be read. =The picture-book is very worthy of being read.非謂語動詞不定式用法作表語 作定語 作狀語 ： to, only to (卻), in order to, so as toe.g

20、. He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。*不定式為不及物動詞時，須加介詞He is looking for a room _(live). To live inPlease give me a knife _(cut). to cut withI need a pen to write _. 我需要一支筆寫字。with（介詞不能省略）1.He bent down _ (pick) the pen lying on the floor.（to pick）2.He bent down and _ (pick) the pe

21、n lying on the ground.（picked）3.The teacher did what she could _ me with my lessons. （D）A. help B. helps C. helped D. to help4. The doctor did everything he could _ (save) the patient.(to save)5. Every minute is made full use of _ (study) our lessons.（to study）動詞不定式的時態(tài)和語態(tài)When I got home, my son happ

22、ened to be watching TV. 如果不定式的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前，要用完成式。 She is said (to have read) thirty novels this year. I'm sorry( to have kept )you waiting so longAfter graduation, he asked( to be sent) to work in the countryside.This novel is said (to have been translated) into French.動名詞動名詞基本構成動名詞性質(zhì)動名詞既具有動詞的特點有

23、具有名詞的特點，具體表現(xiàn)為：1.動名詞可以被定冠詞和物主代詞修飾I hope you dont mind my saying it.2.可作動詞賓語 S. + vt.+ doingHave you finished reading the book?I suggest doing it in a different way.后只接動名詞做賓語的一些常用特殊動詞特殊動詞接“動名”，使用它們要記清， 避免錯過 (少) 延期 avoid / miss /delay/postpone建議完成 (多) 練習 suggest / advise/ finish /practise喜歡想象 禁不住 enjoy

24、/appreciate/ imagine/ resist / cant help承認 否定 (與) 嫉妒 admit / deny/envy逃脫 冒險 (莫) 原諒 escape / envy /risk /pardon / excuse忍受 保持 (不) 在意 stand / keep / keep on / mind掌握它們今必行。1. 不定式與動名詞無區(qū)別 start begin continue + to doing注意下列情況中begin和start后須接不定式主語是物不是人 Spring came on, and the snow began to melt.begin和start

25、用于進行時態(tài) Its beginning to snow.后接表示心理活動或狀態(tài)的動詞，如：understand, realize, know I began to realize how stupid I was.后接不定式被動式 The new type of computer began to be developed in the 1980s. 2. 不定式與動名詞區(qū)別細微love hate like prefer + to doing后接動名詞表示經(jīng)常性的動作，多指一個人的愛好、習慣等，后接不定式表的某一次動作 I like _swiming_ (swim) in summer. I

26、 didnt like _ to swim_ (swim) that day.3.不定式與動名詞區(qū)別很大 : remember forget regret try mean stop go on cant helpa. I remember（visiting） his parents when I went to the town.Ill remember（to visit ）his parents when I go to the town.b. Hes forgotten（switching）off the light.He forgot（to switch ）off the light

27、when he left.c. I regret（aying） those words. I regret（to say） that I cant come tonight. d. He tried（teaching） the children in a new way. He tried（to teach ）the children as much as he could. 1. Boys, don't forget _ the windows before you leave the classroom. DA. closingB. closedC. to closingD. to

28、 close2.She reached the top of the hill and stopped _ on a big rock. CA. to have restedB. restingC. to restD. rest3. Remember _ the lights when you leave the office. AA. to turn offB. turning offC. turn offD. to turning off1.The teacher is coming, lets stop _ (talk). talking2.He forgot ever _ (write

29、) to me, so he wrote another one. writing3.I remember _ (bring) the book to you last week. bringing4.I regret _ (tell) that we cant take your advice. to tell5. Revolution means _(liberate) the productive forces. liberating6. Go on _ (do) the other exercise after you have finished this one. to do分詞的否

30、定式not + 分詞 Not having received his letter, he decided to call him. Not knowing his address, she cannot get in touch with him.現(xiàn)在分詞表主動進行，過去分詞表被動完成 1.(Seeing/seen) from the top of the tower, we can see a beautiful factory. 2. (Seeing/seen) from the top of the tower, the factory looks beautiful. 3. (Hea

31、ring/heard) the bad news, they couldnt help crying. 4. (Giving/Given) more time, we could do it better. 5.I stood by the door, not daring to say a word. 非謂語動詞作定語 過去分詞作定語與其修飾詞之間是動賓關系且過去分詞表示的動作已完成。相當于一個被動語態(tài)的定語從句。 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表示動作正在發(fā)生，與修飾詞是主謂關系。 不定式作定語表示將要發(fā)生的動作。分詞作插入語 其結構是固定的，意思上的主語并不是句子的主語。generally s

32、peaking一般說來talking of (speaking of) 說到 strictly speaking 嚴格的說judging from 從判斷 all things considered 從整體來看taking all things into consideration全面看來 Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 總的來說，狗比豬跑得快。 (speaking 并不是dogs 的動作) 練習 European football is played in 80 countries, _ it the most popul

33、ar sport in the world. A. making B. makes C. made D. to make 選A，現(xiàn)在分詞短語作結果狀語，這類分詞短語常放在句子的后面, ing表示順其自然，不定式表示突然，出乎意料。、 e.g. His parents died, （leaving ）him an orphan. He rushed to the post office only （to find ）it was closed 練習 The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _ the next yea

34、r. A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out 選C。該題考查過去分詞作補語的用法。The plan 與carry out 的關系是被動關系。see sth. done 這結構常見的還有watch (notice, observe, have 和 make) sth. done.分詞作賓語補足語，通常在感官動詞和使役動詞之后，要看分詞與賓語的關系：若為主動關系，則用現(xiàn)在分詞；若為被動關系，則用過去分詞。e.g. make sb. heard / understood (使別人能聽見/理解自己) 練習 The pati

35、ent was warned _ oily food after the operation.A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eat 選C。該題考查不定式的否定式作主補。要注意warn后跟詞方式， warn sb. not to do sth. warn sb. against doing sth. 該題應該用結構，且not應放在to之前。 練習 The Olympic Games,_ in 776 B.C. did not include women players until 1912. A. first played B.

36、 to be first played C. first playing D. to be first playing 選A。注：first played in 776 B.C.=which was first played in 776 B.C. 練習 I found my car _.我發(fā)現(xiàn)我的車不見了。missing I'll have my watch _.我想把我的手表修一下。repaired He had his leg _ in the basketball match yesterday. 他的腿在昨天的籃球比賽中受了傷。Injured修改句子分詞作狀語 Walking

37、 through the park, the flowers looked very beautiful. (wrong) Walking through the park, we saw a lot of flowers. Standing on the tower, the whole village could be seen. (wrong) Standing on the tower, we could see the whole village.獨立主格結構 1）獨立主格結構的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，它獨立存在。2）名詞或代詞與后面的分詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、介詞等是主謂關系。

38、3）獨立主格結構一般有逗號與主句分開。 e.g.Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.如果天氣允許，我們明天去看你。 If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 2011年 All flights _ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but stay at the airport. D A. had been cancelled B. were cancelled C. having

39、been cancelled D. have been cancelled With的復合結構作獨立主格 with +名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞/形容詞/副詞/不定式/介詞短語: 表伴隨。典型例題The murderer was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back。 A. being tied B. having tiedC. to be tied D. tied 答案D. with +名詞（代詞）+分詞+介詞短語結構。當分詞表示伴隨狀況時，其主語常常用with來引導。由于本句中名詞“手”與分詞“綁”是被動關系，因此用過去分詞，選D。

40、定語從句只用that的情況 先行詞為不定代詞everything，little，much，all，anything，nothing。 e.g. Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen. 先行詞前有形容詞最高級、序數(shù)詞修飾時，用that。 e.g. This is the best book (that) Ive ever read 先行詞被the only，the very，the last 修飾時，用that。 e.g. He is the only person that I want to see now. “介詞+

41、關系代詞”的用法 可用來限定名詞、代詞、分數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞等。e.g. 1. In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help. A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom 2. He paid the boy $10 for washing the windows, most of _ hadnt been cleaned for at least a year. A. these B. those C. that D. whichas/which 引導非限定性定語從

42、句(1) 位置不同：as 具有正如之意，引導的非限制性定語從句位置隨你意，可在句前、句中、句后；which引導的非限制性定語從句不能用于句首。As we had expected, the meeting was canceled.The meeting, as we had expected, was canceled.The meeting was canceled, as we had expected.(2)如從句中行為動詞是主動語態(tài)，一般要用which作主語。 Tom has made great progress, which made us happy. (3)與such或the

43、 same連用時，一般用as. Such books as you tell me are interesting.as anybody can see 正如人人都能看到的那樣as we had expected 正如我們所預料的那樣as is known to all 眾所周知as is often the case 正如經(jīng)常發(fā)生的那樣as is mentioned above 正如上面提到的as has been said before 如上所述 定語從句中：若先行詞是one of+名詞復數(shù),定從謂語用復數(shù)；若先行詞是the only one of+名詞復數(shù),定從謂語用單數(shù)Tom is o

44、ne of the students who were praised by the teacher yesterday.Tom is the only one of the students who was praised by the teacher yesterday.*Is this factory _ we visited last week? DA. where B. that C. which D. the one*This factory is _ we visited last week.A. where B. that C. which D. the one口訣先行詞沒有，

45、the one/ones加前頭Is this problem the one you have thought of for ten years?主語從句 主語從句一律用陳述句語序,即主語在前,謂語在后. 連接詞that在從句中無實際意義,但不能省略. whether可以引導主語從句, 但if不能. whoever, whatever, whichever等詞可以引導主語從句, 但no matter who, no matter what 不能. e.g. 1.That he is a famous singer is known to us. (It is known to us that

46、he is a famous singer.) e.g. 2.When he will go to America is not yet fixed. (It is not yet fixed when he will go to America.)表語從句 不要使用 The reason is because that 句型, 應使用 The reason is that 或 This/ it/ that is because等句型. 例如: 今天早上他遲到的原因是因為路上行人太多. 誤: The reason why he was late this morning is because

47、that there was a lot of traffic on the road. 正: The reason why he was late this morning is that there was a lot of traffic on the road. 或:He was late this morning. That was because there was a lot of traffic on the road.只能用whether whether與if均為“是否”，但下列情況下只用whether ： 1. whether引導主語從句并在句首 Whether he wi

48、ll come is not clear. 2. whether引導表語從句 The question is whether hell come. 3. whether從句作介詞賓語 Im not sure about whether well win. 4. 從句后緊跟“or not”或 “to” Whether you like it or not, youll have to do it. 虛擬語氣】Be型：即謂語動詞用do或should do1）想要(desire)、寧愿(prefer)、命令(order, command)、建議(advise, suggest, propose, r

49、ecommend, urge)、要求(demand, require, request, ask, insist, maintain)中，從句的謂語動詞用(should) do。e.g. He suggested that we (should) take the teachers advice.2) 表情緒、觀點的形容詞或名詞也要用虛擬語氣。如：necessary, important, urgent, impossible, essential, desirable, proper, recommendable, advisable, natural, strange, surprisin

50、g, a pity 等。句型：It is that + (should) do3) 凡是由lest (以免, 免得), in case (以防), for fear that (生怕, 唯恐)引導的狀語從句中，用(should) do。e.g. Keep quiet in case you (should) interrupt him when he is busy.Were型：即謂語動詞用過去式1）It is (high, about) time (that) + did 該的時候了2) wish/ as if/ as though/ if only/ would rather/ would

51、 sooner + 從句時，有三種情況，各自把時態(tài)推到過去?，F(xiàn)在用did (be用were)，過去用had done，將來用過去將來時would do (be用were) 記住固定結構，除非能在時間狀語中找到混合時間的證據(jù)，否則都按照固定結構搭配。 e.g. If you had worked hard, you would have passed the examination. e.g. If you had worked hard, you would pass the examination tomorrow. 注意： 當從句中含有had, should, were, 可以省掉if，改

52、為倒裝形式。If only + V-ed 結構If only過去式過去完成式 說明此句型意為“要是就好了”。 1) 用過去式，表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反； 2) 用過去完成式，表示與過去事實相反。 If only I had a rich father. 要是我有個有錢的爸爸就好了。區(qū)別：only if(只要)是if的強調(diào)形式If I should ., I would. 結構：Ifshould，wouldshould do 表示與未來事實相反的假設，可譯成“萬一”。 If he should come, I would tell him the truth. 萬一他來，我會把真相告訴他。 If it

53、 should rain, our plan would be spoiled. 萬一下雨，我們的計劃就泡湯了。If I were to ., I . 結構：Ifwere to，would/should + do 這也表示與未來狀況相反的假設，與“if . should, .”大致相同，但“if . were to”所表示的可能性更低，通常用以表示“與真理相反”的假設語氣。 e.g. If the sun were to rise in the west, he would pass the exam.would rather/sooner would rather/sooner do.than do：“寧愿也不” He would rather resign than take part in such dishonest business deals.would rather+從句：1) 現(xiàn)在/將來的動作：謂語用過去時。2) 過去的動作：謂語用過去完成時。 John wants to see me today. I would rather he came tomorrow than today. 約翰今天想去看我。我寧愿他明天來看我而不是今天。(句中came不是表示過