動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)（學案）

1、動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)（學案）動詞的時態(tài) 英語中表示不同時間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，需用不同的動詞形式表示，這種不同的動詞形式稱為時態(tài)。英語共有16種時態(tài)，現(xiàn)以break為例，將其各種時態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式列表如下： 現(xiàn)在時過去時將來時過去將來時一般break / breaksbrokeshall/will breakshould/would break進行am/is/are breakingwas/were breakingshall/will be breakingshould/would be breaking完成have/has brokenhad brokenshall/will have bro

2、kenshould/would have broken完成進行have / has been breakinghad been breakingshall/will have been breakingshould/would have been breaking根據(jù)近幾年高考試卷分析，時態(tài)測試重點主要有：一般時態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時、一般將來時；進行時態(tài)現(xiàn)在進行時、過去進行時、將來進行時、完成進行時；完成時態(tài)現(xiàn)在完成時、過去完成時、將來完成時。一、一般時態(tài)1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(1) 一般現(xiàn)在時 沒有時限、持久存在的動作或狀態(tài)或現(xiàn)階段反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)，常和副詞usually, often,

3、always, sometimes, regularly, near, occasionally, every year, every week, twice a week, seldom,等連用。The moon moves round the earth.The father as well as his three children goes skating on the frozen river every Sunday afternoon in winter.This machine doesnt work. It hasnt worked for years.(2)在after,

4、until, before, once, when, even if, in case, as long as, as soon as, the moment以及if, unless等引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中，通常用一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來。The volleyball match will be put off if it rains. 如果下雨，排球賽將推遲 Send my regards to your lovely wife when you write home.(3) 某些表示起始的動詞，課用一般現(xiàn)在時表示按規(guī)定、計劃或安排要發(fā)生的動作，如go, come, be, start, depar

5、t, arrive, begin, leave等。Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 4026 takes off at three sharp.The party starts at 7:00 tomorrow evening.(4) 在由why, what, where, whoever, who, that, as等引導(dǎo)的從句中，也常用一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時。Free tickets will be given to whoever comes first.Youll probably be in the same train as I am t

6、omorrow.2. 一般過去時(1) 一般過去時表示過去的事情、動作或狀態(tài)，常與表示確切過去時間的詞、短語或從句連用。He got up, had breakfast and went to work.-How can you use my computer without permission? -Oh, I forgot to tell you. I hope you dont mind.需要注意的是有些情況發(fā)生的時間不太清楚，但實際上是過去發(fā)生的，應(yīng)該用過去時。如：I was very glad to hear from you. -Youve promised to go, then

7、 why arent you getting ready? -I didnt realize you wanted to go at once.I lived in London for many years, but Ive never regretted my final decision to move back to China.(2) 表示過去習慣性動作。He always went to work on foot last year.I used to do my homework in the library.3.一般將來時表示在將來某個時間將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài), 其表達方

8、式有下列幾種, 它們的過去式即可表示相應(yīng)的過去將來時：(1)“will/shall + do” Have you heard Jim was ill? Oh, sorry to hear that. Ill see him tonight.(2) “be going to + do” Im going to visit her this weekend. There are lots of dark clouds. It is going to rain.比較 will/would 強調(diào)句子主語的意志，意為 “情愿、愿意、決心” 或者臨時的打算等, 而 be going to 側(cè)重 “打算、準

9、備、計劃” 等。下列對話中只能用 will ： -Sorry, Ive forgotten to post the letter for you. -Never mind. I will post it myself.(3) “be to do” 表示按計劃和安排將要做某事，還可表命令、強制性等。 We are to meet at 8 oclock at the gate. You are to tell the truth to the police. (4) “be about to do” 表示 “即將，馬上就要做某事” (= be on the point of doing) The

10、 bell is about to ring. Our games are just about to begin.注意：be about to / be on the point of doing不能與具體的時間狀語連用，但常用于be about to do / be on the point of doingwhen, 如： I was about to cook when someone knocked at the door. They were on the point of setting out when it began to rain.(5) be due to +do表示預(yù)

11、先確定了的事，必定發(fā)生的事。 The train is due to depart in ten minutes. (6) 少數(shù)動詞的現(xiàn)在進行時也可表示按計劃和安排將要發(fā)生的事情，如 come, go, leave, start, begin, arrive, meet 等，這時句中往往有表示將來的時間狀語。如：Where are you going this afternoon? The President is arriving next Saturday.4. 過去將來時表示從過去某一時間來看將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，常用在賓語從句中。如： I was sure that they w

12、ouldnt do that. She told me that I should succeed. 和一般將來時一樣，過去將來時也有相應(yīng)的was/were going to do, was/were to do, was/were about to do等形式。二、進行時態(tài)1. 現(xiàn)在進行時 由“am / is / are + doing” 構(gòu)成，表示此刻正在進行或現(xiàn)階段經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作。常用的時間狀語有：now, right now, at the moment, for the time, for the present, always, constantly, continually等。L

13、ook! The children are flying kites over there.The size of generation gap is spreading with the rapid changes in technology, education and communication.某些過渡性動詞，即表示從一個狀態(tài)或位置轉(zhuǎn)移到另一個狀態(tài)或位置上去的動詞，常用進行時表示根據(jù)計劃或安排在最近要進行的事情，如go, come, leave, start, arrive, return等。Eg. Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten your se

14、at belts. The plane is taking off.注意：有些動詞不能用進行時，如：表感覺的：see, hear, smell, taste, sound, feel, notice, look, appear表感情的：hate, love, fear, like, want, wish, prefer, refuse, forgive, mind表存在的：be, exist, remain, obtain, appear, seem表從屬的：have, possess, own, contain, belong to, consist of表思考或理解等的：understan

15、d, know, believe, think, doubt, mean 表示行為結(jié)果的：forget, remember, agree, allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete但如果它們的詞義改變，便可以用進行時態(tài)。Tom looks pale. whats wrong with him?Tom is looking for his books.2. 過去進行時 由 “was/were + doing” 構(gòu)成，表示在過去某時間或某一個過去動作發(fā)生時，另一個過去的動作正在進行，或表示過去反復(fù)、習慣的行為。We were discussin

16、g the matter when the headmaster entered.-Fined $20! you know you were driving 100 km an hour, dont you? -No, officers. I cant have been. This car doesnt do 80. Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk.過去進行時可使某些請求或建議聽起來更委婉客氣, 如：I was wondering if you would like to go for a walk with

17、 me one evening.3. 將來進行時 由“will/shall/be going to be + doing” 構(gòu)成，表示在將來某一時刻正在進行的動作。- Ill give an appointment on Friday, the 22nd.Will that be all right? -Im sorry, I will be working on 22nd.This time next year you will be sitting in a classroom of a certain university.進行時態(tài)可與always, constantly等副詞連用，帶有

18、一定的感情色彩，表示對頻繁發(fā)生的習慣性動作的贊嘆、抱怨、批評或不耐煩等情緒。I was always losing my keys. Alice is constantly helping others.He was always asking his parents for money. She is constantly leaving her things about.三、完成時態(tài)1. 現(xiàn)在完成時表示剛剛完成，但對目前狀況仍有影響的動作， 側(cè)重說明結(jié)果。常和for，just, since，already, yet, lately, recently, never，in the last

19、/ past few years，so far, by now /up to now, these days 等狀語連用。Mary has been ill for three days. (表示Mary目前還病著。)I have seen the film before. (表示我知道影片的內(nèi)容。)完成時態(tài)課用于下列句型：It/This/That is/was the first(second) time +從句。 It/This/That is/was the only/last +n. +從句。 It/This/That is/was + 形容詞最高級 + n. + 從句。如果主句位于動

20、詞是is，從句的謂語動詞用現(xiàn)在完成時；如果主句的謂語動詞是was，從句謂語動詞則用過去完成時。 It/This/That is the most interesting book that I have ever read. -Look, it is snowing again. -Yeah. This the fourth snow we have had this month.There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening.比較： 一般過去時僅陳述過去

21、的事實，與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)。凡有具體的過去的時間狀語，則只能用一般過去時。如： She read the book last year. (只說明去年看了這本書這一事實，與現(xiàn)在沒有關(guān)系。) 而現(xiàn)在完成時強調(diào)的是過去發(fā)生的事情對“現(xiàn)在” 產(chǎn)生的影響和結(jié)果，與“現(xiàn)在”有關(guān)。如： She has read the book one year before. (說明她看過這本書，強調(diào)她知道了這本書的內(nèi)容。)2. 過去完成時 (1). 表示該動作發(fā)生在過去某一時間或某一動作之前。常與by，by the end of，by the time，until，before等狀語連用。By the end of last

22、 term, we had learned 3,000 words.-The former president was caught at last. -Really? where had he hidden himself?All of the guests had arrived by 9 oclock, but the host didnt turn up until 15 minutes later. (2). 用于expect, intend, mean, suppose, think , hope, plan和 want等動詞，表示表示過去未曾實現(xiàn)的設(shè)想、意圖或希望等，含有某種惋惜

23、。He had expected to win the first place but the judge was just unfair.I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasnt able to get away. (3). 用在虛擬語氣中表示與過去的事實相反。I would rather you had come last night. If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it.假如他昨天看到你，他就會問你這件事了。 (4). 用在I

24、t was the first/secondtime that + 主語had done句型中。It was the second time that I had visited this factory. (5) 放在said，told，asked，thought，wondered等過去時動詞后面從句中，表示在這些動作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生了的事情。My friend told me that he had passed the exam.我的朋友告訴我，他已通過了考試。(6)過去完成時常用結(jié)構(gòu)有"hardly, scarcely, barely when; no sooner than

25、等結(jié)構(gòu)里。Hardly had I gone to bed when the telephone rang./ I had hardly gone to bed when the telephone rang.我剛睡下電話就響了。No sooner had they left the building than a bomb exploded./They had no sooner left the building than the bomb exploded他們剛剛離開大樓,一顆炸彈就炸了。3. 將來完成時由 “shall / will have + done” 構(gòu)成，主要表示在將來某個時

26、間已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的事情或在另一個未來動作之前已經(jīng)完成的動作，如：I shall have finished this task before lunch. 午飯前我就會完成這個任務(wù)了。When we get there, they will probably have left. 我們到那里時他們可能就已經(jīng)走了。 將來完成時有時候用來表示一種推測，如：We worked together for a year. He wont have forgotten me. By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai. 4.完成進行時是

27、完成時的強調(diào)形式，有現(xiàn)在完成進行時、過去完成進行時、將來完成進行時?，F(xiàn)在完成進行時由 “have/has been + doing” 構(gòu)成，表示某個動作從過去開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，而且還有可能持續(xù)下去。He has been learning English for ten years. (從十年前開始學英語，強調(diào)動作的延續(xù)性或動作還在進行中)。試比較：He has learned English for ten years. 他學英語10年了。（強調(diào)結(jié)果或影響）-Isnt it hard to drive downtown to work? -Yes, thats why I have bee

28、n going to work by subway.過去完成進行時由“had been + doing” 構(gòu)成，表示一個動作從過去某一時間之前開始一直持續(xù)到過去另一時間, 而且還有可能繼續(xù)下去, 強調(diào)該動作的延續(xù)性。如： The local TV station had been broadcasting English programmes until 2008.It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week before you came back.將來完成進行時由“will have been + doing” 構(gòu)成，表示在將來某一時刻

29、開始的一個動作或狀態(tài)一直持續(xù)到將來某一時刻。如：By the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours.四、其它應(yīng)注意的問題1. 非延續(xù)性動詞與完成時態(tài)：英語中的動詞依其本身的含義可分為延續(xù)性動詞和非延續(xù)性動詞, 如 begin, start, leave, join, open, come, arrive, die, marry 等表示的動作就是非延續(xù)性的, 其完成時態(tài)只能表示影響和結(jié)果, 因而不能與表示一段時間的時間狀語連用。典型錯誤： Mr. Brown has died since last year. (

30、x) Tom has left for Paris for a week. (x)正確的表達應(yīng)該是：Mr. Brown has been dead since last year./ Mr. Brown died a year ago.Tom has been away for Paris for a week. /Tom left for Paris a week ago.但是：現(xiàn)在完成時的否定式可與 since/for 引導(dǎo)的狀語連用, 不管動作是延續(xù)的還是非延續(xù)的。例如：They havent opened the door since the man died. He hasnt co

31、me here for a month.2. 時態(tài)的一致性：某些從句 (如賓語從句) 中謂語的時態(tài)常受主句時態(tài)的影響和限制, 若主句的謂語為過去時, 從句的謂語原則上要用相應(yīng)的過去時態(tài)。如：He told me in his letter that he was studying German.She said that she had finished her studies when the war broke out.但是: He said that the earth is one of the suns planets.若主句謂語為現(xiàn)在時或?qū)頃r, 從句謂語可用任何適當時態(tài)。He s

32、ays that his father was/is/has been/will be an engineer.3. 時間和條件狀語從句中的時態(tài)：在時間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中通常不用將來時態(tài)，而用一般時態(tài)代替將來時態(tài)，如。He will ring you up as soon as he gets here.If I have time, I will have my radio repaired.如果要強調(diào)在將來某個時間已經(jīng)完成的動作, 從句中可用完成時態(tài)。如：(09湖北卷，75) If times have changed, have our ways of thinking chang

33、ed too? 如果時代變了，我們的想法也會改變嗎？ We will leave the city after we have finished building the culture square. 動詞的語態(tài) 語態(tài)有兩種：主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主語是動作的發(fā)出者時用主動語態(tài)；主語是動作的承受者時用被動語態(tài)。We use electricity to run machines. / Electricity is used to run machines.一、不能用于被動語態(tài)的動詞和短語1. 英語中，不及物動詞(vi.) 不能用于被動語態(tài)，如：appear, belong to, die, h

34、appen, last, remain, occur, come true, run out, make sense, take place, consist of, date from/date back to2. 某些表示狀態(tài)或特征的及物動詞也不能用于被動語態(tài)。如become, contain, cost, fit, suit, have, resemble二、被動語態(tài)的時態(tài)形式。以ask為例：時間一般時進行時完成時現(xiàn)在am/is/are askedam/is/are being askedhave/has been asked過去was/were askedwas/were being

35、askedhad been asked將來will/shall be askedwill/shall have been asked過去將來would/should be askedwould/should have been asked三、“get+-ed分詞”的被動語態(tài)1. 強調(diào)結(jié)果，非動作本身，多表示突發(fā)性的出乎預(yù)料的偶然事件。 The boy got hurt on his way home from school.2. 用于談?wù)撟约鹤龅氖?，是主動而非被動行為。如：get dressed（穿衣）, get divorced（離婚）, get married（結(jié)婚）, get engag

36、ed（訂婚）, get confused（困惑）, get lost（迷路）, get washed（洗臉）, get changed（換衣服），get involved（參與，卷入）等等四、復(fù)合賓語的主動語態(tài)變被動語態(tài)We showed the visitors our new products. à The visitors were shown our new products. 或者Our new products were shown to the visitors.The teacher appointed him League secretary of our clas

37、s. à He was appointed League secretary of our class.五、短語動詞的被動語態(tài) 通常只有及物動詞才有被動語態(tài)，但有些短語動詞相當于及物動詞，可以有被動語態(tài)，但短語動詞是一個不可分隔的整體，變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時不可去掉構(gòu)成短語動詞的介詞或副詞。如：Have you sent for the doctor?你派人去請醫(yī)生了嗎? Has the doctor been sent for?派人去請醫(yī)生了嗎?注意：主動結(jié)構(gòu)的謂語動詞為"不及物動詞+名詞+介詞"構(gòu)成的及物的短語動詞時，通常把它看成一個整體。但也可將這類短語動詞本身的名

38、詞用作主語，構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)，尤其是在名詞前有定語修飾時。Good care must be taken of the babies particularly while they are ill. 必須仔細照料這些孩子，尤其是在他們生病時。You should pay more attention to your pronunciation. 你應(yīng)當注意你的發(fā)音。More attention should be paid to your pronunciation. 注意你的發(fā)音。The teacher insisted that time (should) be made good use o

39、f to learn English, which was widely accepted by the students. 六、主動形式表示被動含義1、一些及物動詞，如read, write, sell, open, shut, begin, wash, wear, cut, lock, play, pack, strike, split, act, draw, iron, dry, eat heat, clean常接副詞作狀語，用于描述事物的性能特征，常常不用被動語態(tài)。Books of this kind sell well. （這類書很暢銷。） The door won't sh

40、ut. （這扇門關(guān)不上。） The pen writes smoothly. (這支鋼筆寫起來很流暢。)2、系動詞look, feel, taste, sound, smell, prove, seem, appear等。此類動詞常接形容詞作表語。 -Do you like the material?你喜歡這塊面料嗎？-Yes, it feels very soft. 喜歡，手感不錯。 The dish tastes good. 這菜味道不錯。 The song sounds beautiful.3、need, want, require，stand, take, won't bear

41、, repay, deserve等詞后面常接主動的-ing分詞形式，表示被動意義。在這種情況下，句子的主語在邏輯上是-ing分詞的賓語，此類句型如將動詞的-ing形式換成不定式，則須使用被動語態(tài)。Your hair needs cutting./ Your hair needs to be cut. 你的頭發(fā)需要理。The room wants cleaning every day. / The room wants to be cleaned every day. 這個房間需要每天打掃。 The point deserves mentioning. / The point deserves

42、to be mentioned. 這一點值得提。 4、某些用作表語的形容詞后，用不定式主動表示被動This question is difficult to answer. 這個問題很那回答。 The room is comfortable to live in. 這屋子住起來很舒服。 5、某些作賓補的形容詞后，用不定式主動表示被動We find the man hard to get along with. 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這個人很難相處。 I think English easy to learn. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)英語很好學。6、不定式作定語I have a lot of work to do this

43、week. 本周我有很多工作要做。 With a lot of work to do, I decide to stay at home instead of going for a picnic.7、be worth doing結(jié)構(gòu) The film is worth seeing. 這部電影值得看。8. be to blame, be to rent/let, rent等。 She was in no way to blame. 決不應(yīng)該責備她. The house is to let/rent. 房屋出讓/出租。The building rents at $3000 a year. 這座

44、建筑物以每年3000美元的租金出租.七、某些結(jié)構(gòu)看似被動但實際沒有被動含義，用于表示某種狀態(tài)： 如 be determined, be pleased, be graduated （from）, be prepared （for）, be occupied/buried （in）, be dressed, be seated, be hidden, be lost, be convinced, be married, be concerned 等。備戰(zhàn)高考1. The oil _ and wed better get some at the nearest gas station. (run)

45、汽油快用完了，我們最好就近加油。2. In response to the audiences great demand, the play _ in the theatre twice a week . (put) (湖北 2012) 應(yīng)觀眾的強烈要求，這部戲?qū)谶@個劇院每周上演兩次。3. It is reported in the newspaper that several new subway lines _ in Wuhan. (build) 據(jù)報紙報道，武漢正在建設(shè)幾條新的地鐵線路。(湖北 2013)4. Whenever he was asked why he was late

46、 for class, he _ the same thing. (say) 每當問起他為什么上課遲到，他老是講著同樣的理由。5. So far the well-known journalist _ more than 4,000 interviews with famous people. (accumulate) (湖北 2014) 迄今為止這位著名記者采訪名人已累積達四千余人次。6. The chief engineer together with his colleagues _ new scientific methods of farming since five years a

47、go. (look) (湖北 2013) 五年來，總工程師和他的同事們一起一直在尋找新的科學農(nóng)耕方法。7. My mother was so proud of all _ that she rewarded me with a trip to Beijing. (do) (湖北 2010) 媽媽對我所做的一切非常驕傲，所以獎了我一次北京之旅。8. If times _，have our ways of thinking changed too? (change) (湖北 2009) 如果時代變了，我們的思維方式也變了嗎？9. If _ alcohol last night, I could h

48、ave driven my car home. (drink) (湖北 2011) 昨晚要是我沒喝酒，我就把車開回家了。10. Last nights TV news said that by then the death of the missing people _ yet. (prove) (湖北 2010)昨晚電視新聞?wù)f到那時失蹤人員的死亡情況還未證實。11. _ is sure to change as one puts it into practice. (whatever) (湖北 2009)任何計劃好了的事在實施中肯定會有所改變。12. When I saw dark clou

49、ds in the sky, I knew I _. (catch)當我看到空中的烏云就知道我會淋雨了。13. Nobody likes those who _ small gains and losses. (care)誰也不喜歡那些老是計較得失的人。14. The old man _ the street when your car hit him. (walk)老頭兒在過馬路時你的車就撞了他。15. -What time is it?-I have no idea. But just a minute, I _ it for you. (check)（北京 2014） -幾點了？-我不知

50、道。等一下，我?guī)湍憧匆幌隆?6. By the day he left he still _ to speak to her in the way he wanted. (find) 到他離開之時他還沒找到機會以自己的方式向她表白。17. All these years I _ for others. Im hoping to set up my own business someday. (work) 這些年我一直在為別人干活，我希望有朝一日能自己創(chuàng)業(yè)。18. Over time, more people _ Mount Qomolangma successfully. (climb) 隨著

51、時間的流逝，更多的人成功地登上了珠穆朗瑪峰。19. She is now in America studying law; it will be a long time before _. (meet) 她在美國學法律，還要過很久我們才會相聚。20. By the time the astronauts got out of the spaceship, they _ thirty times. (circle) 宇航員走出飛船時他們已繞地球飛行了30次。21. -How much do you know about the Youth Olympic Games to be held in

52、Nanjing? -Well, the media _it in a variety of forms. (cover) (江蘇 2014)媒體已經(jīng)以多種形式對南京青年奧運會進行了報道。22. Sofia looked around all the faces: she had the impression that she _ most of the guests _. (see) （浙江 2014） Sofia看了看所有的面孔，感覺大部分客人她以前見過。 23. If we _ now to protect the environment, well live to regret it.

53、(act) (新課標卷I 2014) 如果我們現(xiàn)在不行動起來保護環(huán)境的話，將來會后悔的。24. Jim was watching a late-night film at home when, right in the middle of a thrilling scene, the television _. (go) Jim正在家看一部午夜電影，正看到令人毛骨悚然的場景時，電視變成空白了。25. I _ you later that day, but I had to phone and cancel. (intend) 那天晚些時候我本打算拜訪你的，但我不得不打電話取消了。26. The water supply has been cut off temporarily because one of the main pipes _. (repair) 水供應(yīng)已經(jīng)被贊是切斷了，因為一條主管道正在維修。27. Th