Four linguistic masters

1、Four linguistic masters-F.De Saussure, M.A.K Halliday, L. Bloomfield, Noam.ChomskyThe father of modern linguistics F . de SaussureFerdinand Mongin de SaussureFerdinand Mongin de Saussure fdin d sosy, was a Swiss linguist whose ideas laid a foundation for many significant developments in linguistics

2、in the 20th century，and have had a monumental impact throughout the humanities and social sciences. Course in General Linguistics (1916) Language that is studied synchronically is studied as a complete system at a given point in time (The AB axis) it sees language as a “state at a particular point i

3、n time. Language studied diachronically is studied in its historical development (The CD axis). It is thus the study of language in terms of how it visibly “changes” in usage. synchronic and diachronicLangue and parolelthe distinction between langue and parole Langue 1).Abstract linguistic system 2)

4、.Relatively stable conventions and rules 3).The subject of linguistic study Parole 1).The realization of language based on Langue 2). Relatively changable3). The actual use in daily life semiotics or “science of signslDe Saussure characterized signs as a relationship between “concept” and “sound” ，t

5、o use de Saussures words，signified and signifier. the concept (e.g., the concept “house-the signified) and the sound of the word “house (signifier) M.A.K Hallidayl1925 born in England. l1947-49, studied at Peking University under professor luochangpei,l1949-50 under Wang Li at Lingnan Universityl195

6、0-63 returning to take a PhD in Chinese Linguistics at Cambridge under the supervision of Gustav Hallam and then J. R. Firth. lhe developed systemic functional grammar, elaborating on the foundations laid by his British teacher J. R. Firth and a group of European linguists of the early 20th century,

7、 the Prague school布拉格學(xué)派. l1963 - 1965, he was the director of the Communication Research Center at University College, London. l1976 he moved to Australia as Foundation Professor of Linguistics at the University of Sydney, where he remained until he retired in 1987.Systemic-Functional GrammarlSystem

8、 of system系統(tǒng)的系統(tǒng)lScale of delicacy of system 系統(tǒng)的精密度階Transitivity 及物性系統(tǒng)lMaterial process 物質(zhì)過程l john kicked the ball.lMental process 心理過程l john likes Mary.lRelational process 關(guān)系過程l John is on the sofa.lBehavioural process 行為過程l john laughed.lVerbal process 言語過程l john said it was cold in the room.lExist

9、ential process 存在過程l there is a cat on the mat.Material process 物質(zhì)過程lAction process 動作過程l john kicked the ball.lEvent process 事件過程l the train left five minutes ago.Mood 語氣DeclarativeIntorrogativeimperativeFunctional grammarlIdeational function 概念功能lInterpersonal function 人際功能lTextual function 語篇功能Ha

10、lliday and SociolinguisticslHe regarded language as a social behaviour.lField of discourse 語場 （與專業(yè)領(lǐng)域相關(guān)，物理老師講課，會使用許多諸如光學(xué)， 電磁學(xué)，速度等術(shù)語；而語言學(xué)老師則會用到諸如音系學(xué)，形態(tài)學(xué)等術(shù)語。）lMode of discourse 語旨 （語言基調(diào)和話語角色：軍事活動多是居高臨下的，政治性宣傳多是煽動性的，師生關(guān)系中老師多是發(fā)問者，而學(xué)生多是回答者角色。）lTenor of discourse 語式 口頭語和書面語L. bloomfield(1887-1949)l Leonard

11、 Bloomfield was an American linguist who led the development of structural linguistics in the United States during the 1930s and the 1940s. 1933-1950 was called Bloomfieldian age. l lHis influential textbook Introduction to the Study of Language (1914), Language, (1933), presented a comprehensive de

12、scription of American structural linguistics. lHe made significant contributions to Germanic language and Indo-European historical Linguistics, Bloomfields approach to linguistics was characterized by its emphasis on the adherence to behaviorism and psychology . l lThe influence of Bloomfieldian str

13、uctural linguistics declined in the late 1950s and 1960s as the theory of Generative Grammar developed by Noam Chomsky came to predominate.Behaviorism and psychology l Learn and use language through a chain of “stimulusresponse-reinforcement”. l l Jill JacklS r . s RlWhen Jill sees an apple and want

14、s to have it, she has a phsical stimulus, (represented by the capital letter S), which gives rise to a verbal response (r) to Jill. For instance, she might say to Jack “Im thirsty”. What she says results in a verbal stimulus to Jack (represented by the small letters). This stimulus, in its turn, lea

15、ds to a non-verbal response from Jack, such as picking the apple for her.Contribution to phonetics and phonologylPhonetics has three branches: articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, auditory phonetics.l lPhoneme is the minimal unit to distinguish value.N.ChomskyPhotoesChomskys Life(born in Dece

16、mber 7, 1928) , an American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, and political activist.an institute Professor, who has taught at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology since 1955Main BookslSyntactic Structures (1957) l句法結(jié)構(gòu)lCurrent Issues in Linguistic Theory(1964)當(dāng)前語言學(xué)中的爭端l Aspects of the

17、 Theory of Syntax(1965)句法理論的若干問題lLanguage and Mind(1968)語言和心靈lStudies on Semantics in Generative Grammar(1972)生成語法的語義學(xué)研究lReflections on Language（1975）語言論 The Innateness Hypothesis天賦假設(shè)天賦假設(shè)l The Innateness Hypothesis states that there are aspects of linguistic organization that are basic to the human

18、brain and that make it possible for children to acquire linguistic competence in all its complexity with little instruction from family or friends LANGUAGE ACQUISITION DEVICE(LAD)語言習(xí)得機制lLAD suggests that children are born with an innate faculty for language in general. lIf a child of Chinese parents

19、 is born into an English-speaking community, he acquires English as his native language just as naturally lUniversal grammar and Particular grammarl普遍語法與個別語法lCompetence and performancelCompetence-the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language.lPerformance-the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.TG Grammer 轉(zhuǎn)換生成語法ltransformationalgenerative grammar(TGG) is “a system of rules that in some explicit and well-defined way assigns structural descriptions to sentences”（一套用來給句子進行結(jié)構(gòu)描寫 、 定義明確嚴(yán)格的規(guī)則系統(tǒng)） Five stages of development lThe Classical Theory(古典理論)-