




版權(quán)說明:本文檔由用戶提供并上傳,收益歸屬內(nèi)容提供方,若內(nèi)容存在侵權(quán),請(qǐng)進(jìn)行舉報(bào)或認(rèn)領(lǐng)
文檔簡(jiǎn)介
1、第一講詞類、名詞的數(shù)與格一、詞類:英語(yǔ)中主要有:名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞、連接詞、冠詞等。對(duì)于初學(xué)者,必須搞清。1、名詞(包括代詞和數(shù)詞):在句子中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和另一名詞的形容詞。2、動(dòng)詞:見第二講3、形容詞:可在句子中作表語(yǔ)、名詞的定語(yǔ)注意: 以下-ly結(jié)尾的詞不是副詞,是形容詞: friendly (友好的) lovely(可愛的) deadly(致命的) costly(昂貴的) likely(可能的) lonely(孤獨(dú)的) alone (單獨(dú)的) lively(活潑的) ugly(丑陋的) kindly(和藹的) manly(男子氣的)等4、副詞:主要用來說明動(dòng)詞、形容詞和
2、副詞本身。注意:除了in, up, down, on, inside, outside. 等只有一些表示方向和位置的副詞外,副詞不能作表語(yǔ)。例如:Please help me water these flowers when I am out. (我不在時(shí)請(qǐng)幫我澆澆花。)5、介詞:又稱前置詞,即放在名詞前面的"小詞".注意:1)介詞后面一定是個(gè)名詞(除習(xí)慣外),例如不能說:because of ill,而應(yīng)該為:because of illness;2)介詞后面不能跟that從句,即只能跟名詞或帶-wh開頭的從句,這是英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的一條重要規(guī)則,如不能說:He did not
3、come to the party because of he was ill. 但可以是:She got angry because of what he said. (她因他的話而生氣了。)6、連接詞:用來連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上詞或句子的詞。注意:英語(yǔ)中一般不能同時(shí)使用兩個(gè)連接詞,如不能說:Although he is very rich, but he is not happy. (只要將although 或but去掉一個(gè)即可)關(guān)于連接詞的使用,詳見"第三講:句子的連接"一節(jié)。7、冠詞:用來限定名詞的詞,分不定冠詞a (an) 和定冠詞 the, 英語(yǔ)中的冠詞使用十分復(fù)雜
4、,簡(jiǎn)單地說:1) 不可數(shù)名詞前不能用a (an)2) 第一次提到的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞用a (n)3) 能用what, who, which回答的名詞用the,即3W原則the teacher and the student / the patient and the doctor結(jié)構(gòu)中的the可以表示泛指詞性不是一成不變的,是由其在句子中的位子和功能決定的。如:She has gone home. (home為副詞)Is she at home? (home 為名詞)She looked at me patiently. (look為行為動(dòng)詞) She looked pale. (look為連系動(dòng)詞
5、)二、名詞的數(shù):重點(diǎn)應(yīng)了解和掌握以下內(nèi)容:1、名詞的可數(shù)和不可數(shù):與漢語(yǔ)不同,英語(yǔ)中名詞要區(qū)分可數(shù)與不可數(shù)?;\統(tǒng)地講,物質(zhì)名詞,如:water(水), iron(鐵), wood(木頭)等, 和抽象名詞,如:democracy(民主), freedom(自由), happiness(幸福)等為不可數(shù)。不可數(shù)名詞前不能加a (an),后面不能加s (es),這是考試中對(duì)此類題目判斷的重要依據(jù)。2、以下名詞為不可數(shù)名詞:news(消息) information(信息)furniture (家具) equipment(設(shè)備)advice (勸告) weather(天氣)work*(工作) cloth
6、ing(衣服)baggage(行李)work作 "工作" 解釋時(shí)為不可數(shù)名詞,"找工作"不能說to find a work, 應(yīng)為to find a job; work作"著作"、"作品"解時(shí)是可數(shù)名詞,如:Deng Xiaopin's works (鄧小平著作)/ a work about Deng Xiaopin (一件關(guān)于鄧小平的作品);作 "工廠" 解釋時(shí),單復(fù)數(shù)同形:a steel works (一個(gè)鋼鐵廠) / two chemical works(兩家化工廠)實(shí)例:We h
7、ave a large staff but there _ in the office.A. haven't many furnituresB. aren't many furnituresC. hasn't much furnitureD. isn't enough furniture解題思路:根據(jù)名詞數(shù)的概念A(yù)、B肯定錯(cuò),不必考慮;C、D的主要差異是"hasn't"與 "isn't", 句子中有there,說明該句是there be句型,故正確答案為D.題中staff, office 等詞與解題無關(guān)。注
8、意辨別句子中斜體詞的數(shù)及其意義:There is still much room for improvement. (仍有許多改進(jìn)的余地)He has published two important papers on this subject. (他在這個(gè)課題上已發(fā)表了兩篇重要論文。)3、以下名詞單復(fù)數(shù)同形:means(手段) headquarters(司令部)works(工廠) species(物種)aircraft(飛機(jī)) Chinese(中國(guó)人)sheep(羊) fish(魚)中國(guó)的計(jì)量單位:li(里), yuan(元), mu(畝)等實(shí)例:Every means has been t
9、ried out, but without satisfactory results. (每個(gè)方法都試過了,但結(jié)果不令人滿意。)4、形式上是復(fù)數(shù)的學(xué)科名稱,如physics , statistics, dynamics 作單數(shù)看待;時(shí)間、距離、鈔票、重量等復(fù)數(shù),可以看作一個(gè)整體作單數(shù)處理,如:Two days is not enough for me to finish the task. (要我完成此項(xiàng)任務(wù)兩天是不夠的。)5、名詞做另一名詞的修飾語(yǔ):一般用單數(shù)形式,如:a college student中的college 為單數(shù)形式。注意:(1) 以下名詞做另一名詞修飾語(yǔ)時(shí)要用復(fù)數(shù)形式:sp
10、ort a sportsman (運(yùn)動(dòng)員)/ sale a sales department(銷售部) / savings a savings account (儲(chǔ)蓄存款)/ communication a communications satellite (通訊衛(wèi)星) / greeting a greetings cable(慰問電)(2) 不規(guī)則名詞修飾另一名詞時(shí)數(shù)的變化:a woman doctor (一個(gè)女醫(yī)生) two women doctors (兩個(gè)女醫(yī)生) / the Chinese women's volleyball team (中國(guó)女排) / a children
11、 hospital (兒童醫(yī)院)6、family(家庭), group(小組), police(警察),committee(委員會(huì)), team(組), box(盒), audience(觀眾)等詞,可以是單數(shù),也可以是復(fù)數(shù),關(guān)鍵要看題目所給的提示,例如:The whole box of matches _ wet; I couldn't light a simple oneA. wasB. isC. wereD. are解題思路:這道題如果沒有后半句I couldn't light a simple one,是沒辦法解答的。這句話提示了兩點(diǎn):(1)時(shí)態(tài)為"過去時(shí)&q
12、uot;,故B、D已不可能了;(2)"a simple one"說明是指盒子內(nèi)的一根根火柴,故答案為C.試想,如果我們把后半句改為 "I had to throw it away", 那么正確答案應(yīng)是A.所以,看清題目的提示對(duì)于解題是非常重要的。7、注意以下表達(dá)方式中名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式to be / make friends with(友好 / 交朋友)to change places with (交換位置)to make preparations for(為作準(zhǔn)備)to give regards to(向問好)to make matters worse(把
13、事情弄糟)to hurt feelings(傷害感情)to be all smiles(滿臉堆笑)to take sides (偏袒某方)to have words with(吵架)to burst into tears (突然哭了)8、量詞的使用:由于英語(yǔ)中名詞分可數(shù)與不可數(shù),量詞的使用也有區(qū)別:修飾可數(shù)名詞(a) few / fewer / fewestmany / more / mosta great (good) manymany aa number ofthe number of既可修飾可數(shù)名詞 也可修飾不可數(shù)名詞a lot of / lots ofplenty of (time,
14、money, people)修飾不可數(shù)名詞(a) little / less / leastmuch / more / mosta great (good) deal ofan amount of / amounts ofthe amount of量詞使用中應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問題:1) 分清可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞是前提;2) 不要把量詞的形式搞混淆了:下面哪個(gè)表達(dá)形式是對(duì)的?A. A lot students have come back from the summer holiday.B. A few of the students have come back from the summer ho
15、liday.C. A great many of students have come back from the summer holiday.D. Many a student has have come back from the summer holiday.E. The number of students have come back from the summer holiday.F. A number of students have come back from the summer holiday.以上六個(gè)表達(dá)方式中只有F 是對(duì)的。為什么?A. a lot students
16、 a lot of studentsB. a few of the students a few studentsC. a great many of students a great many studentsD. Many a student has come back from the summer holiday.E. The number of 表示數(shù)目,如:The number of the students in our class is 50.A number of 表示"一些","不少",認(rèn)真對(duì)比一下,看出問題來了嗎?問多少錢、多少重量
17、時(shí)用:How much?問距離時(shí)用:How far is it fromto?9、單位詞的使用(1) 不可數(shù)名詞表示多少,一般用much, (a) little, a lot of, enough 等詞表達(dá),要數(shù)1,2,3,4時(shí)要用"量詞"表達(dá),最常用的是a piece of (news, advice, furniture, information)。(2) 成雙成對(duì)的名詞一般用復(fù)數(shù),如:a pair of trousers (褲子) / scissors(剪刀) / glasses (spectacles)(眼鏡) / pliers(鉗子)(3) a couple of
18、表示一對(duì),或2-3,如:a couple of days / people / things(4) 記住以下量詞表達(dá)方式:a loaf (two loafs) of bread (一個(gè)(兩個(gè))面包)a burst of laughter(一陣笑聲)a fit of anger / chill(一陣發(fā)怒 / 發(fā)冷)a game of chess (一盤棋)a lump of sugar (一塊方糖)10、其他應(yīng)注意的數(shù)的表達(dá)形式1)a three-year-old boy 比較The boy is three years old2) five thousand people / several
19、thousand people比較 thousands of people表達(dá)具體數(shù)字時(shí),thousand不加 "s",后面不加 "of " ten, million, billion情況以此類推。3) One-third of the students have passed College English Test Band IV.Two-thirds of the students have passed College English Test Band IV.One-third of the population in this area is
20、 living below the poverty line.(這個(gè)地區(qū)有1/3人口生活在貧困線以下。)注意:幾分之幾的表達(dá)形式;動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由后面的名詞數(shù)決定。4) a looker-on 比較two lookers-on(旁觀者) / a brother-in-law比較two brothers-in-law(姻親兄弟)5) my father, together with (along with / with / as well as my mother and brothers) 結(jié)構(gòu)中,主語(yǔ)作單數(shù)處理,即my father11、不定代詞的數(shù)英語(yǔ)中要對(duì) "2 "這個(gè)
21、數(shù)特別敏感:1) 兩個(gè)中一個(gè)、另一個(gè): one , the other; 三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上中另一個(gè):another / any one2) 兩個(gè)都:both; 兩個(gè)都不:neither; 兩個(gè)中任一個(gè):either3) 三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上都:all; 都不:none4) 不知總數(shù):一些:some ;另一些:others(有余數(shù))5) 知道總數(shù):一些:some ; 另一些 (沒有余數(shù)了):the others注意以下表達(dá)方式:each other / one another / one after another / one by one / the other day (過去的某一天)/ some
22、day (今后的某一天) / every other day (隔天)/ on alternative days(隔天)/ someone else (別人) / something (anything, nothing) else (別的事)實(shí)例:I'm sorry, I'm a stranger, too. You may ask _ across the street.A. another oneB. othersC. the other oneD. someone else解題思路:雖然A、B、C沒有語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤,但D是習(xí)慣表達(dá)方式。三、名詞的格1、人稱代詞英語(yǔ)中,人稱代詞
23、有主格,賓格和所有格("的格")形式之分,而"的格"又有形容詞和名詞兩種形式,即:I, me, my (mine),/ we, us, our (ours) / he , him, his (his) / she, her, her (hers) / they, them, their (theirs) / you, you, your (yours) / it, it, its (its) 這里就不詳細(xì)講解了。記住一點(diǎn):形容詞"的格"永遠(yuǎn)不能單獨(dú)使用;名詞"的格"永遠(yuǎn)是單獨(dú)使用的。實(shí)例:Come if you l
24、ike to see _ painting. _ very beautiful.A. your / That'sB. her's / It'sC. hers / That'sD. his / It's解題思路:根據(jù)形式和上述使用原則,B(形式錯(cuò)誤),C(hers只能單獨(dú)使用),故是錯(cuò)的。A邏輯不通,且使用不當(dāng),故正確答案只能是D2、名詞的所有格和雙重所有格英語(yǔ)中除了人稱代詞,其他名詞沒有主格和賓格之分。表示一個(gè)名詞"的"時(shí),稱為所有格,即"的格".英語(yǔ)中"的格"一般用介詞"of &qu
25、ot;或名詞后加"'"來表示,如:"學(xué)校的財(cái)產(chǎn)",原則上可以有兩種表達(dá)方式:the property of the school或 the school's property.但是若用此表達(dá)"魯迅的書" Luxun's book 或a book of Luxun時(shí),便可能出現(xiàn)意義上的混淆,即,也可能是"一本關(guān)于魯迅的書".因此,若要表示"魯迅(擁有的)書"時(shí),要表達(dá)為a book of Luxun's , 稱為"雙重所有格",即"of
26、 "與 "'"同時(shí)使用。雙重所有格除了以上用途外,還表示親切,如:a friend of my father's比 my father's friend更顯親切。解題思路:考試時(shí)如果你實(shí)在搞不清,應(yīng)傾向選擇有","的選項(xiàng),如:My wife bought me _ at a _ shop.A. a piece of clothes / tailorsB. a new clothing / tailorC. an article of clothing, tailor'sD. a piece of clothing
27、, tailor's解題思路:這道題考兩個(gè)語(yǔ)法點(diǎn):?jiǎn)挝辉~和所有格。如果考生看不懂這個(gè)句子,一般應(yīng)在C、D中選擇,正確答案是C(一件衣服), "一塊布"用a piece of cloth3、反身代詞-self /-selves1) 反身代詞-self /-selves不能脫離其主格或賓格單獨(dú)使用,如不能說: The boss wanted to have a talk with herself.(老板想親自和她談?wù)?。?The boss (himself) wanted to have a talk with her herself. 實(shí)際使用中很少會(huì)這樣講話。2)
28、注意以下表達(dá)方式:of one's own / to oneself 如:She wants to have a room of her own (to herself) (她想要一間屬于自己的房間。)on one's own 如:She wants to finish it on her own. (她想獨(dú)立完成這項(xiàng)工作。)by oneself, 如:She has been living by herself for three years.(她已單身生活了三年。)以上講了許多關(guān)于名詞的數(shù)與格問題,內(nèi)容似乎很多。但考試時(shí),此類題目只占1-2題,復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)不要花費(fèi)太多的時(shí)間。第二
29、講動(dòng)詞、五個(gè)基本句型、動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)一 動(dòng)詞從一定意義上講,英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法就是動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)法,因此,掌握動(dòng)詞的特性、變化、句型是學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的重中之重。為了能更好地理解下面的講課內(nèi)容,首先要搞清動(dòng)詞的幾個(gè)基本概念。1) be 動(dòng)詞和do動(dòng)詞:be動(dòng)詞也稱狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞,用于說明狀態(tài)或性質(zhì),主要用于構(gòu)成英語(yǔ)的主系表句型;do動(dòng)詞也稱為行為動(dòng)詞,分及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞;2) 及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞:不及物動(dòng)詞后面不跟賓語(yǔ), 也沒有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài); 及物動(dòng)詞后面一定要有賓語(yǔ);3) 雙賓語(yǔ)(直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ))結(jié)構(gòu)和復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)(賓語(yǔ) + 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))結(jié)構(gòu):比較下面兩個(gè)句子:My mother made me a cake.(
30、母親給我做了塊蛋糕。)My father made me a doctor. (父親把我培養(yǎng)成一名醫(yī)生。)第一句是雙賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu),即 My mother made a cake for me.第二句是復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu),其句法功能為:My father made me (to) be a doctor (I am a doctor). 說明復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)中,賓語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)之間有"主謂關(guān)系".4) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞:must, should, ought to, can, may, need, used to 等動(dòng)詞稱為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,有三大特征:A. 不受主語(yǔ)人稱和數(shù)的影響,如:He may go
31、 now. / May I go now? 句中may的形式不變;B. 否定時(shí)在后面加not, 如:You ought not to have cheated her. C. 與另一動(dòng)詞連用,中間不用 + " to ", 如上舉例。請(qǐng)根據(jù)上述原則,(從語(yǔ)法角度)說出以下那種表達(dá)方式是對(duì)的:A. She needs to see a doctor.B. She doesn't need to see a doctor.C. Does she need to see a doctor?D. She needs not see a doctor.E. She needn&
32、#39;t see a doctor.F. She doesn't need see a doctor.G. She needs see a doctor.從語(yǔ)法角度看,A、B、C、E是對(duì)的。5) 助動(dòng)詞:幫助實(shí)意動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成某種結(jié)構(gòu)的詞,如: He did come yesterday; I saw him in the office.(他昨天確實(shí)來了;我在辦公室見到他的。 表示強(qiáng)調(diào))二 五個(gè)基本句型根據(jù)動(dòng)詞的特性,構(gòu)成英語(yǔ)中五個(gè)基本句型:1) 主語(yǔ) + 系動(dòng)詞 + 表語(yǔ)2) 主語(yǔ) + 不及物動(dòng)詞 (+ 其他成分)3) 主語(yǔ) + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 賓語(yǔ)4) 主語(yǔ) + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 雙賓語(yǔ)5)
33、 主語(yǔ) + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 賓語(yǔ) + 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)我們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)5個(gè)基本句型時(shí),主要關(guān)心每個(gè)句型中的出題點(diǎn)在哪里。(一)第一句型:主語(yǔ) + 系動(dòng)詞 + 表語(yǔ)1) 系動(dòng)詞一般為be 動(dòng)詞。注意:look, feel, sound, smell, taste, get, become, come, go, turn, grow, keep, seem, stand等詞可以作"半系動(dòng)詞"用,按行為動(dòng)詞方式變化,起系動(dòng)詞的作用。試驗(yàn)比較: He felt the pockets thoroughly but did not find a single penny.(他摸遍了口袋但沒有找到一
34、分錢。 feel為行為動(dòng)詞) You look pale. Do you feel unwell? (你臉色蒼白,感到不舒服? look / feel為系動(dòng)詞)一般來說,動(dòng)詞后面跟的是個(gè)形容詞或名詞,該動(dòng)詞為系動(dòng)詞, 如:The plan sounds perfect. / The flower smells nice. / The dish tastes delicious. / It is getting dark.實(shí)例:"Don't worry. Let me take your pulse first." "Oh, it _ normal.&quo
35、t; (脈搏正常)A. is feltB. is feelingC. feelsD. felt解題思路:normal為形容詞,前面應(yīng)為系動(dòng)詞;系動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),故A不對(duì); look, feel, sound, taste, smell, seem等半系動(dòng)詞一般不用進(jìn)行時(shí),B也不對(duì);D時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)了,故正確答案為C.2)there be是英語(yǔ)中非常重要的一個(gè)句型: there是引導(dǎo)詞,不解釋 "那里" 這是個(gè)倒裝句, 主語(yǔ)在be動(dòng)詞的后面, be動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由后面的主語(yǔ)決定。注意中國(guó)學(xué)生容易搞錯(cuò)的問題:There isn't enough furniture in the
36、 room.(房間里家具不夠)錯(cuò):There hasn't enough furniture in the room.There is no doubt that smallpox has been wiped out in China.(毫無疑問,中國(guó)已消滅天花。)錯(cuò):It is no doubt that smallpox has been wiped out in China.There is ample evidence that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia. (充分證據(jù)表明,愛滋病正在亞洲迅速蔓延。 同位語(yǔ)從句)錯(cuò):It is evid
37、ence that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia. (可以: It is evident that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia. - 主語(yǔ)從句)(二)第二句型:主語(yǔ) + 不及物動(dòng)詞 (+ 其他成分)在這個(gè)句型中主要注意及物動(dòng)詞與不及物動(dòng)詞的區(qū)分:不及物動(dòng)詞 及物動(dòng)詞rise /rose / risen(升起) raise /raised / raised (提高)arise / arose / arisen (from)(產(chǎn)生) arouse / aroused / aroused(喚起)lie / lay / la
38、in(躺下) lay / laid / laid(放下)arrive at(到達(dá)) reach(到達(dá))wait for(等待) await(等待)remain(仍舊) maintain(保持,維修)*上面所注僅為典型詞義,要根據(jù)句子判別其他意思。此外,該句型常采用倒裝形式,注意辨別,主要是以下兩種情況:1) 用here 或 there引導(dǎo):Here comes the bus. (汽車來了。) / There rings the bell. (鈴響了。)2) 在動(dòng)詞 + 介詞短語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)中,往往將介詞短語(yǔ)提前:On the top of the hill stands a pretty litt
39、le house.(山頂上有一座漂亮的小房子。)(三)第三句型:主語(yǔ) + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 賓語(yǔ)我們知道,名詞可以做主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ),非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 -ing和 to do也可以做主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ),作主語(yǔ):Learning a foreign language is not easy.(學(xué)門外語(yǔ)并不容易。)To learn a foreign language is not easy. (= It is not easy to learn a foreign language.)從語(yǔ)法角度講,上述兩個(gè)表達(dá)方式都可以。但是,當(dāng)動(dòng)詞處于賓語(yǔ)位置時(shí),就不能這樣"隨心所欲"了,因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)語(yǔ)法有以下幾個(gè)規(guī)
40、定:1)acknowledge / admit / appreciate / avoid / consider / contemplate / defer / deny / dislike / enjoy / escape / evade / excuse / facilitate / fancy / favor / feel like / finish / give up / cannot help / cannot stand / imagine / include / keep (on) / do not mind / miss / permit / practice / regret
41、/ resent / risk / suggest 等詞后面的動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)必須用-ing 形式,重點(diǎn)和首先要掌握黑體字部分。由于這些次的詞義與解題關(guān)系不大,沒有給出具體詞義解釋。若需要,請(qǐng)學(xué)生自己查字典解決。這是語(yǔ)法考試的一個(gè)重點(diǎn),要對(duì)以上詞特別敏感,例如:It is impossible to avoid _ by the stormy weather.A. being much affectedB. having much affectedC. to be much affectedD. to have been much affected解題思路:1)一看到avoid一詞,便可確定正確答案在
42、A、B中; 2)affect意為"影響",及物動(dòng)詞,故B不對(duì)。如果做題時(shí)間來不及,此類題目若有"主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)"和"被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)"之分,一般選"被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)"的正確率高些。2) remember / forget:后面既可跟 -ing, 也可跟 to do,但意思不一樣:to do表示說話時(shí)還沒有發(fā)生的事,-ing表示對(duì)已經(jīng)發(fā)生過事的回憶,如:"我昨天出門時(shí)忘了關(guān)窗了。"顯然是指出門時(shí)還沒有做的事,因此用to do形式;"我不記得以前見過你。"顯然是指說話以前的事,因此用 -ing形式,即
43、:I forgot to close the windows when I left home yesterday.I don't remember seeing you before.因此,除了知道這個(gè)規(guī)定外,分清"發(fā)生過"還是"沒有發(fā)生"是解題的關(guān)鍵。實(shí)例:Do you remember _ to Professor Smith during your last visit?A. to have been introducedB. having introducedC. being introducedD. to be introduced解
44、題思路:1)第一步要確定"發(fā)生過"還是"沒有發(fā)生",即A、D還是B、C,"你記得上次訪問時(shí)被介紹給Smith教授的情況嗎?"顯然是已發(fā)生的事,選B、C;2)"introduce"(介紹)后沒有賓語(yǔ),說明是"被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):,故選C 再看一下上一節(jié)中的 "解題思路"3)need / want / require等解釋為"需要"時(shí),有兩種表達(dá)方式,如:"這間會(huì)客室需要打掃一下"AThis waiting room needs to be cleaned.
45、(to 被動(dòng)式)BThis waiting room needs cleaning.(-ing主動(dòng)式)考試時(shí)若同時(shí)出現(xiàn)兩種選擇,選B4)look forward to / object to / subject to / be subjected to / be opposed to / oppose to中的 "to" 是介詞,后面應(yīng)跟名詞或動(dòng)名詞-ing,(四)第四句型:主語(yǔ) + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 雙賓語(yǔ)有些動(dòng)詞(主要是"授予動(dòng)詞")后面需要或可以接雙賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu),如:give, write, buy, send, make等You may send him
46、 an E-mail or write him a letter.這個(gè)句子也可使用以下結(jié)構(gòu):You may send an E-mail (to him) or write a letter to him. 所以 "to" 和 "for" 是連接雙賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的重要介詞。該句型的重點(diǎn)是要記住以下短語(yǔ),特別是所用的介詞:to cure of(治愈)to accuse of(譴責(zé))to convince of(說服)to inform of(通知)to notify of (通知)to clean of (清除)to warn of / against (警告)
47、to cheat of(欺騙)to rob of(搶劫)例如:We have to inform the family of the patient's condition as soon as possible. / Have the family been informed of the patient's condition? (我們得盡快將病人的病情通知其家屬。/ 已經(jīng)將病人的病情通知其家人了嗎?)注意下面句子的結(jié)構(gòu)變化:May I ask you a question? May I ask a question of you?直接和間接賓語(yǔ)的位置與上面短語(yǔ)有何不同?(
48、五)第五句型:主語(yǔ) + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 賓語(yǔ) + 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)先回顧一下本講第一節(jié)中有關(guān)賓語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的概念。這個(gè)句型也是考試的重點(diǎn),主要有三個(gè)難點(diǎn):1) 要不要 "to"的問題:The director wants you to come right now. (主任要你馬上就來。)句中to come 是賓語(yǔ)you的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。也就是說,當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是動(dòng)詞時(shí),一般要用 "to"連接。但是,以下情況例外:n make, let, have等使役動(dòng)詞,如:Shall I have him come here?(要我叫他來嗎?)I won't have h
49、im cheat me. (否定式,表示"容許":我決不容許他欺騙我)上述句型變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),一般要加 "to",如:The nurse made the patient eat something. (護(hù)士讓病人吃了點(diǎn)東西。)The patient was made to eat something.有時(shí),賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)也可用 -ing形式,如:His joke made us laughing for a couple of minutes. (他的笑話使我們笑了幾分鐘。- 注意后面的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)for a couple of minutes)記住下面重要表
50、達(dá)方式:to have / get (something) done, 如:I am going to have (get) my watch repaired.(我去修一下表。)n see, hear, notice, observe, watch, look at, listen to 等感覺動(dòng)詞:使用原則與上述大致相同。2) 要不要 "it"的問題:先看兩個(gè)句子:We sometimes find it difficult to get rid of a bad habit. (有時(shí)我們發(fā)現(xiàn)要改掉一個(gè)壞習(xí)慣很難。)該句的原始結(jié)構(gòu)可理解為:We sometimes fi
51、nd (to get rid of a bad habit) difficult. 括號(hào)部分(動(dòng)詞不定式)為賓語(yǔ),difficult為賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)The doctor has made it clear to you that there is nothing wrong with your stomach.(醫(yī)生已經(jīng)跟你說得很清楚了,你的胃沒有什么問題。)該句的原始結(jié)構(gòu)可理解為:The doctor has made (there is nothing wrong with your stomach)clear. 括號(hào)部分(句子)為賓語(yǔ),clear為賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)歸納:n 在主語(yǔ) + 賓語(yǔ) + 賓
52、語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)中,當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)是"動(dòng)詞不定式"或"句子"時(shí),要用it(不是this, that或其他任何詞)作形式賓語(yǔ),將動(dòng)詞不定式或句子移到句子的后面去。n 考試時(shí),判斷要不要 "it",主要看句子后面有沒有"動(dòng)詞不定式"或"句子",若有,要選 "it"n 賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)倒裝:當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)(名詞)較長(zhǎng),賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)較短(往往是1個(gè)形容詞,如possible, impossible, difficult, easy, clear等)時(shí),為了句子結(jié)構(gòu)均衡,往往采用倒裝,這里不存在"
53、it"的使用問題, 對(duì)下句作出判斷:The development of ultrasound has made _ early diagnosis of some fatal diseases. (超聲波的出現(xiàn)使許多致命疾病的早期診斷成為可能。)A. it possibleB. possibleC. it isD. it該題的正確答案應(yīng)為B,因?yàn)榫渥硬捎昧说寡b形式,原結(jié)構(gòu)為:The development of ultrasound has made early diagnosis of some fatal diseases possible.賓語(yǔ) 補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)3) 記住以下短語(yǔ):to
54、 takeas(把當(dāng)作)to think ofas(把看作)to regardas(把看作)to refer toas(把叫作)關(guān)于五個(gè)基本句型,重點(diǎn)要掌握每個(gè)句型的出題點(diǎn),舉一反三。三動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)是英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的兩個(gè)最基本特征,是英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法基礎(chǔ)的基礎(chǔ),這里不一一解釋了,只是將學(xué)生容易搞錯(cuò)以及考試的重點(diǎn)部分作一些說明。許多學(xué)生和個(gè)別老師認(rèn)為只有英語(yǔ)才有時(shí)態(tài),這是個(gè)誤解。其實(shí),任何語(yǔ)言都有三個(gè)基本時(shí)態(tài):過去、現(xiàn)在、將來。只是英語(yǔ)把時(shí)態(tài)的表述方式通過動(dòng)詞的變化分得比較細(xì),如:現(xiàn)在時(shí)中又分為:一般式,進(jìn)行式,完成式,完成進(jìn)行式等。過去和將來時(shí)也可以此類推。(一)幾個(gè)基本時(shí)態(tài)的概念、用法和考點(diǎn)
55、n 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí):用來表述真理、習(xí)慣、現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)和性質(zhì)等,常與always, usually, often, frequently, occasionally, seldom, rarely 等頻度副詞或from time to time, at all times等短語(yǔ)連用。要點(diǎn):頻度副詞的位置:She seldom comes here. (行為動(dòng)詞之前)She is always late. (be動(dòng)詞之后)n 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):用來表述已經(jīng)完成或部分完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),其特點(diǎn)是1)不出現(xiàn)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的具體時(shí)間(一旦出現(xiàn),就變成"過去時(shí)");2)常與 "for"
56、 或 "since" 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(表示一個(gè)時(shí)間段,不是一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)) 連用。要點(diǎn):"for" 和 "since" 是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志詞實(shí)例:_ the end of 1999 the output of the consuming products in Shanghai has increased by over 30%.A. AtB. ByC. SinceD. After在實(shí)考中,許多考生選了A,特別是有一定英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)的考生,他們誤認(rèn)為該題是考at the end of 這個(gè)短語(yǔ),我們將此類選項(xiàng)稱為"干擾項(xiàng)",
57、往往安排在A的位置。因此,當(dāng)你認(rèn)為A特別簡(jiǎn)單時(shí),要小心辨別是否是"干擾項(xiàng)".此題的正確答案為C, 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。n 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí):用來表述正在進(jìn)行的行為,常與now, look, listen等表示"現(xiàn)在"的詞連用(注意:be, know, want, believe和部分半系動(dòng)詞一般沒有進(jìn)行時(shí)),如:Look, the sun _ brightly in the sky.A. shinesB. was shiningC. is shiningD. has shown解題思路:look"看",表示與說話時(shí)間同步;brightly是副詞,說
58、明 shine不是半系動(dòng)詞,故答案為Cn 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí):用來表述說話時(shí)已完成部分內(nèi)容,目前還在做的行為,其特點(diǎn)是除了"for" 或 "since"外,常出現(xiàn)all day, all the morning等包括說話時(shí)間在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,如"整個(gè)上午",說話時(shí)也是上午。n 一般過去時(shí)和過去完成時(shí):這是中國(guó)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的一個(gè)難點(diǎn),因此也是考試的一個(gè)重點(diǎn)過去完成時(shí):發(fā)生在過去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)之前的一個(gè)過去行為或狀態(tài),常用在:1) 賓語(yǔ)從句(間接引語(yǔ))中:He said (that) he had read the book several times.2) 狀語(yǔ)從句中(特別是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句):When we arrived at the cinema, the film had begun.3) 由by引導(dǎo)
溫馨提示
- 1. 本站所有資源如無特殊說明,都需要本地電腦安裝OFFICE2007和PDF閱讀器。圖紙軟件為CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.壓縮文件請(qǐng)下載最新的WinRAR軟件解壓。
- 2. 本站的文檔不包含任何第三方提供的附件圖紙等,如果需要附件,請(qǐng)聯(lián)系上傳者。文件的所有權(quán)益歸上傳用戶所有。
- 3. 本站RAR壓縮包中若帶圖紙,網(wǎng)頁(yè)內(nèi)容里面會(huì)有圖紙預(yù)覽,若沒有圖紙預(yù)覽就沒有圖紙。
- 4. 未經(jīng)權(quán)益所有人同意不得將文件中的內(nèi)容挪作商業(yè)或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文庫(kù)網(wǎng)僅提供信息存儲(chǔ)空間,僅對(duì)用戶上傳內(nèi)容的表現(xiàn)方式做保護(hù)處理,對(duì)用戶上傳分享的文檔內(nèi)容本身不做任何修改或編輯,并不能對(duì)任何下載內(nèi)容負(fù)責(zé)。
- 6. 下載文件中如有侵權(quán)或不適當(dāng)內(nèi)容,請(qǐng)與我們聯(lián)系,我們立即糾正。
- 7. 本站不保證下載資源的準(zhǔn)確性、安全性和完整性, 同時(shí)也不承擔(dān)用戶因使用這些下載資源對(duì)自己和他人造成任何形式的傷害或損失。
最新文檔
- 混凝土底板施工方案
- 連續(xù)剛構(gòu)施工方案
- 寧夏攔水壩施工方案
- TSICA 007-2024 數(shù)字旋變轉(zhuǎn)換器芯片的技術(shù)規(guī)范
- TSHCH 01-2024 SLAM測(cè)量技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
- 二零二五年度幼兒園藝術(shù)教育合作項(xiàng)目協(xié)議
- 2025年度茶葉加工廠租賃及茶藝培訓(xùn)服務(wù)合同
- 2025年度跨境電商合伙人公司運(yùn)營(yíng)合作協(xié)議書
- 二零二五年度酒店客房餐飲服務(wù)滿意度調(diào)查合同
- 二零二五年度布展演出項(xiàng)目安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估及整改合同
- 人教版八年級(jí)數(shù)學(xué)上冊(cè)教案全冊(cè)
- 【獨(dú)立儲(chǔ)能】山西省獨(dú)立儲(chǔ)能政策及收益分析-中國(guó)能建
- 2024內(nèi)蒙古中考數(shù)學(xué)二輪專題復(fù)習(xí) 二次函數(shù)與幾何綜合題 類型二 面積問題(課件)
- 美團(tuán)眾包新的騎手協(xié)議來了
- 山東管理學(xué)院聲樂題庫(kù)復(fù)習(xí)題
- DL-T5796-2019水電工程邊坡安全監(jiān)測(cè)技術(shù)規(guī)范
- 高等數(shù)學(xué)教案第四章不定積分
- 2024年高考時(shí)事政治考試題庫(kù)(134題)
- DZ∕T 0201-2020 礦產(chǎn)地質(zhì)勘查規(guī)范 鎢、錫、汞、銻(正式版)
- 安全生產(chǎn)責(zé)任制考試試卷及答案
- 擠壓模具拋光培訓(xùn)課件
評(píng)論
0/150
提交評(píng)論