國際商法復(fù)習(xí)

1、第一章1. International Law(國際法）: A body of rules & norms that regulate the activities carried on outsides the legal boundaries of states.調(diào)整跨國商事的法律規(guī)范總稱。2. Comity(禮讓）：It is the practice between states of treating each other with goodwill and civility.v國家間以誠相待，禮貌往來的慣例或禮節(jié)3. Territorial jurisdiction(屬地管

2、轄）：If a business incorporated in a different state operates a manufacturing facility in your state and violates the law of your state, your state will have the well-recognized power under customary international law to hear and decide a case against the foreign defendant.如果一個(gè)國家在他國注冊(cè)，在你國運(yùn)營一家制造工廠，同時(shí)違反

3、了你國的法律，4. Nationality jurisdiction(屬人管轄）：If a company does certain acts in foreign states, it may still be held accountable in its courts .5. Objective territorial jurisdiction(目的地管轄）：If foreign companies act in ways that directly affect a state other than their own, they may be held accountable by

4、the other state.對(duì)該國產(chǎn)生影響。v 本法院職能為依據(jù)國際法審理向其提交的爭(zhēng)端，應(yīng)當(dāng)適用以下淵源：1. Treaties and Conventions, 2. international customs and usages, 3. national business laws.6. Treaties(條約）: They are legally binding agreements between two or more states.7. Conventions(公約）：They are legally binding agreements between states sp

5、onsored by international organizations.8. Custom law(習(xí)慣法）：Some rules have been around for such a long time or are so generally accepted. 9. A customary practice (習(xí)慣法）：has become customary law, two elements must be establishedone behavioral and one psychological.10. The behavioral element requires co

6、nsistent and recurring action(or lack of action if the custom is one of noninvolvement) by states.國家間持續(xù)的，反復(fù)的作為或不作為。11. The psychological element in showing that a customary practice has become law is the requirement that states observing the custom must regard it as binding.當(dāng)事國認(rèn)為其為一項(xiàng)必須的法律。12. Genera

7、l principle consist of the Anglo-American common law system and the Romano-Germanic civil law system.一般原則 Jus Cogens強(qiáng)制法13. Self-excuting treaty is one that contains a provision stating that the treaty will apply to the parties without their having to adopt any domestic enabling legislation.自動(dòng)生效條約14.

8、 Constitutional treaties are made according to the Constitutions provisions and are self-excuting and effective domestically. 憲法15. Excutive agreements made solely by the president and have effect domestically.To obtain effect,implementing legislation must be adopted.As to external matters,both of t

9、hese have same effect.行政條約16. States are political entities that have a territory,a population,a government capable of entering into international relations,and a government capable of controlling its territory and people.國家是一政治實(shí)體，擁有領(lǐng)土，人民和政府，其能對(duì)外交往，對(duì)內(nèi)統(tǒng)治其領(lǐng)土及居民。17. Independent states are free from the

10、 political control of other states and free to enter into agreements with other international persons.獨(dú)立18. Dependent states have formally surrendered some aspects of their political and governmental functions to another state.非獨(dú)立19. Inchoate states lack some attribute required to be treated as full

11、y independent state; most commonly they lack territory or population.正在形成的國家20. Recognition comes out by a unilateral declaration,and it can be either explicit or implicit.Once given,it implies that the recognize state or government is entitled to the rights and privileges granted by international l

12、aws.承認(rèn)是一個(gè)單方聲明，21. Declaration doctrine holds that the legal existence of a government happens automatically by operation of law whenever a government is capable of controlling a territory and its people.宣告說，能統(tǒng)治領(lǐng)土和居民則是一個(gè)正式存在的國家22. Constitutive doctrine states that a government does not truly come int

13、o existence until such time as it is recognized by other states and participates in the international arena.構(gòu)成說，除非他國承認(rèn)23. Territory sovereignty is the right to exercise the functions of a state within a territory. 領(lǐng)土主權(quán) 先占 征服/持續(xù)占有 轉(zhuǎn)讓 24. Dispositive treaties are the treaties concerned with rights ove

14、r territory.25. Merger rule presumes that when two states merge to form a new state, the preexisting treaties remain in force in the territories where they previously applied.合并原則 在原來領(lǐng)土上持續(xù)有效26. Moving boundaries rule holds that the treaties of the absorbing state displace the treaties of the recedin

15、g state in the territory where sovereignty has changed. 條約移動(dòng)界域原則 新國合約取代原國合約27. Clean slate doctrine is that the ex-colony starts with no obligation to succeed to the treaties of its former colonial power.白板原則 殖民地回歸 原合約一律無效 28. Succession of states is that when two states come into existence followin

16、g disintegration of a predecessor,both are bound by the predecessors treaties to the extent that they are applicable within each of their territories.承繼原則 國家分裂 基礎(chǔ)原國法律 2）國家獲得領(lǐng)土主權(quán)的方式（簡(jiǎn)答題）² By the occupation of land not claimed by another Sovereign.² By the voluntary transfer of territory fro

17、m one sovereign to another.² By the conquest and continued occupation of the territory of another sovereign。4) 財(cái)產(chǎn)繼承及國籍保留² The national of a territory that is acquired by a successor state will keep the nationality of the predecessor state unless a different result is agreed to in a treaty

18、of cession or by municipal legislation.除非條例另有規(guī)定，國民保留原籍² Public property 公共財(cái)產(chǎn)1 Public property located within a territory becomes the property of the successor state. 在領(lǐng)土內(nèi)的公眾財(cái)產(chǎn)歸承繼者所有。2 While located in a third state belongs to whichever government the third party recognizes. 位于其它國的公共財(cái)產(chǎn)由財(cái)產(chǎn)所在國對(duì)承繼者

19、是否承認(rèn)而定。If a third party recognizes both states, the property will generally belongs to whichever state is actual possession.同時(shí)認(rèn)可，則由實(shí)際擁有者國籍決定。 29. Intergovenmental organizations(IGOs)政府間組織 are permanent organization set up by two or more states to carry on activities of common interest.30. UN隸屬聯(lián)合國的組織

20、： The General Assembly大會(huì)The Security Council 安全理事會(huì)The Secretariat 秘書處The International Court of Justice 國際法院The Trusteeship Council 托管理事會(huì)The United Nations Economic and Social Council 聯(lián)合國經(jīng)濟(jì)與社會(huì)理事會(huì)31. General assembly 聯(lián)合國大會(huì)is a quasi-legislative body made up of representatives of all member states.唯一立

21、法機(jī)構(gòu)31. The Security council.安全理事會(huì) is made up of representatives of 15 member states, 5 of which are permanent member states.It is responsible for maintaining international peace and security,and it is the only United Nations Organ with the authority to use armed force32. 歐盟的主要機(jī)構(gòu)包括：歐盟委員會(huì) 歐盟理事會(huì) 歐洲議會(huì) 歐

22、洲法院33. 歐盟委員會(huì)會(huì)：European Commission:the European Commission is the EUs executive branch,but also has some legislative function .立法功能34. 歐盟理事會(huì)：Council of the European Union:the Council of the European Union is the main decision-making body of the EU.In exercises codecision with the European Parliament

23、on a wide array of community issues.決策機(jī)構(gòu)35. 歐洲議會(huì)：European Parliament:the European Parliament has 786 members elected every five years by universal suffrage. 36. 歐洲法院：European Court of justice:the court of Justice is composed of 27 Judges and 8 advocates-general.37. multinational enterprise跨國企業(yè): are

24、businesses operating branches, subsidiaries, or joint ventures in two or more countries.38. state responsibility國家責(zé)任: allow a state to seek compensation from other states for injuries done to its nationals. 因外國人對(duì)本國人造成的傷害而承擔(dān)的責(zé)任40. what is the purpose of Free Trade Area (FTA)?FTAs are set up to elimin

25、ate trade barriers between member states without establishing a common external tariff. 消除貿(mào)易壁壘而非建立共同壁壘。包括：Romano-Germanic civil law（大陸法系）; Anglo-American common law（英美法系）; Islamic law（伊斯蘭法系）第四章1.社團(tuán)Company：An association of persons or organized for the purpose of carrying on a commercial, industrial

26、or similar enterprise. 為從事商業(yè)、工業(yè)或類似事業(yè)而聚集的人或資本形成的組織2.合伙Partnership：A company of two or more persons who co-own and manage a business and who are each liable to the full extent of their personal assets for its debts. 兩個(gè)以上的合伙人共同所有，共同經(jīng)營的組織。每一個(gè)合伙人以自己的個(gè)人資產(chǎn)為合伙債務(wù)承擔(dān)全部責(zé)任3.獅子條款Leonine Clause A clause of a civil

27、 law partnership agreement that exclude a particular partner from sharing in the losses of the company.大陸法合伙協(xié)議中允許某些合伙人不承擔(dān)合伙企業(yè)損失的條款4.有限合伙L(fēng)imited partnership A partnership consisting of one or more general partners who manage the business and are each liable to the full extent of their personal assets

28、 for its debts and one or more limited partners whose liability is limited to the funds they invest.由一個(gè)以上的一般合伙人和一個(gè)以上的有限合伙人組成的合伙企業(yè)。一般合伙人管理企業(yè)并以其個(gè)人資產(chǎn)對(duì)企業(yè)債務(wù)承擔(dān)責(zé)任，有限合伙人只以其投入企業(yè)的資產(chǎn)為限對(duì)企業(yè)債務(wù)承擔(dān)責(zé)任5.大陸法系中的隱名合伙Civil law silent partnership A partnership in which the participation of one or more persons as partners i

29、s not disclosed to the public. These partners are called silent partners and have limited personal liability.一種合伙企業(yè)，其中一個(gè)或多個(gè)合伙人的合伙人身份是保密的。這種合伙人被稱為隱名合伙人，對(duì)企業(yè)只承擔(dān)有限責(zé)任6.普通法系中的隱名合伙Common law secret partnership A partnership in which the participation of one or more persons as partners is not disclosed to t

30、he public. All of the partners have unlimited personal liability.一種合伙企業(yè)，其中一個(gè)或多個(gè)合伙人的合伙人身份是保密的。所有合伙人對(duì)企業(yè)均承擔(dān)無限責(zé)任7.大陸法系中的公司Civil law corporation A separate juridical entity owned by shareholders who may have limited, unlimited, or no liability.股東所擁有的獨(dú)立法人組織，股東的責(zé)任形式包括有限責(zé)任、無限責(zé)任或無責(zé)任8.普通法系中的公司Common law corpo

31、ration A company of capital whose owners have limited personal liability.所有人承擔(dān)有限責(zé)任的企業(yè)9.大陸法系中的有限責(zé)任公司Civil law limited liability company A corporation owned by members that does not issue negotiable share certificates and is subject to minimal public disclosure laws.由其成員擁有，不發(fā)行可轉(zhuǎn)讓股份證書的公司，公司有義務(wù)向公眾進(jìn)行最低披露

32、10.普通法系中的有限責(zé)任公司Common law limited liability company An unincorporated association that is treated as a partnership for tax purposes and provides limited liability for its owners.在稅法上被視為合伙，其出資人對(duì)企業(yè)債務(wù)承擔(dān)有限責(zé)任的非法人組織11.股份有限合伙Partnership limited by shares A business form consisting of one or more general pa

33、rtners with unlimited liability and limited participation by investors in the form of shares.一種企業(yè)，由一個(gè)或多個(gè)承擔(dān)無限責(zé)任的一般合伙人以及以股份形式出資的有限責(zé)任出資人組成12.合股公司Joint stock company An unincorporated association of persons whose ownership interests are represented by transferable shares. The shareholders have unlimited

34、 personal liability.一種非法人企業(yè)，所有者的權(quán)益以可轉(zhuǎn)讓股份的形式體現(xiàn)，股份持有人承擔(dān)無限個(gè)人責(zé)任13.股份公司Stock corporation/上市公司Public corporation A corporation that can raise money in the public marketplace through the sale of freely transferable shares. Its financial statement have to be disclosed to the public.可以通過公開市場(chǎng)發(fā)行可自由轉(zhuǎn)讓股份以募集資金的公司

35、，公司的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表必須向公眾披露14.私人公司Private corporation A corporation that may not ask the public to subscribe to its shares, bonds, or other securities. Its financial statements don't have to be disclosed to the public.不可以向公眾發(fā)行股票、債券或其他證券的公司，公司的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表不必向公眾披露 15.公司章程Articles of incorporation The primary rules go

36、verning the management of a corporation.有關(guān)公司管理的基本規(guī)章制度16. 額面股Par shares Shares that have a specified face value. 規(guī)定了特定面額的股票17.優(yōu)先股Preferred stock Stock that entitles owners to a guaranteed dividend, a priority at the time of liquidation, or some other preference over ordinary shareholders.一種股份，其股東具有經(jīng)過

37、擔(dān)保的取得公司紅利的權(quán)利，在公司清算時(shí)優(yōu)先分配剩余財(cái)產(chǎn)的權(quán)利以及其他優(yōu)于普通股股東的權(quán)利18.股東Shareholder An individual or institution that legally owns a share of stock in a corporation.合法持有公司股份的個(gè)人或組織19.紅利Dividend The profits distributed to a corporation's shareholders according to the shares they own. 向公司股東按其擁有股份數(shù)分配的公司收益20.商業(yè)信托Business t

38、rust A business arrangement in which the owners of a property, known as beneficiaries, transfer legal title to that property to a trustee who then manages it for them. The trustee has unlimited personal liability while the beneficiaries have limited liability. 一種商業(yè)安排，財(cái)產(chǎn)的所有人被稱為受益人，受益人將財(cái)產(chǎn)的法律上的所有權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)讓給受托

39、人，受托人代受益人管理財(cái)產(chǎn)。受托人承擔(dān)無限個(gè)人責(zé)任，受益人承擔(dān)有限責(zé)任21.無限責(zé)任公司Unlimited liability corporation A corporation whose members are liable if its assets are insufficient to cover its debts.在公司資不抵債時(shí)，成員應(yīng)對(duì)公司債務(wù)承擔(dān)責(zé)任的公司22.無責(zé)任公司No liability corporation A corporation whose shareholders are not obligated to pay any call for contrib

40、utions made by the firm or to pay any of the firm's debts, but will not receive any dividends if a call is due and unpaid. 一種公司類型，公司發(fā)出出資請(qǐng)求時(shí)，其股東可以不出資，股東也沒有義務(wù)為公司償還其債務(wù)，但是一旦出資請(qǐng)求通知的期限屆滿而不認(rèn)繳，就不得獲得分紅23.非跨國型企業(yè)Nonmultinational enterprise A firm organized in one country that contracts with an independent

41、foreign firm to carry out sales or purchasing abroad.建立于某一國家，與設(shè)在外國的與其相互獨(dú)立的企業(yè)訂立合同，從事境外采購或銷售的公司24.以一國為基礎(chǔ)的跨國企業(yè)National multinational enterprise A firm established in one country that operate in other countries through branches and subsidiaries.建立于某一國家，通過在其他國家設(shè)立分公司和子公司展開跨國經(jīng)營的公司25.國際型跨國企業(yè)International mu

42、ltinational enterprise A kind of multinational enterprise that operate in different countries through subsidiaries with two or more parent companies located in different states.26.母公司Parent company 作為跨國企業(yè)的總部，擁有并控制企業(yè)附屬機(jī)構(gòu)的公司Company that acts as the head office for a multinational enterprise and that o

43、wns and controls the enterprise's subordinate entities.由來自不同國家的兩個(gè)以上的母公司組成，通過子公司從事跨國經(jīng)營的企業(yè)27.分公司Branch Unit or part of the parent company. It is not separately incorporated.母公司的內(nèi)部單位或組成部分，不是獨(dú)立法人28.代理人Agent An independent person or company with authority to act on behalf of the enterprise.經(jīng)企業(yè)授權(quán)，代表企業(yè)

44、行事的獨(dú)立自然人或組織。29.代表處Representative office An enterprise's contact point where interested parties can obtain information about the company.企業(yè)設(shè)立的聯(lián)絡(luò)點(diǎn)，對(duì)公司業(yè)務(wù)有興趣的其他企業(yè)可以從中獲取信息30.子公司Subsidiary A separately incorporated company owned by a parent or a parent's holding company. 由母公司或母公司的控股公司擁有的獨(dú)立公司31.控股公

45、司Holding company Company owned by parent or parents to supervise and coordinate the operations of subsidiary companies. 一個(gè)或多個(gè)母公司擁有，監(jiān)督并協(xié)調(diào)子公司運(yùn)營的公司32.合營企業(yè)Joint venture An association of persons or companies collaborating in a business venture for more than a transitory time period.兩個(gè)以上的個(gè)人或企業(yè)為了長(zhǎng)期合作而設(shè)立的聯(lián)

46、合組織33.經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與發(fā)展組織Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development An international economic organizational of 34 market economies, founded in 1961. It's goal is to stimulate economic progress and world trade.由34個(gè)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)國家組成的政府間國際經(jīng)濟(jì)組織，成立于1961年，旨在促進(jìn)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)，推動(dòng)世界貿(mào)易發(fā)展34.反海外腐敗法Foreign Corrupt Practices

47、 Act：A law enacted by United States Congress in 1977 that prohibits American companies from foreign government officials.35.謝爾曼反壟斷法Sherman Antitrust Act A law enacted by United States Congress in 1890 that prohibit certain anticompetitive business activities.美國國會(huì)于1890年制定的一項(xiàng)調(diào)整不正當(dāng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)行為的法律36.橫向價(jià)格固定Horiz

48、ontal price fixing Competitors at the same level expressly or impliedly agreeing to charge the same price for competing products.同一水平的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者明示或者默示地同意對(duì)于競(jìng)爭(zhēng)產(chǎn)品制定相同的價(jià)格37.縱向價(jià)格固定Vertical price fixing Sellers at the same level selling goods to a buyer at a different level on the condition that the latter will

49、not resell below an agreed-upon price.同一水平的銷售者以購買者不得低于議定價(jià)轉(zhuǎn)售為條件，將產(chǎn)品出售給不同層次的購買者38.水平市場(chǎng)劃分Horizontal market division Competitors agreeing not to sell in each other's territories.競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者互相達(dá)成一致，只在自己的領(lǐng)域內(nèi)銷售產(chǎn)品39.克萊頓法Clayton Act An American law enacted in 1914 to as a supplement to the Sherman Antitrust Act b

50、y expanding its enforcement provisions and defining certain specific acts that constitute unfair business competition.美國于1914年制定的一項(xiàng)法律，是對(duì)謝爾曼法的補(bǔ)充，擴(kuò)展了謝爾曼法關(guān)于強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行的規(guī)定，確定了構(gòu)成不公平的商業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的特定的幾種具體行為40.三倍賠償金Treble damages A term in some statues that permits a court to triple the amount of the actual damages to be

51、awarded to a plaintiff, generally in order to punish the losing party for willful conduct.一些成文法中使用的術(shù)語，根據(jù)該術(shù)語，法院可將判決賠償給原告的實(shí)際損害賠償金乘以三倍，其目的是懲罰敗訴方的違法行為41.長(zhǎng)臂法案Long-arm statues Statues that define certain specific conduct of a foreigner that enable a state to exercise jurisdiction over him. 規(guī)定了外國人實(shí)施了哪些行為則可

52、以受到某一州管轄的法律，根據(jù)美國憲法的程序正義原則，除非被告與法院有最低程度接觸，否則法院不得行使管轄權(quán)。42. 效果原則effect test 如果外國企業(yè)的行為對(duì)美國商業(yè)造成影響，且影響不是微小的。43. 合理管轄原則 jurisdicational of reason 是否影響了美國的對(duì)外活動(dòng)，行為和性質(zhì)是否違反了謝爾曼法案。根據(jù)公平禮讓的原則是否應(yīng)該行使域外管轄權(quán)。42.阻卻法Blocking statues The statues enacted by foreign states, with the purpose of curtailing the extraterritoria

53、l application of American antitrust laws.外國為了限制美國反壟斷法的域外效力所制定的法律43.禁訴令A(yù)nti-Suit Injunctions Injunctions handed down by foreign courts, with the purpose of forbidding one of their nationals from initiating an antitrust suit in the United States against another of their nationals. 外國法院發(fā)出的，禁止本國國民在美國對(duì)其他

54、本國國民提起反壟斷訴訟的禁令44.產(chǎn)品責(zé)任Product liability theories（英美國家均采納，歐盟主要采用嚴(yán)格責(zé)任理論） The liability assumed by manufacturers for the injuries their defective products cause.產(chǎn)品制造者對(duì)于其缺陷產(chǎn)品造成的傷害承擔(dān)的責(zé)任45. 違約理論Breach of the contract46.過失理論negligence46.嚴(yán)格責(zé)任理論Strict liability The liability assumed by defendants （被告）for acts

55、 that are unreasonably dangerous no matter their intentions may have been or whether or not they exercised reasonable care.被告對(duì)其實(shí)施的具有不合理危險(xiǎn)的行為承擔(dān)的責(zé)任，無論其主觀上是否存在過錯(cuò)，也不論其是否盡到合理的注意義務(wù)47.不擇手段的做法Sharp practices 翻譯：Dishonest business dealings meant to obtain a benefit for an individual or firm regardless of the

56、 means used. They include such conduct as Misrepresentation and bribery.個(gè)人或企業(yè)為了獲得利益而實(shí)施的違反誠信原則、不顧方式與后果的商業(yè)手段。主要包括不正當(dāng)陳述和賄賂48.揭開公司面紗Pierce the company veil Courts' ignoring the corporate structure and exposing the shareholders to personal liability.法院否定公司的法人結(jié)構(gòu)，要求其股東承擔(dān)個(gè)人責(zé)任二、簡(jiǎn)答題。填空題1.做國際貿(mào)易的幾種方式(1)進(jìn)行進(jìn)出

57、口貿(mào)易Exporting and importing(2)設(shè)立分公司和子公司Establishing branches and subsidiaries(3)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)許可Licensing intellectual property (4)特許經(jīng)營Franchising2.商業(yè)組織的形式(1)個(gè)人獨(dú)資企業(yè)Sole proprietorship(2)合伙企業(yè)Partnership(3)合營企業(yè)Joint venture(4)公司Incorporated company(5)社團(tuán)Association(6)商業(yè)信托Business trust(7)特許經(jīng)營Franchise3.公司在大陸法系中和英

58、美法系中的分類(1)大陸法系股份公司Stock corporations 有限責(zé)任公司Limited liability companies(2)英美法系上市公司Public corporations 私人公司Private corporations 有限責(zé)任公司Limited liability companies4.成立一家公司的步驟(1)Drafting Articles of Incorporation起草公司章程(2)Finding subscribers to purchase shares尋找認(rèn)購人購買股份(3)Holding an organizational meeting召開設(shè)組織會(huì)議(4)Appointing or electing an initial board of directors指定或選舉出公司的初始股東(5)Registered with the designated public offices向指定的政府機(jī)構(gòu)辦理公司章程注冊(cè)5.公司章程必須包