英國(guó)文學(xué)名詞解釋大全(整理版)72809

1、名詞解釋1. Epic (史詩(shī))（appeared in the the Anglo-Saxon Period ）It is a narrative of heroic action, often with a principal hero, usually mythical in its content, grand in its style, offering inspiration and ennoblement within a particular culture or national tradition. A long narrative poem telling about t

2、he deeds of great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, like Homers Iliad & Odyssey. It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes. The action is simple, but f

3、ull of magnificence. Today, some long narrative works, like novels that reveal an age & its people, are also called epic. E.g. Beowulf （ the pagan（異教徒），secular(非宗教的) poetry） Iliad 伊利亞特，Odyssey奧德賽 Paradise Lost 失樂(lè)園，The Divine Comedy神曲2. Romance （傳奇）(Anglo-Norman feudal England) Romance is any ima

4、ginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters. Originally, the term referred to a medieval (中世紀(jì)) tale dealing with the love and adventures of kings, queens, knights, and ladies, and including s

5、upernatural happenings. Form: long composition, in verse, in proseContent: description of life and adventures of a noble heroCharacter: a knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons; often described as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments(騎士比武), or fighting for

6、 his lord in battles; devoted to the church and the king Romance lacks general resemblance to truth or reality. It exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealizes the virtues. It contains perilous (dangerous) adventures more or less remote from ordinary life. It lays emphasis on supreme devotion

7、 to a fair lady.The Romance Cycles/Groups/DivisionsThree Groupsl matters of Britain Adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table （亞瑟王和他的圓桌騎士）l matters of France Emperor Charlemagne and his peers l matters of Rome Alexander the Great and the attacks of TroyLe Morte DArthur （亞瑟王之死）Clas

8、s Nature (階級(jí)性) of the RomanceLoyalty to king and lord was the theme of the romances, as loyalty was the corner-stone（the most important part基石）of feudal morality.The romances were composed not for the common but for the noble, of the noble, and by the poets patronized（supported 庇護(hù),保護(hù)） by the noble.3

9、. Alliteration（押頭韻）: a repeated initial(開(kāi)頭的) consonant(協(xié)調(diào),一致) to successive(連續(xù)的) words. e.g. 1.To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise. 2.Sing a song of southern singer4. Understatement（低調(diào)陳述）（for ironical humor）not troublesome: very welcomeneed not praise: a right to condemn5. Chronicle編年史（a monu

10、ment of Old English prose）6. Ballads （民謠）（The most important department of English folk literature ）Definition: A ballad is a narrative poem that tells a story, and is usually meant to be sung or recited in musical form.An important stream of the Medieval folk literatureFeatures of English Ballads1.

11、 The ballads are in various English and Scottish dialects.2. They were created collectively and revised when handed down from mouth to mouth.3. They are mainly the literature of the peasants, and give an outlook of the English common people in feudal society.Stylistic （風(fēng)格上） Features of the Ballads1.

12、 Composed in couplets （相連并押韻的兩行詩(shī),對(duì)句） or in quatrains （四行詩(shī)） known as the ballad stanza （民謠詩(shī)節(jié) ）, rhyming abab or abcb, with the first and third lines carrying 4 accented syllables （重讀音節(jié)） and the second and fourth carrying 3. 2. Simple, plain language or dialect （方言，土語(yǔ)） of the common people with colloq

13、uial （口語(yǔ)的，會(huì)話的）, vivid and, sometimes, idiomatic （符合當(dāng)?shù)卣Z(yǔ)言習(xí)慣的） expressions3. Telling a good story with a vivid presentation around the central plot.4. Using a high proportion of dialogue with a romantic or tragic dimension （方面） to achieve dramatic effect. Subjects of English Ballads1. struggle of young

14、 lovers2. conflict between love and wealth3. cruelty of jealousy4. criticism of the civil war5. matters of class struggle7. Heroic couplet （英雄雙韻體）（introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer）Definition: the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter; a verse form in epic poetry, with lines of ten syllables and five str

15、esses, in rhyming pairs. 英雄詩(shī)體/英雄雙韻體：用于史詩(shī)或敘事詩(shī)，每行十個(gè)音節(jié)，五個(gè)音部，每?jī)尚醒喉崱?. couplet（兩行詩(shī)，對(duì)句）: Two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme.A heroic couplet is an iambic pentameter couplet. During the Restoration period and the 18th C. it was a popular verse form. 9. iambic pentameter: A poetic line consisting of

16、 five Verse feet (penta- is from a Greek word meaning “five”), with each foot an iamb- that is, an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable.10. Rhyme（韻，押韻）: the repetition (反復(fù)) of sounds in two or more words or phrases that appear close to each other in a poem. E .g . river/shiver, song/l

17、ong11. meter (格律) （屬于Prosody 'prsd（韻文學(xué);詩(shī)體學(xué)；(某語(yǔ)言的)韻律(學(xué))）: A generally regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables（音節(jié)） in poetry. The meters with two-syllable feet are:Iambic (x /)（抑揚(yáng)格）: That time of year thou mayst in me beholdTrochaic (/ x)（揚(yáng)抑格）: Tell me not in mournful numbersSpondaic

18、(/ /)（揚(yáng)揚(yáng)格）: Break, break, break/ On thy cold gray stones, O Sea!The meters with three-syllable feet are:anapestic (x x /)（抑抑揚(yáng)格）: And the sound of a voice that is stilldactylic (/ x x)（強(qiáng)弱格，長(zhǎng)短格，揚(yáng)抑抑格）: This is the forest primeval, the murmuring pines and the hemlock (a trochee replaces the final dactyl

19、)12. Rhythm（節(jié)奏，韻律）（屬于Prosody 'prsd（韻文學(xué);詩(shī)體學(xué)；(某語(yǔ)言的)韻律(學(xué))）： refers to the regular recurrence（反復(fù)，重現(xiàn)） of the accent（重讀） or stress in poem or song. e.g. the rhythm of day and night, the seasonal rhythm of the year, the beat of our hearts, and the rise and fall of sea tides, etc.basic patterns of rhyth

20、msa) Iambic foot (iamb'aiæmb)（抑揚(yáng)格）: an unstressed syllable followed by an stressed one as in the word “prevent” or “about” Its time the children went to bed. Well learn a poem by Keats.b) Trochaic tru'keiik foot (trochee 'truki:)（揚(yáng)抑格）: a stressed syllable followed by an un

21、stressed one as in “football”, “never”, “happy” or “English” William Morris taught him English. Double, double, toil and trouble. Fire burns and cauldron bubble.c) Anapestic foot (anapest ænpi:st )（抑抑揚(yáng)格）: two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed one as in “comprehend” or “inter

22、vene” Ive been working in China for forty years.d) Dactylic foot (dactyl)（強(qiáng)弱格，長(zhǎng)短格，揚(yáng)抑抑格）: a stressed syllable followed by two unstressed ones as in “dangerous”, “cheerfully”, “yesterday” or “merrily” 13Common line lengths:number of feet per line one foot monometer m'nmit (rare)（單音部） two feet

23、 dimeter 'dimit (二步) three feet trimester 'trimit(三步) four feet tetrameter te'træmit(四步) five feet pentameter pen'tæmit(五步) six feet hexameter hek'sæmit seven feetheptameter hep'tæmit (rare) eight feetoctameter k'tæmit (rare)14Line patterns: Coupl

24、et（相連并押韻的兩行詩(shī),對(duì)句）: 2 lines rhyming with each other A heroic couplet is an iambic pentameter couplet.Tercet 't:sit（三行押韻詩(shī)句,三拍子）: 3 lines, terza rima (aba, bcb, cdc, ded)Quatrain 'kwtrein（四行詩(shī)）: 4 lines, ballad stanza (abcb)Octave 'ktv, -,tev（八行詩(shī)）: 8 lines, ottava rima (abababcc)Spenserian st

25、anza （斯賓塞詩(shī)節(jié)）: 9 lines (ababbcbcc) （The Faerie Queene（仙后）Sonnet （十四行詩(shī)）: 14 lines (Shakespearean: ababcdcdefefgg)l Example: She walks in beauty, like the night of cloudless climes and starry skies; And all thats best of dark and bright Meet in her aspect and her eyes: Thus mellowd to that tender light

26、 Which heaven to gaudy day denies1. Foot and length: Iambic tetrameter2. Rhyme (scheme): ababab15Humanism1) Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. According to humanists, human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection and the world can be q

27、uestioned, explored and enjoyed. 2) By emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, in contrast to the medieval emphasis on God and contempt for the things of this world, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to pursue happiness of this lif

28、e, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wanders. 16. Drama1. Definition Drama is “a composition in prose or verse, adapted to be acted upon a stage, in which a story is related by means of dialogue and action, and is represented with accompanying gesture, costume, and scenery, as in

29、 real life.”2. The Development of Drama1. Religious Period 1) Mystery plays presented stories from the Old and New Testament of the Bible. Creation of the World, the Fall, the Great Flood, Redemption, Final Judgment, etc. The birth of the Christchild symbolized hope in the darkness of winter; Christ

30、s resurrection（復(fù)活） accorded with the earths renewal in spring, and the promise of harvest at midsummer. 2) Miracle plays （奇跡?。?Dramatizing（將-改編成劇本） the lives and miracles of saints, or divine intervention (神的干預(yù)，介入) in human affairs, that is, stories from the lives of saints. Often focused on blessed

31、 virgin Mary3) Morality plays （道德?。?Presenting stories containing abstract（抽象的） virtues and vices （美德和惡習(xí)）as characters. They were plays which had a moral message: Good and Evil fight for domination（統(tǒng)治） of the human soul. Everyman, the best example, is the story of a character representing mankind. 2

32、. Artistic Period The first Comedy, Ralph Roister Doister拉爾夫·羅伊斯特·多伊斯特written by the schoolmaster, Nicholas Udall between 1550 and 1553 The first English tragedy, Gorboduc written in 1561 by Thomas Sackville and Thomas Norton 3. Elements of drama 1. Plot (情節(jié)) The structure of a plays actio

33、n, the order of the incidents, their arrangement and form.2. Character(人物): the vital center of a play How they look, what they say and in what manners they say; what they do and how their actions reveal who they are and what they represent The human qualities are the most engaging feature. 3. Dialo

34、gue(對(duì)白) Drama is described as “persons moving about on stage using words.” Major functions of Dialogue: to advance the plot, to establish setting, and to reveal character.4. Staging(舞臺(tái)設(shè)計(jì)) Things like positions of actors, nonverbal gestures and movements, scenic background, props and costumes, lighti

35、ng and sound effects5. Theme(主題): the central idea of the play.4. Dramatic Terms 1. Script(腳本): the written work from which a drama isproduced. It contains stage directions and Dialogue2. Stage Directions(舞臺(tái)指導(dǎo)): notes provided by the playwright to describe how something should be presented or perfor

36、med on stage3. Monologue(獨(dú)白): a long speech given by an actor4. Soliloquy(獨(dú)白): a speech given by a character who is alone (or thinks he is alone) on stage5. Aside(旁白): a statement intended to be heard by the audience or by a single other character but not by all the other characters on stage 6. Act(

37、幕): a major division of a drama7. Scene(場(chǎng)): a division of an act. A scene typically begins with the entrance of one or more characters and ends with the exit of one or more characters.17. Comedy(喜劇)（Drama form）A play written chiefly to amuse its audience by appealing to a sense of superiority over t

38、he characters depicted. A comedy will normally be closer to everyday life than a tragedy, and will explore common human failings rather than tragedys disastrous crimes. Its ending will usually be happy for the leading characters. E.g. （莎士比亞）Romantic Comedies（the overcoming the obstacle of love）: As

39、You Like It(皆大歡喜), A Midsummer Nights Dream, The Twelfth Night, & The Merchant of Venice（威尼斯商人）18. Tragedy（Drama form） A serious play or novel representing the disastrous downfall of a central character, the protagonist. According to Aristotle, the purpose is to achieve a catharsis through incid

40、ents arousing pity and terror. The tragic effect usually depends on our awareness of admirable qualities in he protagonist, which are wasted terribly in the fated disaster. E.g. （莎士比亞）Great Tragedies（四大悲?。╡xplores the faults/weaknesses of humans）: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear& Macbeth19. dramatic

41、 Romance (tragi-comedy)（悲喜?。ㄉ勘葋啠―rama form）: Romances focus on the separation and reunion of families rather than love and marriage. Endings were characterized by homecoming, recognition, reconciliation, and forgiveness. The romances are set in mythical worlds where supernatural and magic and unl

42、ikely coincidences are commonplace.E.g. Pericles波里克利斯, Cymbeline辛柏林, The Winters Tale冬天的故事, The Tempest暴風(fēng)雨20. Monologue（長(zhǎng)篇獨(dú)白） An extended speech uttered by one speaker, either to others or alone. Significant varieties include the dramatic monologue (a kind of poem in which the speaker is imagined to

43、 be addressing a silent audience), and the soliloquy (in which the speaker is supposed to be “overheard（偷聽(tīng)，無(wú)意中聽(tīng)到）” while alone).21. Soliloquy A dramatic speech delivered by one character speaking aloud while under the impression of being alone. The soliloquist thus reveals his or her inner thoughts

44、and feelings to the audience, either in supposed self-communion（自我反?。?or in a consciously direct address（演說(shuō)，演講）. It is also known as interior monologue.內(nèi)心獨(dú)白22. The basic plot of the play ( Freytags pyramid ) 1. Exposition (闡述，講解，說(shuō)明): provides the background information needed to properly understand

45、the story, such as the protagonist, the antagonist, the basic conflict, and the setting. 2. Rising action（發(fā)展）: during rising action, the basic internal（內(nèi)部） conflict is complicated（復(fù)雜） by the introduction of related secondary conflicts, including various obstacles that frustrate the protagonist's

46、 attempt to reach his goal. 3. Climax（高潮）: the turning point, which marks a change, for the better or the worse, in the protagonists affairs. If the story is a comedy, things will have gone badly for the protagonist up to this point; now, the tide, so to speak, will turn, and things will begin to go

47、 well for him or her. If the story is a tragedy, the opposite state of affairs will ensue, with things going from good to bad for the protagonist.4. Falling action: during the falling action, or resolution, which is the moment of reversal（反向，倒轉(zhuǎn)，轉(zhuǎn)變，顛倒） after the climax, the conflict between the prota

48、gonist and the antagonist unravels, with the protagonist winning or losing against the antagonist. The falling action might contain a moment of final suspense, during which the final outcome of the conflict is in doubt. 5. Dénouement, resolution, or catastrophe: comprises events between the fal

49、ling action and the actual end of the drama or narrative and thus serves as the conclusion of the story. Conflicts are resolved, creating normality for the characters and a sense of catharsis, or release of tension and anxiety, for the reader.The comedy ends with a dénouement (a conclusion) in

50、which the protagonist is better off than at the story's outset. The tragedy ends with a catastrophe in which the protagonist is worse off than at the beginning of the narrative. In Shakespeare's tragedies, the dénouement is usually the death of one or more characters. 23. Dramatic irony

51、 (戲劇性諷刺) Dramatic irony: the words or acts of a character may carry a meaning unperceived by the character but under-stood by the audience. Examples of dramatic irony in Romeo and Juliet Before Romeo drinks the poison, he observes that Juliet looks as though she were alive. Romeo is cheerful because

52、 of a dream, but his hopes are quickly dashed by Balthasars news of Juliets death.24. Blank Verse （無(wú)韻詩(shī)） Unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter. It is a very flexible English verse form which can attain rhetorical grandeur（雄偉，壯觀） while echoing the natural rhythms of speech. It was first used by Henry Ho

53、ward, Earl of Surrey, and soon became a popular form for narrative and dramatic poetry. Marlowe, Shakespeare, Milton, Wordsworth, Tennyson, Stevens and Robert Frost are fond of this form.25. SonnetA sonnet is a lyric poem comprising 14 rhyming lines of equal length: iambic pentameter in English, hen

54、decasyllables hen,dek'silbl（十一音節(jié)） in Italian, and alexandrines.æliz:ndrain（亞歷山大詩(shī)行） in French. 1. The Italian/Petrarchan（彼得拉克） sonnet It is named after Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374), the Italian poet. The 14 lines break into an octave (or octet) of 2 quatrains, rhymed abbaabba (rhymed somet

55、imes abbacddc or even abababab); and a sestet, usually rhymed cdecde or cdcdcd. 2. The English/Shakespearean sonnet It was introduced into English poetry in the early 16th century by Sir Thomas Wyatt (1503-1542). It consists of 3 quatrains and a final couplet, rhyming abab cdcd efef gg. An important

56、 variant is the Spenserian sonnet,which links the 3 quatrains by rhyme, rhyming abab bcbc cdcd ee. （quatrain: 四行詩(shī) (每節(jié)四行,韻律一般為abab或abba)）26. Allegory（寓言） A story with a double meaning: a primary or surface meaning, and a secondary or under-the-surface meaning A story that can be read, understood and

57、interpreted at two levels Two levels of allegory One level examines the moral, philosophical and religious values and is represented by the Red Cross Knight, who stands for all Christians. The second level is the particular, which focuses on the political, social, and religious conflicts in the then English society. 27. Types of po