2020高考英語(yǔ)閱讀技巧推理判斷

1、推理判斷題推理判斷題要求考生根據(jù)文章提供的線索和事實(shí)進(jìn)行邏輯推理，推測(cè)作者未提到的事實(shí)或某事發(fā)生的可能性， 將間接論據(jù)連貫起來(lái)，得出一個(gè)合理的結(jié)論。合理，是指準(zhǔn)確地從原文中推理，而不是讀者主觀認(rèn)為的合理或文章已提供的明顯的事實(shí)。推理判斷題常以 infer ， imply ， suggest ， conclude ，learn ， intend ， mean， describe ， purpose 等詞提問(wèn)。提問(wèn)中含有表示推測(cè)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，如can， could ，might ， would 等 和 其 他 表 示 可 能 性 的 動(dòng) 詞 ， 如 probably ， most likely 等。

2、推理判斷題常見(jiàn)的問(wèn)題形式有：1. It can be inferred / concluded from the passage that 2. The passage suggests / implies that 3. The author may probably agree with / support 4. By the first sentence of the second paragraph, the author means 5. The author seems to be in favour of / beagainst 6. The author s purpose o

3、f writing this passage is 推理判斷題的解題技巧：所謂推斷就是從已知的事情中推測(cè)未知的事情。這里所說(shuō)的未知是指文章或作者沒(méi)有直接說(shuō)明但暗示出來(lái)，或者根據(jù)作者提供的信息，可能引出的必然性結(jié)論。所以推斷類型的題盡管不能在文章中直接找到答案，但我們可以在文章中找到可供推論的依據(jù)。還有一個(gè)重要的技巧就是排除法的適當(dāng)運(yùn)用。很多錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)的排除要靠我們對(duì)于文章事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)的準(zhǔn)確 把握。因此我們也要相應(yīng)加強(qiáng)對(duì)于文章事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)的訓(xùn) 練。推理判斷題主要題型：針對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)的邏輯推斷針對(duì)主題思想、作者意圖的推斷針對(duì)作者態(tài)度、觀點(diǎn)等的推斷（一）細(xì)節(jié)推理題：抓住某一段話中的關(guān)鍵信息，即某些關(guān)鍵詞或短語(yǔ)去分

4、析、推理、判斷，結(jié)合上下文或上下句，推斷出 這句話所隱含的深層含義。在推斷中，我們要嚴(yán)格依 據(jù)作者所陳述的細(xì)節(jié)、事實(shí)，找出能夠表露作者思想 傾向和感情色彩的詞語(yǔ)，然后利用自己已獲得的相關(guān) 知識(shí)進(jìn)行推理判斷，從而得出符合邏輯的結(jié)論。例 1 : When she looked ahead. Florence Chadwick saw nothing but a solid wall of fog. Her body was numb. She had been swimming for nearly sixteen hours. Already she was the first womanto

5、swim the English Channel in both directions. Now at the age of 34, her goal was to becomethe first woman to swim from Catalina to the California coast.On that fourth of July morning 1952, the sea was like an ice bath and the fog was so dense. She could hardly see her support boats. Sharks cruised to

6、ward her figure, only to be driven away by rifle shots. Against the frigid grip of the sea, she struggled on, hour after hour, while millions watched on national television.Alongside Florence in one of the boats, her mother and here trainer offered encouragement. They told her it wasn t muchfarther.

7、 But all she could see was fog. They urged her not to quit. She never had until then. With only a half mile to go, she asked to be pulled out.What does “she never had ” in the third paragraph mean?A. She had never been so desperate.B. She had never thought of giving it up.C. She had never seen such

8、thick fog.D. She had never swum across the strait before.解析：根據(jù)上下文they urged her not to quit,以及 with only a half mile to go, she asked to be pulled out. 可以推斷出，她當(dāng)時(shí)并沒(méi)有想放棄，只不過(guò)是后來(lái)情況變化了。答案： B例 2 ： Decision-thinking is not unlike poker- it often matters not only what you think , but also what others think

9、you think and what you think they think you think . The mental process（過(guò)程）is similar . Naturally , this card gamehas often been of considerable interest to people who are , by any standards , good thinkers .The great mathematician John von Neumannwas one of the founders of gametheory . In particular

10、 he showed that all games fall into two classes ; there are what he called games of perfect information , gameslike chess where the players cant hide anything or play tricks ; they dont win by chance , but by meansof logic and skills . Then there are gamesof imperfect information , like poker, in wh

11、ich it is impossible to know in advance that one course of action is better than another.One mistaken idea about business is that it can be treated as a game of perfect information. Quite the reverse, business, politics, life itself are gameswhich wemust normally play with very imperfect information

12、. Business decisions are often made with many unknown and unknowable factors ( 因素) , which would ever puzzle best poker players .But few business people finditcomfortableto admit that they are taking achance , and many still prefer to believe that they are playing chess , not poker.An important fact

13、or in a game of imperfect information is .A. rulesB. luckC. timeD. ideas解析：短文第二段有這樣一段說(shuō)明：游戲可 分為兩類，一種是被稱為“ perfect information ”的游戲，雙方無(wú)法隱瞞或進(jìn)行欺騙，他們不是靠碰巧獲勝 ( they don t win by chance )。另一種貝U是 “ imperfect information ”的游戲，如打牌，游戲者不可能預(yù)先知道他出的這一道牌是否比另一道好。從作者的這種表達(dá)可以推斷出，“imperfectinformation ” 游戲獲勝的一個(gè)因素就是運(yùn)氣。因此

14、選8。（二）推測(cè)文章的觀點(diǎn)或結(jié)論推測(cè)文章的觀點(diǎn)或結(jié)論的設(shè)題形式有：1） It can be inferred from the passage that2） What conclusion can be drawn from thepassage?3） From the passage we can conclude that這類問(wèn)題問(wèn)的不一定是全文的中心思想或作者的全部觀點(diǎn)，可能只是文章中的某一觀點(diǎn)。但要推測(cè)出文中的某一觀點(diǎn)，仍離不開(kāi)對(duì)全文主要觀點(diǎn)或中心思 想的把握。例1： Doyou always understand the directionson a bottle of medici

15、ne? Do you know what is meant by “ Take only as directed? ” Read the following directions and see if you understand them.“ To reduce pain, take two tablets （藥片）withwater, followed by one tablet every eight hours, as required. For night-time and early morning relief （緩解疼痛）take two tablets at bedtime.

16、Do not take more than six tablets in twenty-four hours.For children six to twelve years old, givehalf the amount （量）. For children under sixyears old, ask your doctors advice. Reduce the amount if you suffer from restlessness or sleeplessness after taking the medicine. ”It can be inferred from the d

17、irections thatthis medicine.A. helps you to fall asleep quicklyB. may be dangerous to small childrenC. cannot be taken if one feels sleepyD. shouldnt be taken by children under six解析：所有的選項(xiàng)都是針對(duì)文章的，所以要通讀全文后進(jìn)行判斷。從文章第三段第二句得知，六歲以 下兒童是否可用此藥需要向醫(yī)生咨詢，但并未加以禁 止。因此可判斷B 為正確選項(xiàng)。例 2. “ In general, ” writes Rubin in

18、 her newbook, “ women s friendship with each other rest on shared emotions and support, but men s relationships are marked by shared activities.”For the most part, Rubin says interactions （交 往）between men are emotionally controlled a good fit with the social requirements of many behavior.“ Even when

19、a manis said to be a best friend, ” Rubin writes, “ the two share little about their innermost feelings. Whereas a woman s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, it wasn t unusual to hear a man say he didn t know his friend s marriage was in serious trouble

20、 until be appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa. ”1. According to the text, which type of behavior is NOT expected of a man by society?A. Ending his marriage without good reasons.B. Spending too much time with his friends.C. Complaining about his marriage trouble.D. Going out to ba

21、llgames too often.2. Which of the following statements is bestsupported by the last paragraph?A. Men keep their innermost feelings to themselves.B. Womenare more serious than men about marriage.C. Men often take sudden action to end their marriage.D. Women depend on others in making decisions.答案： 1.

22、 C 2. A（三）推測(cè)作者寫(xiě)作目的和態(tài)度推測(cè)作者寫(xiě)作目的的設(shè)題形式有：1. The purpose in writing this text is to2. The author writes this passage to3. The author in this passage intends to4. What does the author mainly want to say?5. What s the authors attitude towards.作者態(tài)度、傾向是指作者對(duì)陳述的觀點(diǎn)是贊同、反對(duì)還是猶豫不定，對(duì)記敘或描寫(xiě)的人、物或事件等 是贊頌、冷漠還是厭惡、憎恨。作者的這種思

23、想傾向 和感情色彩往往隱含在文章的字里行間，或流露于修 飾的詞語(yǔ)之中。因此，在推斷過(guò)程中，應(yīng)特別注意文 中作者的措辭，尤其是表達(dá)感情色彩的形容詞。我們要從作者的字里行間中找有用的提示，主要是判斷作者本人的態(tài)度和觀點(diǎn)，而且一定要與文章中 所論述的內(nèi)容區(qū)分開(kāi)，因?yàn)橥瑯拥氖聦?shí)和內(nèi)容，不同 的作者會(huì)有不同的看法和態(tài)度。切勿用自己的主觀想 法去理解試題。T-shirts out; uniforms inSchool uniforms are becoming more and more popular across the U.S.A. That s no surprise, becausethey o

24、ffer many benefits. Theyimmediately end the powerful social sorting and labeling （標(biāo)記）that comefrom clothing.If allstudents are dressed in the same way, they will not pay too muchattention to their clothing, and some of them will not be laughed at for wearing the “ wrong” clothes.Some people are agai

25、nst the strict rule of school uniforms, but they do not realize that students already accept a kind of rule wanting to look just like their friends. The difference is that the clothing students choose for themselves creates social barriers; school uniforms tear those barriers down.As in other places

26、, uniforms remind the wearers of their purposes and duties. For example, when a man or woman puts on a police uniform, he or she becomes, for a time, the symbol（象征）of law and order. The uniform meansto the wearer his or her special duties and sends the same messageto everyone the wearer meets. Peopl

27、e with different jobs wear uniforms of one kind or another. For students, the school uniform reminds them that their task for the six or seven hours they are in school is to get an education.Some parents are unhappy about uniforms, saying that school uniforms will affect their children s acreativity

28、. ” First, as noted above, the clothes students choose to wear do not necessarily express their individuality （個(gè)性）. They just copy their classmates. Second, students have the rest of the day to be as creative as they like. While they re in school, their job is to master reading, writing, and maths;

29、this should take up all the creativity they have. Mastery of those skills will be good for the students to build up their creativity in every way.The author would probably agree that .A. it makes no difference whether to wear school uniforms or notB. students individuality maynot comefrom school edu

30、cationC. students creativity is related to the clothes they chooseD. school uniforms help to create equality among students解析：作者在最后總結(jié)時(shí)說(shuō)， Mastery of thoseskills will be good for the students to build up their creativity in every way.答案： D【模擬試題】ASleep StruggleDR. MARJORIE SEIDENFELD ANSWERS YOUR HEALT

31、H QUESTIONS?I have such a terrible time falling asleep every night that I m always tired and it s affecting my schoolwork. What should I do?Mindy in NevadaOne in every five young people has a sleep problem, so you re not alone. Getting enough sleep has become as important as eating vegetables and ex

32、ercising regularly. It s very important for your body.Most young people only get seven hours of sleep each night, when they actually need nine hours. And making up for lost sleep during the week by sleeping in an weekends doesn t reallywork. In fact, sleeping late on weekends may actually do you mor

33、e harm than good, if you have sleep problems.What happens if you don t get enough sleep? If your sleep problem continues for a few nights, you could suffer serious problems. Lack of sleep can affect learning and memory. Worse, if your sleep difficulties last a long time, that could lead to anxiety o

34、r depression （抑郁） . Therefore, you ve got to have some healthy sleep habits.Below are some suggestions.GO TO BED AT THE SAME TIMEincludingweekends, if possible.WAKE UP AROUND THE SAME TIME EVERY MORNING. When you sleep late just one morning during the week, it may disturb your body clock. This will

35、make it hard for you to sleep that night.DO SOMETHING RELAXING before going to bed.EXERCISE DURINGTHEDAY. Don t exercise right before going to bed.AVOID DRINKING ALCOHOL. Alcohol makes you excited. This prevents you from falling asleep or wakes you up during the night.DON T SMOKE. Smoking is always

36、bad for the body. Smoking before bedtime keeps you awake.If trying these tips over a couple of weeks does not help you, speak to your doctor. Do not take any sleeping pills without first asking your doctor. Many have strong side effects.1. According to the passage, if you have sleep problems for a f

37、ew nights, you could be .A. lonelyB. seriousC.forgetful D. depressed2. The passage suggests that people with sleep problems should .A. eat vegetables and exercise regularlyB. make up for lost sleep on weekendsC. follow a fixed timetable for sleepD. sleep seven hours every day3. We can learn from the

38、 suggestions thatA. getting up earlier one morning makes it easier to fall asleep that nightB. listening to soft music before going to bed may help you fall asleepC. smokers and those who drink alcohol usually have sleep problemsD. exercising in the evening will help you get to sleep4. Which of the

39、following is true according to the passage?A. Sleep problems are serious among young peopleB. Sleeping late on weekends can make up for lost sleepC. Your eating habits will be broken due to lack of sleepD. You ll no longer have your sleep problemif you try the tipsB BlamelessI was a freshman in coll

40、ege when I met the Whites. They were completely different from my own family,yet I felt at home with themimmediately. Jane White and I became friends at school, and her familywelcomed me like along-lost cousin.In myfamily, it was always important to place blame when anything bad happened.“ Whodid th

41、is? ” mymother would scream about a dirty kitchen.“ This is all your fault, Katharine,” myfather would insist when the cat got out or the dishwasher broke.Fromthe time we were little, my sister,brothers and I told on each other. Weset a place for blame at the dinner table.But the Whites didn t worry

42、 about whohad done what. They picked up the pieces and movedon with their lives. The beauty of this was driven home to me the summer Jane died.In July, the White sisters and I decided to take a car trip from their homein Florida to New York. The two older sisters, Sarah and Jane, were college studen

43、ts, and the youngest, Amy, had recently turned sixteen. Proud of having a newdriver s license （駕照） ， Amy was excited about practicing her driving on the trip. Sheshowedoff her license to everyone she met.The big sisters shared the driving of Sarah s new car during the first part of the trip, but whe

44、nthey reached less crowded areas, they let Amy take over. Somewherein South Carolina, we pulled off the highway to eat. After lunch, Amy got behind the wheel. She came to a crossroads with a stop sign. Whether she was nervous or just didn t see the sign no one would ever know, but Amy continued into

45、 the crossroads without stopping.The driver of a large truck, unable to stop in time, ran into our car.Jane was killed immediately.I was slightly injured. The most difficult thing that I ve ever done was to call the Whites to tell them about the accident and that Jane had died. Painful as it was for

46、 me to lose a good friend, I knew that it was far worse for them to lose a child.WhenMr. and Mrs. White arrivedat thehospital,they found their two daughters sharinga room. Sarah had a few cuts on the head; Amy s leg was broken. They hugged （擁抱）us all andcried tears of sadness and of joy at seeing th

47、eir daughters. They wiped away the girls tears and madea few jokes at Amyas she learned to use her crutches （拐杖）.To both of their daughters, and especially to Amy, over and over they simply said, “ We re so glad that you re alive. ”I was astonished. No blame. No accusations.Later, I asked the Whites

48、 why they never talked about the fact that Amywas driving and had run a stop sign.Mrs. White said, “ Jane s gone, and we miss her terribly. Nothing wesay or do will ever bring her back. But Amyhas her whole life ahead of her. Howcan she lead a full and happy life if she feels we blame her for her si

49、ster s death? ”They were right. Amy graduated from the University of California and got married several years ago. She works as a teacher of learning-disabled students. She s also a mother of two little girls of her own, the oldest named Jane.1. The author of the passage is .A. Mrs. White s nieceB. Jane s school friendC. The Whites cousinD. Sarah s friend from college2. Howdid the author s parents differ from the Whites?A. The author s parents were less c