高考英語一輪復習精品語法【課件+學案】專題10 定語從句

1、目錄專題一 正反解讀冠詞專題二 正反解讀名詞專題三 正反解讀代詞專題四 正反解讀形容詞、副詞專題五 正反解讀介詞專題六 正反解讀動詞和動詞短語專題七 正反解讀非謂語動詞專題八 正反解讀情態(tài)動詞和虛擬語氣專題九 正反解讀動詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)專題十 正反解讀定語從句專題十一 正反解讀名詞性從句專題十二 正反解讀狀語從句專題十三 正反解讀特殊句式專題十四 正反解讀主謂一致與數(shù)詞【人教課標版】高考英語一輪復習精品課件 語法專題語法專題專題十 正反解讀定語從句 定語從句一直是高考的熱點和焦點，考點主要集中在以下幾個方面：定語從句的關系代詞和關系副詞的選擇；非限制性定語從句中as和which的選擇；以抽象地點

2、、抽象時間名詞作先行詞的定語從句中關系詞的使用；定語從句和強調結構的綜合考查。專題十 考點薈萃考點薈萃一、定語從句的根本概念 定語從句中繁多的術語、復雜的關系一直困擾著很多學生，考試時也常為此出錯。因此我們首先要理解定語從句的三個根本概念及它們之間的關系。 定語從句：修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句，它實際上起了形容詞的作用。定語從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞之后。專題十 正面解讀正面解讀先行詞：被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。關系詞：引導定語從句的詞叫關系詞。關系詞有關系代詞和關系副詞。關系代詞有that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等；關系副詞有when, wh

3、ere，why等。專題十 正面解讀專題十 正面解讀 由例如可知，關系代(副)詞是定語從句的連接樞紐，在定語從句中起了三層作用：引導定語從句，替代先行詞，在從句中作成分。因此我們可以得出：關系代詞代替先行詞在從句中作主語、賓語等；關系副詞代替先行詞在定語從句中作狀語。 關系詞代替先行詞在定語從句中作什么成分是判斷該用關系代詞還是關系副詞的依據(jù)。因此把先行詞正確復原到定語從句中是做定語從句題很重要的一個技巧。專題十 正面解讀二、關系代詞、關系副詞一覽表專題十 正面解讀關系詞先行詞從句成分例句備注關系代詞who人主語、賓語Do you know the man who/ that is talkin

4、g with your mother？Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working. The boy (whom/who/ that) she loved died in the war.I like those books whose topics are about history. who, whom, which和that在從句中作賓語時，?？梢允÷裕樵~提前時后面關系代詞不能省略，也不能用that或who，應構成“介詞whom/which”引導定語從句。whom人賓語whose人，物定語專題十 正面解讀關系詞先行詞從句成分例句備注關系

5、代詞that人、物主語、賓語A plane is a machine that/ which can fly. Tomorrow I will bring here the magazine for which you asked. He was late again, which made his teacher angry. which可以指代整個主句引導非限制性定語從句，放在主句的后面。which意為“這一點，這”。which物，句子主語、賓語專題十 正面解讀關系詞先行詞從句成分例句備注關系代詞as人、物、句子主語、賓語、表語As you pointed out, I made a mi

6、stake. He is such a person as is respected by all of us. as引導非限制性定語從句時，指代整個主句的內容，放在句首、句中、句末均可。as意為 “正如，就像”。名詞前有such和the same修飾時，關系代詞用as。注意：that和which的用法區(qū)別1只用which不用that的情況(1)在非限制性定語從句中，which既可代表先行詞又可代表前面的一整句話，譯成“這一點，這一件事。(2)在介詞后面。(3)先行詞是代詞that或those時。專題十 正面解讀2只用that不用which的情況(1)領先行詞是all, everything,

7、 anything, nothing, much, none等不定代詞時，只用that。(2)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾時，只用that。(3)如果出現(xiàn)兩個或兩個以上的先行詞，并同時兼指人和物時，關系代詞用that。(4)先行詞被the only, the last, the way等修飾時用that。(5)在疑問詞who, which, what開頭的特殊疑問句中，為了防止重復只用that。專題十 正面解讀三、“介詞 關系代詞引導的定語從句作介詞賓語的關系代詞一般是which和whom，“介詞which/whom既可以引導限制性定語從句，又可以引導非限制性定語從句。常見的有以下幾種結構

8、：1介詞 關系代詞Mandela was the black lawyer to whom I went for advice. Mandela was the black lawyer whom I went to for advice. 曼德拉是我尋求建議的一位黑人律師。專題十 正面解讀2名詞/代詞/數(shù)詞介詞關系代詞Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore, three of which were English novels. Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore,

9、 of which three were English novels. 上個星期天，我從書店買回幾本書，其中三本是英文小說。3形容詞最高級 介詞 關系代詞China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan. 中國有成千上萬的島嶼，其中最大的是臺灣。專題十 正面解讀四、限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句 定語從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語從句與其先行詞之間不用逗號隔開，非限制性定語從句與其先行詞之間一般用逗號隔開。 限制性定語從句是主句不可缺少的局部，去掉它主句意思往往不明確；非限制性定語從句起補充說明作用，去掉了

10、不會影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號分開。專題十 正面解讀如：People who take physical exercise live longer.進行體育鍛煉的人活得更長些。(限制性定語從句，假設把從句去掉句子的意思就不完整。)His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week.他女兒現(xiàn)在在波士頓，(她)下星期回來。(非限制性定語從句，假設把從句去掉句子意義仍然完整。)五、必須注意的幾個問題1定語從句與狀語從句、同位語從句及強調句的辨析專題十 正面解讀專題十 正面解讀比較例句區(qū)別與where引導的地點狀語從句的

11、區(qū)別Years later, he went to New York, where/in which he made great success.The tree should be planted where there is plenty of rain.where引導的是定語從句，修飾先行詞，在從句中作狀語，where可以轉化為“介詞 which”。 句中where引導的從句前無先行詞，因此引導的是地點狀語從句，where本身在從句中作狀語，不能轉化為“介詞關系代詞”。 專題十 正面解讀比較例句區(qū)別與同位語從句的區(qū)別This is the suggestion(that) he put

12、forward. He gave me a suggestion that we should start at 5 oclock. that引導的是定語從句，that代替先行詞在從句中充當賓語。同位語從句中連接詞that 在從句中無意義，不作成分但不可省略。與強調句的區(qū)別It was last night that I saw the accident.It was a time when there were still slaves.判斷強調句的方法是把it is/ was和 that (who) 去掉，如果句子仍然完整，則是強調句。(句去掉it wasthat 成為I saw the

13、accident last night.) 2.“使用where而非真實地點型定語從句定語從句的先行詞是situation, case, point, scene等名詞而且從句缺少狀語時，要使用where表示“一種特定的情況或“一個特定的場合。如：I have come to the point where I cant stand him. 我已經(jīng)到了無法容忍他的程度。Hes got himself into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control over the plane. 他發(fā)現(xiàn)他到了有可能會失去控制飛機的地步

14、。專題十 正面解讀1關系代詞的誤用及漏用(1)【誤】 Ive read all the books which you lent me. 【正】 Ive read all the books that you lent me. 【解析】 定語從句的先行詞被all，some，any，no，few等修飾時，關系代詞用that。(2)【誤】 The student is standing there is our monitor. 【正】 The student (who/that is) standing there is our monitor. 【解析】 定語從句中關系代詞作主語時不能省略；此

15、處也可把定語從句改為現(xiàn)在分詞作定語。專題十 反面解讀反面解讀(3)【誤】 Dinner starts with a small dish，that is often called a starter. 【正】 Dinner starts with a small dish，which is often called a starter. 【解析】 用which引導非限制性定語從句，而不用that引導。 (4)【誤】 He lives in the room，the window of that faces the south. 【正】 He lives in the room，the wind

16、ow of which faces the south. 【解析】 “介詞關系代詞中的關系代詞用which不用that。專題十 反面解讀 (5)【誤】 The man with who I worked has left. 【正】 The man with whom I worked has left. 【解析】 “介詞whom引導定語從句。 2.定語從句主謂不一致 【誤】 This is one of the rooms that is free now. 【正】 This is one of the rooms that are free now. 【解析】 在one of結構中，先行詞為

17、of后的復數(shù)名詞或代詞，從句謂語用復數(shù)。先行詞是the only/very one of復數(shù)名詞時，從句謂語用單數(shù)。專題十 反面解讀3關系詞與被替換詞重復【誤】 This is the jacket which I bought it last month. 【正】 This is the jacket which I bought last month. 【解析】 which在從句中作賓語，it多余。4介詞的誤用【誤】 The computer to which I paid 4,000 yuan is made in Shanghai. 【正】 The computer for which

18、 I paid 4,000 yuan is made in Shanghai. 【解析】 介詞的選用既要考慮先行詞，又要考慮定語從句中動詞或形容詞與介詞的搭配習慣。此處payfor sth.為固定短語，意為“花錢買。專題十 反面解讀5from where與from which混用【誤】 They stood on the top of the building, from which they could see the whole city. 【正】 They stood on the top of the building, from where they could see the wh

19、ole city. 【解析】 from wherefrom the top of the building，from whichfrom the building，顯然前者比較適宜。專題十 反面解讀6無視倒裝結構【誤】 The fisherman lives in an old house, in front of which a well lies. 【正】 The fisherman lives in an old house, in front of which lies a well. 【解析】 in front of放在定語從句句首，且從句中含有動詞lie, stand等，主語為名詞

20、，這時要采用倒裝結構，把lie, stand等放在作主語的名詞前。專題十 反面解讀7限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句誤用 (1)【誤】 Charles Smith, that was my former teacher, retired last year. 【正】 Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 【解析】 在非限制性定語從句中，領先行詞指人時，關系代詞用who, whom。 (2)【誤】 This novel, I have read three times, is very touching. 【正】

21、 This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 【解析】 在非限制性定語從句中，關系詞不能省略。專題十 反面解讀(3)【誤】 I had told them the reason, why I didnt attend the meeting. 【正】 I had told them the reason, for which I didnt attend the meeting. 【解析】 that, why通常不用于引導非限制性定語從句。專題十 反面解讀(4)正如所通知的那樣，我們下個月要舉行期末考試?！菊`】 It

22、 has been announced，we shall have our final exams next month.【誤】 Which has been announced, we shall have our final exams next month. 【正】 It has been announced that we shall have our final exams next month. 【正】 As has been announced, we shall have our final exams next month. 【解析】 as has been announce

23、d引導一個定語從句，放在句首，不能使用which；有時可與It is/has been that轉換。專題十 反面解讀(5)我看過?金婚?這部電影，它的男主角是張國立?！菊`】 I have seen the film Golden Anniversary，its leading actor is Zhang Guoli. 【正】 I have seen the film Golden Anniversary，whose leading actor is Zhang Guoli. 【正】 I have seen the film Golden Anniversary, its leading a

24、ctor Zhang Guoli. 【解析】 在定語從句中，whose既可指人，也可指物，往往放在從句中的某一名詞前作定語；該句也可改為獨立主格形式。 專題十 反面解讀8定語從句的分隔Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers _ consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law. Awhere Bwhen Cwho Dwhich【誤】 由于不能正確判斷哪個是先行詞而誤選C?！菊?cases是先行詞，正確答案是A。【解析】 cases在定語從句中作狀語，構成i

25、n the cases，主句是cases will be introduced to readers，所以用where引導定語從句。在定語從句中有時會出現(xiàn)先行詞與定語從句分隔的現(xiàn)象。要注意準確識別。專題十 反面解讀1It is in this village，_Mary was born 35 years ago，_she will build her first school，_inspires everyone to help her. Athat; when; which Bwhere; that; whichCthat; that; that Dwhere; when; that【解析

26、】 B考查句子結構分析。 第一空引導的是一個定語從句，在從句中作地點狀語，所以用where，第二空構成it isthat強調結構，第三空引導一個非限制性定語從句，指代前面提到的一件事情，所以要用which。專題十 實戰(zhàn)演練實戰(zhàn)演練22021江西卷 The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister _ she would stay for an hour. Awhere Bwho Cwhich Dwhat【解析】 A考查定語從句。關系副詞where引導的定語從句，在從句中作狀語。專題十 實

27、戰(zhàn)演練32021重慶卷 In China，the number of cities is increasing _ development is recognized across the world. Awhere BwhichCwhose Dthat【解析】 C考查定語從句關系詞。這里是一個分割定語從句，先行詞cities和定語從句被謂語is increasing分隔開，表示“城市的開展，故應用whose作定語。專題十 實戰(zhàn)演練42021江西卷 The house I grew up_ has been taken down and replaced by an office buildi

28、ng. Ain it BinCin that Din which【解析】 B考查定語從句。復原后應為The house (which/that) I grew up in 主語后面緊跟的是定語從句。專題十 實戰(zhàn)演練5TVTurnoff Week，_millions of people around the world participate every year, tries to encourage people to turn on life. Ain which Bon which Cwhich Dwhen【解析】 A考查定語從句中“介詞十關系詞的用法。句意為：關閉電視周，每年世界各地數(shù)

29、百萬的人都在做，旨在鼓勵人們注重生活。從句中謂語動詞participate是不及物動詞，常與介詞in連用表示“參與的意思，相當于take part in，選A。專題十 實戰(zhàn)演練62021江蘇卷 The newly-built cafe，the walls of _ are painted light green，is really a peaceful place for us，especially after hard work. Athat Bit Cwhat Dwhich【解析】 D此題考查定語從句。先行詞為cafe，此處the walls of which可以變化成“whose wal

30、ls，在從句中作主語。專題十 實戰(zhàn)演練7Nowadays, when people talk about magicians, the first one _comes into their mind is Liu Qian. Awhere Bwhich Cthat Dwhat【解析】 C定語從句先行詞為the first one。定語從句中領先行詞為序數(shù)詞或是被序數(shù)詞修飾時用that引導定語從句。82021四川卷 Shell never forget her stay there _ she found her son who had gone missing two years befor

31、e. Athat Bwhich Cwhere Dwhen【解析】 D考查定語從句的用法。her stay為先行詞，可以理解為抽象的一段時間(她呆在那里期間)，when指代her stay，在定語從句中作時間狀語。專題十 實戰(zhàn)演練92021全國卷 My friend showed me round the town，_was very kind of him. Awhich Bthat Cwhere Dit【解析】 A考查非限制性定語從句，這里的which指代前面整句話內容。專題十 實戰(zhàn)演練102021江蘇卷 _is known to us is that the old doctor, for

32、_ life was hard in the past, still works very hard in his late life. AAs; whom BWhat; whomCIt; whose DAs; whose【解析】 B考查主語從句及定語從句。第一空是由what引導的主語從句，what is known to us is that也是固定結構；第二空學生很容易會錯選whose，后半句復原為：life was hard for him，所以用介詞whom。專題十 實戰(zhàn)演練11Sun Valley raised and processed about a million chicke

33、ns, _up to half went to McDonalds. Ain which Bfor which Cwith which Dof which【解析】 D在定語從句中，of which up to half up to half of which up to half of the chickens。12Take an active part in the activities you enjoy _you can make many friends. Awhere Bwhen Cthat Dwhat【解析】 A考查定語從句關系詞的選擇。先行詞為the activities，在從句

34、中作抽象的地點狀語，所以要用where。專題十 實戰(zhàn)演練132021北京卷 Children who are not active or_ diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly. Awhat Bwhose Cwhich Dthat【解析】 B此題考查定語從句引導詞。先行詞children和diet之間是所屬關系，用whose 來引導定語從句。142021四川卷 After graduating from college，I took some time off to go traveling，_ turned out to be a wise decision.Athat Bwhich Cwhen Dwhere【解析】 B考查定語從句。這里which引導非限制性定語從句，代替整個主句。專題十 實戰(zhàn)演練15We recommend that our human beings treat the nature with the same care _we give to our eyes. Athat Bwhich Cas Dwhat【解析】 C考查定語從句引導詞的用法。假