詞匯學(xué)--其他構(gòu)詞方法

1、Week 6Sandy Outline1.Abbreviation 2.Back Formation3.Onomatopoeia4.Loan Words1. Dont dog the guests.2. A brook snakes east.3. Can I have a read of your paper?4. She was a very forward young lady.5. If one doctor（甲) doctors another doctor(乙）, does the doctor（甲） who doctors the doctor（乙） doctor the doc

2、tor（乙） the way the doctor（乙） he is doctoring doctors?Other Methods1.Abbreviation2.Back Formation3.Onomatopoeia4.Loan WordsAbbreviation An abbreviation (from Latin brevis, meaning short) is a shortened form of a word or phrase. Usually, but not always, it consists of a letter or group of letters take

3、n from the word or phrase. For example, the word abbreviation can itself be represented by the abbreviation abbr. or abbrev. Used in areas like. We can often find shortening words when we are reading science and technology articles, newspapers and literatures. The popularity of abbreviation prevails

4、 in almost every field, whether in everyday communication or academic research. Abbreviation was also used in area of foreign trade. In the past, businessmen communicated and transacted mainly through telegraphs. Because telegraph service was charged by the number of words, in order to save cost, th

5、e application of shortening came into wide use.Optimization Theory Shortening is consisted with the principle called optimization theory. No matter how difficult the situation is, there exists a method which can simple the complex, speed the rate, and even cut down budget. Firstly, its easier to tra

6、nsfer information and to memorize words. Secondly, it makes the passage looks brief or concise. Thirdly, its used to write notes quickly. Finally, it saves us much energy and trouble to write correct words, especially long and sophisticated ones. 1 Abbreviation1. Clipping2. Initialism3. Acronym4. Bl

7、endingClipping 截短詞1 截去詞尾 apocope1 gym-gymnasium 2 expo-exposition3 memo-memorandum 4 auto-automobile5 disco-discotheque 6 limo-limousine7 exam-examination 8 ad-advertisement2 截去詞首 aphaeresis1 burger-hamburger 2 quake-earthquake3 dozer-bulldozer 4 helicopter-copter5 aeroplane-plane 6 telephone-phone3

8、 截去首尾 front and back clipping1 refrigerator-fridge 2 influenza-flu3 script-prescription4 tec-detective4 截去詞腰 syncopepacifist- pacificistsymbology - symbolology5 縮略詞 contractionsgovt recd6 截短詞 phrase clippingtaxi-taximeter cabpub- public houseTask: Write down the complete forms of the following words

9、.1.demob2.fax3.gas4.lab5.vet6.lav7.rep8.hippo9.rhino10.stereo1.chute2.dept3.asst4.fan5.lunch6.pram7.dub8.pub9.zoo10.permTask IP IMF FBISD SOS SIMWWW WLANInitialism1.IP Internet Protocol2.IMF International Monetary Fund3.FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation4.SD Super Dollfie5.SOS 6.SIM Subscriber Iden

10、tity Module7.WWW World Wide Web8.WLAN Wireless Local Area Network 首字母縮略詞常用于社團(tuán)名稱、組織名稱、專有名詞或術(shù)語中； 多見于計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)、醫(yī)學(xué)和新聞出版刊物中； 大多是為了簡潔，有時(shí)也出于含蓄。Acronym 1. DINK2. APEC3. ASEAN4. NATO5. UNESCO6. SALT7. WASPTask Tell how the following words are made.1.Smog2.Sci-fi3.Airtel4.Medicare5.skylab1.smog （smoke + fog） fog

11、intensified by smoke 2.sci-fi (science + fiction)of, relating to, or being science fiction3.airtel (air + hotel)hotel situated at or close to an airport4 medicare (medical + care) a government program of medical care, esp. for the aged5 skylab (sky + laboratory) United States space station; in orbit

12、 from 1973 to 1979 Five types of blending according to their morphological structures. Head + tail: The first part of the first word + the last part of the second one: Head + head: the first part of the first word + the first part of the second one Head + word: the first part of the first word + who

13、le form of the second one Word + tail: whole form of the first word + the last part of the second one Word + head: whole form of the first word + first part of the second sat4.amerind5.eurasia6.autocamp1.autocide 2.humint3.telex gen 5.informedia 6.psywarFeatures of Blends The overwhelming majority o

14、f blends are nouns, very few are verbs, and adjectives are even fewer. The relation of the components of a blend can be classified into two kinds: the two parts may enjoy equal status and can be connected by “and” as in “brunch” or one component is the modificator of the other as in “psywar”. partic

15、ularly common in commercial and journalistic language(newspapers and magazines) and in writing related to science and technology. Do not use blends too often in formal writing.Back-Formation 逆構(gòu)詞與派生詞恰好相反。派生詞借用詞綴構(gòu)成新詞，而逆構(gòu)法則去掉被誤認(rèn)的后綴構(gòu)成新詞。 如televise由television刪去-ion逆生而成。先有名詞television，后有動(dòng)詞televise。1. hawk

16、er (n.叫賣的小販)-hawk 2. sculptor (n.雕刻家，雕塑家)-sculpt 3. butcher (n.)-butch (v.)4. aggression (n.侵略)-aggress (v.)5. swindler (n.詐騙犯)-swindle (v.)6. emotion (n.)-emote7. air-conditioning (n.)-air-condition 8. free-association (n.)-free-associate (v.) Onomatopoeia1 基本擬聲(primary onomatopoetic) 音與義的相似，引起音與音的

17、聯(lián)想，如buzz, crack, growl, 等。鳥獸之類動(dòng)物的叫聲都屬于這一類。Apes gibber. Asses bray. Bears growl. Beetles drone. Bulls bellow. Camels grunt. Cats mew. Ducks quack. Eagles scream. Flies buzz. Frogs croak. Geese cackle/gabble.Goats bleat. Horses neigh. Hens cluck. Larks warble. Lions roar. Magpies chatter.1.Mice squeak

18、. 2.Owls hoot. 3.Pigeons coo. 4.Snakes hiss. 5.Wolves howls. 6.Pigs squeal /grunt.次要擬聲(secondary onomatopoeia) 次要擬聲指音與某種象征性意義發(fā)生聯(lián)想。1.表示呼吸聲(breath noise)，如sniff（嗅，聞到）, snuff（氣息/使勁吸）, snore（打鼾/鼾聲）, snort（噴鼻息）等；2.表示動(dòng)作的迅速分離或移動(dòng)(quick separation or movement)，如snip（剪斷）, snap（突然折斷）, snatch（抓取，搶奪）等；3.表示爬行(cre

19、eping)，如snake, snail（蝸牛）, sneak（潛行，偷偷地走）, snoop（探聽，窺探）等。 從詞的結(jié)構(gòu)來看，英語中有些詞的組成部分帶有強(qiáng)烈的象征性含義。1. 例如輔音連綴sl-含義滑(slippery)的意義，如slide(滑行), slip(滑到,失足), slither (不穩(wěn)地滑動(dòng)), slush(爛泥), sluice(水閘；奔涌), sludge(淤泥)等。2. 此外sl-還含義某種貶義(pejorative sense)，如slattern(懶婦，妓女), slut(蕩婦，母狗), slang(俚語，粗話), sly(狡猾的), sloppy(泥濘的，濺污的), slovenly(懶散的，不修邊幅的)等。3. 再如sk-指與表面的接觸，