考研英語(yǔ)翻譯歷年真題版

1、WORD格式整理版1、 1994 年 Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific k

2、nowledge. (71) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.(72) In short , a leader ofthe new school contends, the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and

3、invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.(73) Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modern school that hails techn

4、ology algues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments.The centerpiece of the argument o

5、f a technology-yes , genius-no advocate was an analysis of Galileo s role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions.(74)Galileo s gr

6、eatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists, was the long evolution in the improvemen

7、t of machinery for making eyeglasses .Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute. (75) Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa ( 反之)often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving forc

8、e.精美譯文新學(xué)派的科學(xué)家認(rèn)為，技術(shù)是擴(kuò)大科學(xué)知識(shí)的范圍中被忽視的力量。(71)他們說(shuō)，科學(xué)的發(fā)展與其說(shuō)源于天才偉人的真知灼識(shí)，不如說(shuō)源于改進(jìn)了的技術(shù)和工具等等更為普通的東西。(72)新學(xué)派的一位領(lǐng)袖人物堅(jiān)持說(shuō)：“簡(jiǎn)言之，我們所稱(chēng)謂的科學(xué)革命，主要是指 一系列器具的改進(jìn)、發(fā)明和使用，這些改進(jìn)、發(fā)明和使用使科學(xué)發(fā)展的范圍無(wú)所不及。(73)工具和技術(shù)本身作為根本性創(chuàng)新的源泉多年來(lái)在很大程度上被科學(xué)史學(xué)家和科學(xué) 思想家們忽視了。為技術(shù)而歡呼的現(xiàn)代學(xué)派爭(zhēng)辯說(shuō),像伽利略、牛頓、麥克斯威爾、愛(ài)因斯 坦這樣的科學(xué)大師和像愛(ài)迪生這樣的發(fā)明家十分重視科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)中能使用的各種不同的工藝 信息和技術(shù)裝置并從中受益匪淺

9、。鼓吹技術(shù)第一、天才第二的論據(jù)的核心是分析了科學(xué)革命初期伽利略的作用。那時(shí)的聰明才智取自第二世紀(jì)的天文學(xué)家托勒密；了精心創(chuàng)立的太空體系把地球置于所有天體運(yùn)動(dòng)的中心。（74）伽利略的最光輝的業(yè)績(jī)?cè)谟谒?609年第一個(gè)把新發(fā)明的望遠(yuǎn)鏡對(duì)準(zhǔn)天空，以證實(shí)行星是圍繞太陽(yáng)旋轉(zhuǎn)，而不是圍繞地球。但是,在新學(xué)派科學(xué)家看來(lái)，這件事中真正 重要的因素是制造鏡片的機(jī)械長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)不斷的改進(jìn)和發(fā)展。聯(lián)邦政府的政策必然要卷入到技術(shù)與天才之爭(zhēng)中去。（75）政府究竟是以減少對(duì)技術(shù)的經(jīng)費(fèi)投入來(lái)增加對(duì)純理論科學(xué)的經(jīng)費(fèi)投入，還是相反，這往往取決于把哪一方看作是驅(qū)動(dòng)力題目解析：（71 ） 、Science moves forward

10、, they say, not so much through the insights of great menof genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：賓語(yǔ)從句的主句 Science / moves forward,” 主句 插入結(jié)構(gòu) they say, 并列結(jié)構(gòu) 1not so much 原因狀語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu) through 多重定語(yǔ) the insights / of great men / of genius / 并列結(jié)構(gòu) 2 as 原因狀語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu) because o

11、f / more ordinary things /舉仞j like /improved techniques and tool.詞義推敲：move forward :向前發(fā)展。they say :間接引語(yǔ)作插入結(jié)構(gòu)前置。they : 指代 the new school of scientists技巧： 單復(fù)數(shù)對(duì)應(yīng)：according to - saynot so much. as. 是asas（和一樣多）的否定形式，理解為：“與其倒不如”。through 因?yàn)榧记桑簄ot so much. as是個(gè)并列結(jié)構(gòu)，也就是說(shuō)so和as后面應(yīng)該兩個(gè)詞的意思應(yīng)該相同，所以多義介詞through的意思應(yīng)該

12、等于 because of因?yàn)?，由于。the insights / of great men / of genius:天才偉人的真知灼見(jiàn)。多重后置定語(yǔ)一一后浪推前浪，從后往前翻譯。insights : the capacity to discern the true nature of a situation; penetration洞察力；心智的敏銳一一真知灼見(jiàn)，遠(yuǎn)見(jiàn)卓識(shí)genius :天才more ordinary things like improved techniques and tool這是結(jié)構(gòu)是介詞 like 短語(yǔ)做定語(yǔ)修飾中心詞more ordinary things ,也是先

13、翻譯定語(yǔ)，再翻譯中心詞：像改進(jìn)了的技術(shù)和工具等更 為普通的東西。like : such as參考譯文：新學(xué)派科學(xué)家們說(shuō)，科學(xué)之所以發(fā)展，與其說(shuō)是因?yàn)樘觳艂ト说恼嬷埔?jiàn)，不如說(shuō)是因?yàn)橄窀倪M(jìn)了的技術(shù)和工具等更為普通的東西。得分重點(diǎn)：插入結(jié)構(gòu)，并列結(jié)構(gòu)，原因狀語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)(72)、In short , a leader of the new school contends, the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instrument

14、s that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：直接引語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)從句介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)In short, / 主句a leader / of the new school/ contends, /“直接引語(yǔ)中的主語(yǔ) the scientific revolution, / 插入結(jié)構(gòu) as wecallit,直接弓I語(yǔ)中的謂語(yǔ) / was largely / 多重定語(yǔ) the improvement and invention anduse of / a series of / instruments / 定語(yǔ)從句

15、 主語(yǔ) that / 謂語(yǔ) expanded / the reach / of science /介詞短語(yǔ)作方式狀語(yǔ)in innumerable direction. ”詞義推敲：in short簡(jiǎn)而言之a(chǎn) leader of the new school contends :新學(xué)派的一位領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人物說(shuō) /認(rèn)為 school 學(xué)派。contend : to maintain or assert 主張或聲稱(chēng)the scientific revolution : 科學(xué)革命revolution : A sudden or momentous change in a situation大變革在情況下的突然

16、或瞬時(shí)改變as we call it 我們所稱(chēng)之謂的，我們所說(shuō)的largely : for the most part; mainly大部分地；主要地the improvement and invention and use of / a series of / instruments一系歹 U器具的改進(jìn)、發(fā)明和使用。a series of一系歹 Uexpand擴(kuò)大，張開(kāi)reach range or scope of influence or effect.影響力產(chǎn)生影響或效果的范圍或領(lǐng)域參考譯文：“簡(jiǎn)而言之”，新學(xué)派的一位領(lǐng)袖人物堅(jiān)持說(shuō)，“我們所謂的科學(xué)革命，主要是指一系列器具的改進(jìn)、發(fā)明和

17、使用，而（這些改進(jìn)、發(fā)明和使用/這）（使科學(xué)發(fā)展的范圍無(wú)所不及/使科學(xué)發(fā)展無(wú)所不及 /在無(wú)數(shù)方面拓展了科學(xué)的領(lǐng)域）得分重點(diǎn)：插入結(jié)構(gòu)，定語(yǔ)從句，方式狀語(yǔ)(73 )、Over the years, tools and technology themsekes as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. 結(jié)構(gòu)分析：73)介詞短語(yǔ)作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)Over the years, / 主語(yǔ)tools and technology /反身代詞t

18、hemselves / 后置定語(yǔ) as / 多重定語(yǔ) a source of / fundamental innovation謂語(yǔ) /被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu) have largely been ignored /方式狀語(yǔ) by historians / and philosophers ofscience.詞義推敲：over the years 多年來(lái)a source of fundamental innovation : 根本革新的源泉fundamental : of or relating to the foundation or base; elementary基礎(chǔ)的基礎(chǔ)或基本的或與此有關(guān)的；根本的i

19、nnovation : the act of introducing something new革新介紹新東西的行為tools and technologyhave largely been ignored by .很大程度上被忽視philosophers of science科學(xué)思想家們參考譯文：多年來(lái)，工具和技術(shù)本身作為根本性創(chuàng)新的源泉（多年來(lái)）在很大程度上被歷史學(xué)家和科學(xué)思想家們忽視了。得分重點(diǎn)：反身代詞，被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)(74)、Galileo s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turnthe newly

20、invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：74)主句專(zhuān)有名詞 Galileos greatest glory / was / 表語(yǔ)從句that 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)in 1609 / 從句主句 he / was / the first person /多重定語(yǔ) to turn the newly inventedtelescope on the heavens / 目的狀語(yǔ)to prove /賓語(yǔ)從句that 并列結(jié)

21、構(gòu)1主語(yǔ)theplanets / 謂語(yǔ) revolve / around the sun / rather than并列結(jié)構(gòu)2 省略結(jié)構(gòu)(revolve ) around the earth.詞義推敲：Galileo伽利略專(zhuān)有名詞greatest glory was that :最偉大的成就是 glory : a highly praiseworthy asset 引以為豪的東西成就，業(yè)績(jī)，貢獻(xiàn)that ：引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句不做成分，沒(méi)有實(shí)際含義。而漢語(yǔ)又沒(méi)有這樣的形式上的要求，所以不譯。turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens把新發(fā)明的望遠(yuǎn)鏡

22、對(duì)準(zhǔn)天空turn on 轉(zhuǎn)向?qū)?zhǔn)，觀察to prove that :用以證明，去證明that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，既不作成分，也沒(méi)有實(shí)際含義。rather than 而不是the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the earth行星圍繞太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)，而不是圍繞地球轉(zhuǎn)revolve :繞轉(zhuǎn)，旋轉(zhuǎn)參考譯文：伽利略的最（光輝業(yè)績(jī)/偉大的成就）在于（他在1609年/在1609年他是）第一個(gè)把新 發(fā)明的望遠(yuǎn)鏡對(duì)準(zhǔn)天空，以（證實(shí) /證明）行星是圍繞太陽(yáng)旋轉(zhuǎn)而不是圍繞地球旋轉(zhuǎn)的。得分重點(diǎn)：表語(yǔ)從句，賓語(yǔ)從句，專(zhuān)有名詞，并列結(jié)構(gòu)（75）、Whether

23、the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense 0ftechnology or vice versa （ 反之）often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：（75）、并列結(jié)構(gòu) 1 主語(yǔ)從句 Whether / 主語(yǔ) the Government / 謂語(yǔ) should increase / 多重定語(yǔ) the financing of / pure science介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu) / at the

24、 expense of/ technology /并列結(jié)構(gòu) 2 or / 固定短語(yǔ) vice versa / 狀語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu) often / 謂語(yǔ)depends on / the issue / of 賓語(yǔ)從句 which / （指代關(guān)系）被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu) is seen / asthe driving force.詞義推敲：whether or 究竟是還是the Government : 特指 Federal Government 。increase the financing of :增加對(duì)的資金投入finance : to supply funds to給 提供資金pure science純理論科學(xué)a

25、t the expense of 由付費(fèi)，以為代價(jià)vice versa反之亦然 relations being reversedincrease the financing of pure science at the expense of technology viceversa（還是通過(guò)/以減少對(duì)純理論科學(xué)的投入而增加對(duì)技術(shù)的投入還是相反）the issue of : 問(wèn)題issue : a point or matter of discussion, debate, or dispute爭(zhēng)議，辯論爭(zhēng)議、爭(zhēng)論、爭(zhēng)執(zhí)的要點(diǎn)或事件of which :它們中的（pure science 和 te

26、chnology 中的）哪一個(gè)引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，因?yàn)椋?、which是賓語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)，而不是定語(yǔ)從句的賓語(yǔ)；2、of which 的結(jié)構(gòu)無(wú)法還原到后面的從句；3、which不等于issue ,不是定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞，而是疑問(wèn)代詞。is seen as :被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，可以翻譯成主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)“把哪一方看成”the driving force馬區(qū)動(dòng)力參考譯文：政府究竟是以（減少對(duì)技術(shù)經(jīng)費(fèi)的投入 /犧牲技術(shù)作為代價(jià)）來(lái)增加對(duì)純理論科學(xué)的經(jīng) 費(fèi)投入，還是相反，這往往取決于把哪一方看作是驅(qū)動(dòng)力量。得分重點(diǎn)：主語(yǔ)從句，并列結(jié)構(gòu)，賓語(yǔ)從句，被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)2、 1995 年Directions:Read the following

27、 text carefully and then translate the underlined segments intoChinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.The standardized educational or psychological test that are widely used to aidin selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military pers

28、onnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress.(71) The target is wrong, foNn attacking thetests, critics divert attention form the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools , with characteri

29、stics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable , meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user .All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relev

30、ant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. (72) Howwell the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount , reliability , and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is

31、interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objectivemethod of gettingsome kinds of information about what a p

32、erson learned ,the skillshe has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtainedhas, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. (73) Whether to use tests. other kinds of information, or both in a particularsituation depends, therefore,upon t

33、he evidence from experienceconcerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.（74） In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well def

34、ined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do. (75) For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality

35、, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.精美譯文：標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化教育測(cè)試或心理同在廣泛應(yīng)用于協(xié)助選拔、委派或提拔學(xué)生、雇員和軍事人員；這些測(cè)試一直是某些人近年來(lái)在書(shū)本、雜志、日?qǐng)?bào)，甚至國(guó)會(huì)中進(jìn)行抨擊的目標(biāo)。（71）把標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測(cè)試作為抨擊目標(biāo)是錯(cuò)誤的，因?yàn)樵谂険暨@類(lèi)測(cè)試時(shí)， 批評(píng)者沒(méi)有注意到其弊病來(lái)自測(cè)試使用者對(duì)測(cè)試不解或使用不當(dāng)。這些測(cè)試本身只是一種工具。它的各種特性可以在規(guī)定條件下用適當(dāng)?shù)?/p>

36、精度來(lái)測(cè)定。測(cè)試的結(jié)果是在有價(jià)值的、無(wú)意義的、還是誤導(dǎo)的， 部分取決于這種工具本身，但主要取決于測(cè)試使用者。所有對(duì)未來(lái)表現(xiàn)的有見(jiàn)識(shí)地的預(yù)測(cè)都是以在某種程度上了解有關(guān)過(guò)去的表現(xiàn)為基礎(chǔ)的：學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)、研究效益、銷(xiāo)售記錄或任何符合需要的信息。（72）這些預(yù)測(cè)在多大程度上為的后來(lái)的表現(xiàn)所證實(shí)，這取決于所采用信息的數(shù)量、可靠性和適宜性，以及解釋這些信息 的技能和才智。任何仔細(xì)記分的人都知道，所得到的信息總是不完全的，而且這些預(yù)測(cè)也總是會(huì)有錯(cuò)誤的。應(yīng)該根據(jù)這種觀點(diǎn)去考察標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測(cè)試。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測(cè)試提供了快速、客觀地得到某些信息的方法，這些信息是有關(guān)一個(gè)人所學(xué)到的知識(shí)、他所獲得的技能，或者他是屬于哪一類(lèi)型的人。

37、這樣得到的信息，從性質(zhì)上講，與其它種類(lèi)的信息一樣具有優(yōu)點(diǎn)或缺點(diǎn)。（73）因此，在某一特定情況下，究竟是采用測(cè)試還是其他種類(lèi)的信息，或是兩者兼用，須憑有關(guān)相對(duì)效度的經(jīng)驗(yàn)依據(jù)而定，也取決于諸如費(fèi)用和有無(wú)來(lái)源等因素。（75） 一般來(lái)說(shuō)，當(dāng)所要測(cè)定的特征能很精確界定時(shí)，測(cè)試最為有效；而當(dāng)所要測(cè)定或預(yù)測(cè)的東西不能明確地界定時(shí)，測(cè)試的效果則最差。這些測(cè)試如能恰當(dāng)使用，就能提供一種快速的方法來(lái)獲得有關(guān)許多人的可比性信息。而這些測(cè)試能鑒別出一些學(xué)生，他們很高的潛在能力過(guò)去一直沒(méi)有被承認(rèn)。但是也有入場(chǎng)多事情這些測(cè)試是不能勝任的。（75）例如，測(cè)試并不彌補(bǔ)明顯的社會(huì)不公；因此，它們不能說(shuō)明一個(gè)物質(zhì)條件差的年輕人，

38、如果在較好的環(huán)境下成長(zhǎng)的話(huà)，會(huì)有多大才干。題目解析：71 ）、The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention form the fault that lies with ill-informed。門(mén)ncompetent users.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：71）主句 The target / is / wrong, / 原因狀語(yǔ)從句 for / 狀語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu) in / attacking / the tests, / 從句的主句 critics / divert attention from / the faul

39、t /定語(yǔ)從句 主語(yǔ) that / 謂語(yǔ) 固定短語(yǔ) lies with / ill-informed / or incompetent users. 詞義推敲：The target根據(jù)上下文，這里特指標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測(cè)試for in attacking the tests :因?yàn)樵谂険魷y(cè)試的過(guò)程中for ：因?yàn)閕n :在過(guò)程中attack :攻擊，抨擊。critics : one who forms and expresses judgments of the merits, faults, value, or truth of a matter評(píng)論家形成并表達(dá)對(duì)某一事物的優(yōu)點(diǎn)、錯(cuò)誤、價(jià)值或真實(shí)性的判斷

40、的人divert attention from原義是引開(kāi)，引申為沒(méi)有注意到，忽略lies with 在于ill-informed不甚了解，消息不靈通的參考譯文：把標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測(cè)試作為抨擊的目標(biāo)是錯(cuò)誤的，因?yàn)樵谂険暨@類(lèi)測(cè)試時(shí)，批評(píng)者沒(méi)有（注意到/忽略了）（測(cè)試的弊病在于使用測(cè)試的人對(duì)測(cè)試不甚了解或使用不當(dāng)/批評(píng)家沒(méi)有注意到錯(cuò)誤是由消息不靈通或者不能勝任的使用者造成的）。得分重點(diǎn)：插入結(jié)構(gòu)，原因狀語(yǔ)從句，定語(yǔ)從句72 ）How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends uponthe amount , reli

41、ability , and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：72）主語(yǔ)從句 How well / 從句的主語(yǔ)the predictions / 從句的謂語(yǔ) 被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu) will bevalidated / by later performance /謂語(yǔ) 并列結(jié)構(gòu) 1 固定短語(yǔ) depends upon / 多重定語(yǔ) the amount, / reliability, / and appropriateness / of t

42、he information / used / 并列結(jié)構(gòu) 2 and 省略結(jié)構(gòu)（depends） on / the skill / and wisdom / 定語(yǔ)從句 with which / （指代關(guān)系）it /被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu) is interpreted.詞義推敲：How well the predictions will be validated by:在多大程度上為所證實(shí)be validated by :為所證實(shí)。被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)最好少用被字。validate : to establish the soundness of; orroborate證實(shí)建立的正確性；確證depends upon 取決于

43、the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used: 所采用信息的數(shù)量、可靠性和適應(yīng)性amount: a number 數(shù)字； 數(shù)量reliability可靠性，彳t 度validity 效度appropriate : suitable for a particular person,condition, occasion, or place;fitting適合于的適合于某特定的人，條件，事件或地點(diǎn)的；適宜的with which it is interpreted定語(yǔ)從句Which 指代 the skill

44、and wisdom 。it 指代 the information 。參考譯文：這些測(cè)試在多大程度上為后來(lái)的表現(xiàn)所證實(shí)，這取決于所采用信息的數(shù)量、可靠性和適應(yīng)性，以及解釋這些信息的技能和才智。得分重點(diǎn)：主語(yǔ)從句，被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，并列結(jié)構(gòu)，省略結(jié)構(gòu)，定語(yǔ)從句73）、Whether to use tests. other kinds of information, or both in a particularsituation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity an

45、d upon such factors as cost and availability.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：73）主語(yǔ) 并歹吆構(gòu) 1 Whether / to use / tests, / other kinds of information, /并列結(jié)構(gòu)2 or省略結(jié)構(gòu)（to use）指代關(guān)系 both / 方式狀語(yǔ)in a particular situation/謂語(yǔ) 固定短語(yǔ) 并列結(jié)構(gòu)11depends,/ 插入結(jié)構(gòu)therefore, / upon /多重定語(yǔ)the evidence / from experience / concerning comparative validity /

46、并歹吆構(gòu) 22 and 省略結(jié)構(gòu) （depends） upon / 舉例 such factors /as cost / and availability.詞義推敲：Whether to use ., or （to use）究竟是使用還是（使用）or both :或是兩者兼用both ： 指代前句的 tests, other kinds of informationin a particular situation在某一特定情況下particular : separate and distinct from others of the same group, category, ornatur

47、e特定的，個(gè)別的與同一團(tuán)體、范疇或種類(lèi)的其他部分分離和區(qū)分出來(lái)的the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity: 多重后置定語(yǔ)一后浪推前浪，可以翻譯為：“關(guān)于相對(duì)效度的來(lái)自經(jīng)驗(yàn)的證據(jù)”such factors as. 諸如等因素 參考譯文：因此，在某一特定情況下，究竟是采用測(cè)試還是其他種類(lèi)的信息，或是兩者兼用，（須憑有關(guān)相對(duì)效度的經(jīng)驗(yàn)依據(jù)而定 /取決于與相對(duì)效度有關(guān)的來(lái)自經(jīng)驗(yàn)的證據(jù)），也取決于諸如費(fèi)用和有無(wú)來(lái)源等因素。得分重點(diǎn)：并列結(jié)構(gòu)，省略結(jié)構(gòu)，插入結(jié)構(gòu)74）、In general, the tests work mo

48、st effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：74）介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)In general, / 主句 并列結(jié)構(gòu) 1 the tests / work / mosteffectively /時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 when / 從句的主語(yǔ)the qualities / 非謂語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)to be measured

49、/ 謂語(yǔ) 被動(dòng)Z構(gòu) can be most precisely defined /并歹吆構(gòu) 2 and 省略結(jié)構(gòu)（the tests work ） least effectively /時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 when / 從句中的主語(yǔ)從句 what / （指代關(guān)系） is to be measured or predicted /謂語(yǔ) 被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu) can not bewell defined.詞義推敲：In general一般的說(shuō)，大體上work most effectively 最為有效the qualities to be measured : 所要測(cè)定的特征qualities:特征，特性，品質(zhì)，品

50、德。作“質(zhì)量”解時(shí)，是抽象名次，沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)。measure ：測(cè)量，測(cè)度，估量，分派，權(quán)衡，調(diào)節(jié)be most precisely defined : 很精確界定。precisely精確地，恰好地，明確地definite : to specify distinctly清楚地規(guī)定and least effectively :測(cè)試效果最差。省略了前面的the tests workwhat is to be measured or predicted not be well defined:當(dāng)所要測(cè)定或預(yù)測(cè)的東西不能明確地定義時(shí) 參考譯文：一般的說(shuō)，當(dāng)所要測(cè)定的特征能很精確界定時(shí)，測(cè)試最為有效；而當(dāng)所

51、要測(cè)定或預(yù)測(cè)的東西不能明確地界定時(shí)，測(cè)試的效果則最差。得分重點(diǎn)：并列結(jié)構(gòu)，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，省略結(jié)構(gòu)，主語(yǔ)從句75)For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：75）狀語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu) 舉例 For example,/ 主語(yǔ) they / 并歹吆構(gòu) 1 d

52、o not compensate for gross social inequality, / 并列結(jié)構(gòu) 2 and thus / do not tell / 賓語(yǔ)從句 how able / 從句的主語(yǔ) an underprivileged youngster / 謂語(yǔ) might have been / 虛擬條件句 的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu) had he grown up / 介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu) under more favorable circumstances. 詞義推敲：they指代“測(cè)試”compensate for 彌補(bǔ)compensate : to serve as or provide a

53、substitute or counterbalance補(bǔ)償，彌補(bǔ)作為代替品或平衡物使用或提供gross social inequality 明顯的/巨大的社會(huì)不公gross : glaringly obvious; flagrant公然的十分明顯的；罪惡昭著的inequality :不公平，不平等 tell :說(shuō)明，表明underprivileged youngster :物質(zhì)條件差的/處于社會(huì)底層的/沒(méi)有特權(quán)的年輕人 had he grown up = if he had grown up（虛擬語(yǔ)氣中條件句的倒裝）grow up :成長(zhǎng)，興起，形成under more favorable

54、circumstances在較好的環(huán)境下circumstance : the sum of determining factors beyond willful control客觀形勢(shì)，情況除意志控制外的決定因素的總和favorable :有利的，贊成的，討人喜歡的參考譯文：例如，測(cè)試并不彌補(bǔ)明顯的社會(huì)不公，因此它們不能說(shuō)明（如果）一個(gè)物質(zhì)條件差的年輕人，（如果）在較好的環(huán)境下成長(zhǎng)的話(huà)，會(huì)有多大才干 /多么的有本事/多么的能干。得分重點(diǎn)：并列結(jié)構(gòu)，賓語(yǔ)從句，虛擬語(yǔ)氣的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)3、1996 年Directions:Read the following text carefully and the

55、n translate the underlined segments intoChinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes.（71） Someof these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonab

56、le consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. Some , how-ever , are less reasonable processes of differentgrowth in which preconception of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas

57、.This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend.（72） This trend began during the Second World War, when several govemments came tothe conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of itsscientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted