（精心整理）歷年英語六級閱讀理解逐句翻譯

1、歷年六級閱讀理解逐句翻譯一、There is nothing like the suggestion of a cancer risk to scare a parent, especially one of the over-educated, eco-conscious type.沒有什么事情比有得癌癥的跡象更讓父母感到害怕的了，尤其對于受到過度教育、對生態(tài)環(huán)境敏感的那種人來說。So you can imagine the reaction when a recent USA Today investigation of air quality around the nations sch

2、ools singled out those in the smugly（自鳴得意的）green village of Berkeley, Calif., as being among the worst in the country.所以當今日美國在近期公布的一份全國范圍內(nèi)的學校周邊空氣質(zhì)量調(diào)查中，把加州伯克利的綠色環(huán)保小鎮(zhèn)列為全國最差時，你可以想象到那些自鳴得意的人的反應(yīng)。 The citys public high school, as well as a number of daycare centers, preschools, elementary and middle

3、schools, fell in the lowest 10%. Industrial pollution in our town had supposedly turned students into living science experiments breathing in a laboratorys worth of heavy metals like manganese, chromium and nickel each day.該市的公立高中以及為數(shù)眾多的日間看護中心、學前教育機構(gòu)、小學和中學都在最差的10%之列。我們鎮(zhèn)上的工業(yè)污染大概把學生置于活體科學實驗之中，學生們以等值于實

4、驗室的劑量每天吸入錳、鎘和鎳等重金屬。This in a city that requires school cafeterias to serve organic meals. Great, I thought, organic lunch, toxic campus.這發(fā)生在一個要求學校的餐廳提供有機飯菜的城市中。太偉大了，我想，有機午餐，有毒校園。Since December, when the report came out, the mayor, neighborhood activists（活躍分子）and various parent-teacher associations h

5、ave engaged in a fierce battle over its validity: over the guilt of the steel-casting factory on the western edge of town, over union jobs versus childrens health and over what, if anything, ought to be done.自12月份報告公布以來，市長，社區(qū)活躍分子和各種家長-教師聯(lián)合會都參與到一場關(guān)于報告的可信度的激烈斗爭中：關(guān)于位于小鎮(zhèn)西北角上的鋼鐵鑄造廠的罪責、有關(guān)孩子們的健康VS工會職責，以及應(yīng)該

6、去做的事，如果還有事能做的話。With all sides presenting their own experts armed with conflicting scientific studies, whom should parents believe?每一方都有代表他們的專家，手頭上的科學研究結(jié)果相互矛盾，父母究竟應(yīng)該相信誰？Is there truly a threat here, we asked one another as we dropped off our kids, and if so, how great is it?我們在讓孩子下車時會相互詢問，這兒是不是真的存在危險

7、？如果真有危險的話，有多大？ And how does it compare with the other, seemingly perpetual health scares we confront, like panic over lead in synthetic athletic fields?和其他危險相比怎么樣？比如像綜合運動場上鉛含量這樣我們似乎要面臨的永久性的健康恐慌。Rather than just another weird episode in the town that brought you protesting environmentalists, thi

8、s latest drama is a trial for how todays parents perceive risk, how we try to keep our kids safewhether its possible to keep them safein what feels like an increasingly threatening world. It raises the question of what, in our time, “safe” could even mean.這不僅僅是發(fā)生在城鎮(zhèn)中的又一個奇特事件 ，引來一群游行抗議的環(huán)保主義者，這場最新的鬧劇是

9、對現(xiàn)在的父母如何看待風險的試金石，我們?nèi)绾卧谝粋€看起來日益危機四起的世界里盡量保證我們孩子的安全-無論能否保證他們的安全。這引起的問題是，在我們的時代“安全”究竟意味著什么?！癟heres no way around the uncertainty,” says Kimberly Thompson, president of Kid Risk, a nonprofit group that studies childrens health. “That means your choices can matter, but it also means you arent going to kno

10、w if they do.”“沒有辦法解決不確定的問題，”金伯利湯普森說，她是一個研究兒童健康問題的非盈利性組織“孩子的危險”的主席。“這意味著你的選擇很重要，但這也意味著如果你的選擇真的很重要的話，你也沒有辦法知道。” A 2004 report in the journal Pediatrics explained that nervous parents have more to fear from fire, car accidents and drowning than from toxic chemical exposure.一份2004年發(fā)表在學術(shù)期刊兒科上的報告解釋了

11、不安的父母們對火災、車禍和溺水的恐慌要更甚于接觸有毒化學物質(zhì)。To which I say: Well, obviously. But such concrete hazards are beside the point.對此我認為：“嗯，很明顯。但是這些具體的危險并非重點。 Its the dangers parents cantand may neverquantify that occur all of sudden. Thats why Ive rid my cupboard of microwave food packed in bags coated with a pot

12、ential cancer-causing substance, but although Ive lived blocks from a major fault line(地質(zhì)斷層) for more than 12 years, I still havent bolted our bookcases to the living room wall.正式父母們不能-可能永遠也不能-量化危險會突然發(fā)生。這正是我已經(jīng)把所有包裝袋上涂有可能致癌物質(zhì)的微波食品全部扔掉的原因，但是盡管我住在一個距離大地質(zhì)斷層幾街區(qū)遠的地方已經(jīng)12年了，我仍然沒把我們的書架固定在客廳的墻上。二、Crippling he

13、alth care bills, long emergency-room waits and the inability to find a primary care physician just scratch the surface of the problems that patients face daily.問題重重的醫(yī)療保障費用，急診室前排起的長隊，以及無法找到初級護理醫(yī)生，這些僅是每天要面對的問題中的一部分。Primary care should be the backbone of any health care system.初級護理應(yīng)該是所有醫(yī)療保障體系的支柱。Countr

14、ies with appropriate primary care resources score highly when it comes to health outcomes and cost.有充足的初級護理資源的國家在健康水平和費用支出上都獲得甚佳的評價。The U.S. takes the opposite approach by emphasizing the specialist rather than the primary care physician.美國卻反其道而行之，注重?？漆t(yī)生而非初級護理醫(yī)生。A recent study analyzed the providers

15、 who treat Medicare beneficiaries（老年醫(yī)保受惠人）.最近一項研究分析了負責治療老年醫(yī)保受惠人的醫(yī)生。The startling finding was that the average Medicare patient saw a total of seven doctorstwo primary care physicians and five specialistsin a given year. Contrary to popular belief, the more physicians taking care of you dont guarante

16、e better care.這項令人震驚的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，老年醫(yī)保受惠人平均每天要看七名醫(yī)生-包括兩名初級護理醫(yī)生和五名?？漆t(yī)生。與公眾的想法剛好相反，更多的醫(yī)生給你看病并不能保證更好的醫(yī)療服務(wù)。Actually, increasing fragmentation of care results in a corresponding rise in cost and medical errors.實際上，醫(yī)療服務(wù)的日益分化導致的是費用的上升和誤診數(shù)量的增多。How did we let primary care slip so far? The key is how doctors are paid

17、. Most physicians are paid whenever they perform a medical service.我們怎么會使初級護理如此嚴重地滑坡呢？關(guān)鍵是醫(yī)生的收入。大部分醫(yī)生的收入來源于他們所提供的醫(yī)療服務(wù)。The more a physician does, regardless of quality or outcome, the better hes reimbursed (返還費用).醫(yī)生做的越多，不管質(zhì)量或結(jié)果如何，他獲得的返還費用就越高。Moreover, the amount a physician receives leans heavily towa

18、rd medical or surgical procedures.此外，醫(yī)生的收入在很大程度上受到醫(yī)療或者外殼手術(shù)的影響。 A specialist who performs a procedure in a 30-minute visit can be paid three times more than a primary care physician using that same 30 minutes to discuss a patients disease.一名?？漆t(yī)生耗時30分鐘進行某個手術(shù)，其收入要比比一名初級護理醫(yī)生花同樣多的時間去討論一個病人病情的收入高3倍。C

19、ombine this fact with annual government threats to indiscriminately cut reimbursements, physicians are faced with no choice but to increase quantity to boost income.再加上政府每年都威脅要一視同仁地降低醫(yī)療返還費用，初級護理醫(yī)生沒有選擇的余地，只好通過提升數(shù)量以增加收入。Primary care physicians who refuse to compromise quality are either driven out of

20、business or to cash-only practices, further contributing to the decline of primary care.對于拒絕犧牲質(zhì)量的初級護理而言，要么被迫停業(yè)，要么就只從事能賺錢的業(yè)務(wù)，這使得初級護理的質(zhì)量進一步下滑。Medical students are not blind to this scenario. They see how heavily the reimbursement deck is stacked against primary care. The recent numbers show that since

21、 1997, newly graduated U.S. medical students who choose primary care as a career have declined by 50%.醫(yī)學院的學生對此并非一無所知。他們看到了費用返還體制是如何嚴重地弄虛作假，不利于初級護理。最近的數(shù)據(jù)表明，自1997年以來，美國醫(yī)學院的畢業(yè)生選擇初級護理作為職業(yè)的人數(shù)下降了50%。This trend results in emergency rooms being overwhelmed with patients without regular doctors.這樣的趨勢導致急診室里人滿

22、為患，擠滿了那些無法找到普通醫(yī)生的病人。How do we fix this problem?我們怎么解決這個問題。It starts with reforming the physician reimbursement system. Remove the pressure for primary care physicians to squeeze in more patients per hour, and reward them for optimally (最佳地) managing their diseases and practicing evidence-based medic

23、ine.首先需要改革醫(yī)生費用返還體制。卸下初級護理醫(yī)生每小時看更多病人的壓力，對于優(yōu)化病患管理和機遇病癥用藥給予獎勵。 Make primary care more attractive to medical students by forgiving student loans for those who choose primary care as a career and reconciling the marked difference between specialist and primary care physician salaries.通過減免從事初級護理的醫(yī)學院學

24、生的學費貸款，使初級護理對醫(yī)學院學生更有吸引力，消除去?？漆t(yī)生和初級護理醫(yī)生薪水之間的巨大差異。Were at a point where primary care is needed more than ever. Within a few years, the first wave of the 76 million Baby Boomers will become eligible for Medicare.我們對初級護理的需求從未像現(xiàn)在這樣迫切過。在幾年之內(nèi)，第一波7600萬嬰兒潮一代將被納入老年人醫(yī)保。在未來的十年期間 Patients older than 85, who

25、 need chronic care most, will rise by 50% this decade.年齡大于85歲的最需要長期看護的病人數(shù)量將會增加50%。Who will be there to treat them?到時誰去治療他們？There are few more sobering online activities than entering data into college-tuition calculators and gasping as the Web spits back a six-figure sum.在大學學費計算器里輸入數(shù)據(jù)，然后對著網(wǎng)絡(luò)吐出來的六位數(shù)倒

26、抽一口氣，很少有其他在線活動比這種活動更讓人清醒了。But economists say families about to go into debt to fund four years of partying, as well as studying, can console themselves with the knowledge that college is an investment that, unlike many bank stocks, should yield huge dividends.但是經(jīng)濟學家們認為，打算舉債資助四年聚會和學習的家庭可以這樣安慰自己：大學是不同

27、于很多銀行股票的投資，它應(yīng)該產(chǎn)生巨額的紅利。A 2008 study by two Harvard economists notes that the “l(fā)abor-market premium to skill”or the amount college graduates earned thats greater than what high-school graduate earneddecreased for much of the 20th century, but has come back with a vengeance (報復性地) since the 1980s.兩位哈佛經(jīng)

28、濟學家在2008年進行的一項研究發(fā)現(xiàn)“勞動力市場對及恩那個的溢價現(xiàn)象”-換種說法就是大學畢業(yè)生的收入高于高中畢業(yè)生-在20世紀大部分的時間都有所下降，但是自從20世紀80年代出現(xiàn)了報復性的增長。In 2005, The typical full-time year-round U.S. worker with a four-year college degree earned $50,900, 62% more than the $31,500 earned by a worker with only a high-school diploma.在2005年，典型的擁有四年大學學位的全職美國工

29、人平均收入為50900美元，比高中文憑的工人的平均收入31500美元多了62%。Theres no question that going to college is a smart economic choice. But a look at the strange variations in tuition reveals that the choice about which college to attend doesnt come down merely to dollars and cents.毫無疑問，上大學從經(jīng)濟上來說是明智的選擇。但是學費奇怪的變化說明，選擇上哪種大學并不只是

30、金錢的問題。 Does going to Columbia University (tuition, room and board $49,260 in 2007-08) yield a 40% greater return than attending the University of Colorado at Boulder as an out-of-state student ($35,542)?上哥倫比亞大學（學費，食宿費在2007年-2008年達到了49260美元）比起非當?shù)貙W生報讀科羅拉多大學博德爾分銷（費用為35542美元）的回報率高40%嗎？Probably not.

31、 Does being an out-of-state student at the University of Colorado at Boulder yield twice the amount of income as being an in-state student ($17,380) there? Not likely.不太可能。一名報讀科羅拉多大學博德爾分校的非當?shù)貙W生的收入會是當?shù)貙W生（費用為17380美元的兩倍嗎？不太可能。No, in this consumerist age, most buyers arent evaluating college as an inves

32、tment, but rather as a consumer productlike a car or clothes or a house. And with such purchases, price is only one of many crucial factors to consider.不，在消費主義的時代，大部分的買家不會把大學看做一種投資，而是一種消費品-就像汽車、衣服或住房一樣。購買這些商品，價格僅是需要考慮的很多關(guān)鍵因素中的一個。As with automobiles, consumers in todays college marketplace have vast

33、choices, and people search for the one that gives them the most comfort and satisfaction in line with their budgets.正如汽車一樣，在今天的大學市場，消費者有很多選擇，人們在尋找復合預算條件的最舒適和滿意的學校。This accounts for the willingness of people to pay more for different types of experiences (such as attending a private liberal-arts coll

34、ege or going to an out-of-state public school that has a great marine-biology program).這解釋了為什么人們愿意為不同的體驗付出更高的費用（例如報讀私立學校的文學院或者報讀一家有很好的海洋生物學課程的外州公立大學）。And just as two auto purchasers might spend an equal amount of money on very different cars, college students (or, more accurately, their parents) oft

35、en show a willingness to pay essentially the same price for vastly different products.正如兩名購車人會為完全不同的汽車付同樣的價錢一樣，大學生（或者更準確地說，他們的父母）經(jīng)常愿意為完全不同的產(chǎn)品支付差不多的價錢。So which is it? Is college an investment product like a stock or a consumer product like a car?那這是哪一種？究竟大學是像股票一樣的投資產(chǎn)品還是像汽車一樣的消費品？In keeping with the a

36、utomotive worlds hottest consumer trend, maybe its best to characterize it as a hybrid (混合動力汽車); an expensive consumer product that, over time, will pay rich dividends.為了追上汽車最炙手可熱的消費者趨勢，或許最好是把大學看做混合動力汽車；一種消費品，但隨著時間的流逝，會帶來豐厚的回報。For hundreds of millions of years, turtles (海龜) have struggled out of the

37、 sea to lay their eggs on sandy beaches, long before there were nature documentaries to celebrate them, or GPS satellites and marine biologists to track them, or volunteers to hand-carry the hatchlings (幼龜) down to the waters edge lest they become disoriented by headlights and crawl towards a motel

38、parking lot instead. 在數(shù)億年前的時間里，海龜一直在掙扎著離開大海道海灘上產(chǎn)卵，時間遠遠遭遇自然紀錄片的贊揚，或全球定位通訊衛(wèi)星和海洋生物學家的追蹤，又或者志愿者們用手把幼龜放在海邊以避免它們受到光線的影響迷失方向，爬向汽車旅館的停車場。A formidable wall of bureaucracy has been erected to protect their prime nesting on the Atlantic coastlines. 由官方建造的大型圍墻用于保護海龜在大西洋沿岸的主要筑巢地。With all that attention

39、 paid to them, youd think these creatures would at least have the gratitude not to go extinct.收到了各種各樣的關(guān)注后，你可能會認為這些生物至少會心懷感激，不至于走向滅亡。But Nature is indifferent to human notions of fairness, and a report by the Fish and Wildlife Service showed a worrisome drop in the populations of several species of N

40、orth Atlantic turtles, notably loggerheads, which can grow to as much as 400 pounds.但是自然卻無視人類的公平觀念，由漁業(yè)和野生動物服務(wù)組織提供的用一份報告顯示，北大西洋的數(shù)種海龜?shù)姆N群數(shù)量出現(xiàn)了令人擔憂的下降，特別是體重可達400磅的紅海龜。 The South Florida nesting population, the largest, has declined by 50% in the last decade, according to Elizabeth Griffin, a marine

41、 biologist with the environmental group Oceana. 來自環(huán)保組織的Ocean的海洋生物學家伊麗莎白格里芬稱，數(shù)量最多的佛羅里達州南部穴居種群在過去十年里減少了50%。The figures prompted Oceana to petition the government to upgrade the level of protection for the North Atlantic loggerheads from “threatened” to “endangered”meaning they are in danger of di

42、sappearing without additional help.該數(shù)據(jù)促使Oceana組織向政府情愿，要求將北大西洋紅海龜?shù)谋Ｗo級別從“受威脅”提升至“瀕危”-這意味著如果沒有外界的幫助，它們將會面臨滅絕的危險。Which raises the obvious question: what else do these turtles want from us, anyway?這就提出了一個明顯的問題：這些海龜究竟還要我們做什么？ It turns out, according to Griffin, that while we have done a good job of p

43、rotecting the turtles for the weeks they spend on land (as egg-laying females, as eggs and as hatchlings), we have neglected the years spend in the ocean. “The threat is from commercial fishing,” says Griffin. 根據(jù)格里芬的說法，雖然海龜在陸上的數(shù)周時間內(nèi)，我們可以很好地保護它們（包括產(chǎn)卵的母龜，卵和幼龜），但是我們忽略了它們在海里的漫長時光。“主要是來自商業(yè)捕撈的威脅”格里芬說

44、。Trawlers (which drag large nets through the water and along the ocean floor) and longline fishers (which can deploy thousands of hooks on lines that can stretch for miles) take a heavy toll on turtles.拖網(wǎng)漁船（在水中和海床拖行大型的漁網(wǎng)）和延繩釣魚船（在釣線上裝備數(shù)以千記的魚鉤，可以延伸至數(shù)英里）給海龜造成了慘重的傷亡。Of course, like every other environme

45、ntal issue today, this is playing out against the background of global warming and human interference with natural ecosystems. 當然，就像所有當下的環(huán)保問題一樣，這也是在全球變暖和人類干預自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的背景下發(fā)生的。The narrow strips of beach on which the turtles lay their eggs are being squeezed on one side by development and on the othe

46、r by the threat of rising sea levels as the oceans warm. 海龜產(chǎn)卵的狹窄沙灘一方面收到開發(fā)的壓榨，另一方面收到海洋變暖導致的海平面上升的威脅。Ultimately we must get a handle on those issues as well, or a creature that outlived the dinosaurs (恐龍) will meet its end at the hands of humans, leaving our descendants to wonder how creature so

47、ugly could have won so much affection.最終我們還要解決這些問題，否則一種比恐龍活得更久的生物將會在人類手中滅絕，讓我們的后代困惑于怎么這種丑陋的生物會贏得如此多的關(guān)愛。 The percentage of immigrants (including those unlawfully present) in the United States has been creeping upward for years. 美國移民的比例（包括非法移民）連續(xù)數(shù)年呈增長趨勢.At 12.6 percent, it is now higher than at a

48、ny point since the mid1920s.現(xiàn)已達到12.6%，比20世紀20年代中期以來的任何時候都要高。We are not about to go back to the days when Congress openly worried about inferior races polluting Americas bloodstream. 我們不是要回到國會公開表示擔憂等民族污染美國血統(tǒng)的時代。But once again we are wondering whether we have too many of the wrong sort of newcome

49、rs. 但是我們再一次想知道美國是否有太多不適合的新移民。Their loudest critics argue that the new wave of immigrants cannot, and indeed do not want to, fit in as previous generations did.其中聲勢最大的批評認為新的移民浪潮并不能像前面數(shù)代人一樣真正融入，實際上他們也并不想這么做。We now know that these racist views were wrong. In time, Italians, Romanians and members o

50、f other so-called inferior races becameexemplary Americans and contributed greatly, in ways too numerous to detail, to the building of this magnificent nation. 現(xiàn)在我們知道這些種族主義的觀點都是錯的。曾經(jīng)，意大利人、羅馬尼亞人以及其他所謂的“低等民族”成為美國人的楷模，并且通過不勝枚舉的方式為這個美妙國度的建設(shè)做出了偉大的貢獻。There is no reason why these new immigrants should

51、 not have the same success.說這些新移民不能取得同樣的成功毫無根據(jù)。Although children of Mexican immigrants do better, in terms of educational and professional attainment, than their parents, UCLAsociologist Edward Telles has found that the gains dont continue.盡管墨西哥移民的孩子在教育和職業(yè)成就領(lǐng)域比起他們的父母表現(xiàn)更佳，加州大學洛杉磯分校的社會學家愛德華-特列斯發(fā)現(xiàn)這種成就感

52、并沒有持續(xù)性。 Indeed, the fourth generation is marginally worse off than the third. James Jackson, of the University of Michigan, has found asimilar trend among black Caribbean immigrants.事實上，第四代要比第三代稍差一點。密歇根大學的詹姆斯-杰克遜在加勒比黑人移民中也發(fā)現(xiàn)了相似的趨勢。Telles fears that Mexican-Americans may be fated to follow in th

53、e footsteps of American blacksthat large parts of the communitymay become mired (陷入) in a seemingly permanent state of poverty and underachievement. 特列斯擔心墨西哥裔美國人可能注定會步美國黑人的后塵-社區(qū)中的大部分人將陷入貧窮和毫無建樹的狀態(tài)。Like African-Americans, Mexican-Americans are increasingly relegated to (降入) segregated, substanda

54、rd school, and their dropoutrate is the highest for any ethnic group in the country.像非裔美國人一樣，墨西哥裔美國人日益降入實行種族隔離政策、低標準的學校，他們的退學率在整個國家的所有民族中是最高的。We have learned much about the foolish idea of excluding people on the presumption of ethnic/racial inferiority. 我們已經(jīng)認識到在民族、種族低劣的前提下去排斥他們是多么愚蠢。But what w

55、e have not yet learned is how to make the process of Americanization work for all.但是我們?nèi)匀徊恢廊绾问姑绹倪^程適合所有的人。 I am not talking about requiring people to learn English or to adopt American ways; those things happen pretty much on their own. 我并不是說要求所有的人都學習英語或者采取美國的方式；這些事情自然而然就會發(fā)生。But as argume

56、nts about immigration heat up the campaign trail, we also ought to ask some broader questions about assimilation,about how to ensure that people, once outsiders, dont forever remain marginalized within these shores.但是隨著關(guān)于移民的爭論使總統(tǒng)大選白熱化，我們也應(yīng)該提出關(guān)于融合，關(guān)于如何確保曾經(jīng)的外來人口無需永遠在國內(nèi)邊緣化等更廣泛的問題。That is a much larger

57、question that what should happen with undocumented workers, or how best to secure the border, and it is onethat affects not only newcomers but groups that have been here for generations. 這是比無證工人的遭遇或者如何包圍邊境安全更重要的問題。這個問題不僅影響了新移民，而且也影響到了已經(jīng)在這里時代生活的群體。It will have more impact on our future than wher

58、e we decide to set the admissions bar for the latest wave of would-be Americans.And it would be nice if we finally got the answer right.與現(xiàn)在我們隊即將涌入的準美國人設(shè)定“準入點”相比，它將對我們的未來產(chǎn)生更大的影響。當然如果最終可以找到正確答案就太好了。Sustainable development is applied to just about everything from energy to clean water and economic growth, and as a result it has become difficult to question either the basic assumptions behind it or the way the concept is put to use.可持續(xù)發(fā)展適用于諸如能源，凈水，經(jīng)濟增長等幾乎所有的方面，因此，要對可持續(xù)發(fā)展的基本假設(shè)或其概念的實施方法提出質(zhì)疑也變得日益困難。This is especially true in agriculture, where sustai