論文寫作講座PPT(英語科技論文撰寫與投稿)PPT通用課件

1、英語科技論文 撰寫與投稿主要參閱資料1. 任勝利. 英語科技論文撰寫與投稿 (書)2. 馬新亮. Smart Writing3.李 嬰. 英文論文寫作及投稿技巧講座4.馬 蘭. Figure it early, Figure it right & Figure it out 5. Lambers H. Preparing your results for publication6. Cook N J. Preparation, submission and publishing of scientific manuscripts in international journals 7. /bb

2、s/post/page?bid=45&sty=1&age=0英語科技論文: 撰寫與投稿1 寫作前的準(zhǔn)備2 論文的結(jié)構(gòu)安排與撰寫3 科技英語的文法與表達(dá)4 投稿及與編輯的聯(lián)系為什么要發(fā)表論文？Publish or perish (發(fā)表或者滅亡) 科研成果：如果沒有發(fā)表，就等于不曾存在； 科研人員：沒有論著發(fā)表，職業(yè)生涯將難以為繼There are three necessary steps in useful research： the first to begin it, the second to end it and the third to publish it. M. Faraday應(yīng)

3、該發(fā)表什么樣的科技論文？一點(diǎn)之見即成文;避免無意或有意的剽竊行為(即: 引述他人思想、數(shù)據(jù)或論述而不注明出處)；避免一稿多投或一稿多發(fā)；抄一篇為剽竊，抄多篇為創(chuàng)新科技英文寫作與講演 尋找創(chuàng)建模板的論文 發(fā)表于國際知名期刊； 最近35年內(nèi)發(fā)表; 至少有一位英語母語的作者 創(chuàng)建模板 句子的結(jié)構(gòu)、長度、句式變化； 動詞、轉(zhuǎn)接詞、介詞的使用； 動詞時態(tài)； 怎樣開始和結(jié)束； 如何及何時承認(rèn)他人的貢獻(xiàn)適度模仿建立語料庫閱讀“作者須知”或“投稿指南”刊物的宗旨和范圍；各欄目論文的長度、章節(jié)的順序安排, 等；采取何種體例格式? 如: 頁邊距、紙張大小、參考文獻(xiàn)的體例、圖表的準(zhǔn)備、等；履行何種形式的同行評議?多

4、長時間后能決定可否錄用英語科技論文: 撰寫與投稿1 寫作前的準(zhǔn)備2 論文的結(jié)構(gòu)安排與撰寫3 科技英語的文法與表達(dá)4 投稿及與編輯的聯(lián)系科技論文的結(jié)構(gòu)論文題名+眉題作者姓名+通訊地址摘要+關(guān)鍵詞引言(Introduction)材料與方法(Materials and methods)結(jié)果(Results)討論與結(jié)論(Discussion & Conclusion)致謝參考文獻(xiàn) Where do I start?科技論文的結(jié)構(gòu): 主體部分引言 (Introduction) 材料與方法 (Materials and methods)結(jié)果 (Results) 討論與結(jié)論 (Discussion & Co

5、nclusion)Introduction：寫作內(nèi)容綜述研究背景：概述本項(xiàng)工作的研究或觀察的理論基礎(chǔ)，給出簡明的理論或研究背景，一定要列舉重要的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)；指出存在問題：說明為什么要做這項(xiàng)工作；闡述研究目的：說明有別于他人的“主意” (Write for a range of interested scientists) “引言”要與“討論”形成“呼應(yīng)”關(guān)系 (Use your Discussion as a guideline)引言：注意事項(xiàng)應(yīng)引用“最相關(guān)”的文獻(xiàn)以指引讀者. 力戒刻意回避引用最重要的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)；避免不恰當(dāng)?shù)卮罅恳米髡弑救说奈墨I(xiàn)；解釋或定義專門術(shù)語或縮寫詞, 以幫助編輯、審稿人

6、和讀者閱讀與理解；敘述前人工作的欠缺以強(qiáng)調(diào)自己研究的創(chuàng)新時, 應(yīng)慎重且留有余地（避免“首次提出”、“重大發(fā)現(xiàn)”，等）To the authors knowledge / There is little information available in literature about；等等 科技論文的結(jié)構(gòu): 主體部分引言 (Introduction)材料與方法 (Materials and methods) 結(jié)果 (Results) 討論與結(jié)論 (Discussion & Conclusion)Materials and methods: 寫作內(nèi)容明確描述實(shí)驗(yàn)對象和方法的選擇, 醫(yī)學(xué)論文中還應(yīng)

7、說明實(shí)驗(yàn)過程是否符合倫理學(xué)要求；詳細(xì)描述實(shí)驗(yàn)方法和實(shí)驗(yàn)步驟;列舉建立方法的參考文獻(xiàn)，并做簡要描述(但不需全部重復(fù)描述);如果對已有方法進(jìn)行了新的或?qū)嵸|(zhì)性的改進(jìn)，就要清楚地說明改進(jìn)的理由材料與方法: 英文表達(dá)不可遺漏動作的執(zhí)行者：To determine its respiratory quotient, the organism was (the organism determine?)Having completed the study, the bacteria were of no further interest. (the bacteria completed the study?)

8、文獻(xiàn)引用盡量準(zhǔn)確、具體： cells were broken by as previously described9 應(yīng)改為：cells were broken by ultrasonic treatment as previously described9. 科技論文的結(jié)構(gòu): 主體部分引言 (Introduction)材料與方法 (Materials and methods)結(jié)果 (Results) 討論與結(jié)論 (Discussion & Conclusion)Results：總體要求對實(shí)驗(yàn)或觀察結(jié)果的表達(dá)要高度概括和提煉 (按邏輯順序描述或總結(jié)重要的觀察結(jié)果)；數(shù)據(jù)表達(dá)可采用文字與圖表相結(jié)

9、合的形式 (避免使用文字、圖、表重復(fù)同一數(shù)據(jù))；盡可能列出“結(jié)果”的原始數(shù)據(jù)，而不能只報道統(tǒng)計處理后的數(shù)據(jù)The choice between a Figure or a Table表格：很方便地列舉大量精確數(shù)據(jù)或資料；圖形：直觀、有效地表達(dá)復(fù)雜數(shù)據(jù)，尤其是不同組數(shù)據(jù)間的比較、關(guān)聯(lián)、趨勢等；表格和圖形應(yīng)具有“自明性” ； 圖表題名：準(zhǔn)確而清楚地表達(dá)出數(shù)據(jù)或資料的含義, 切忌簡單地描述數(shù)據(jù) 圖表是論文中的空白處 (blank area)表格的修改 Type of attackClassical PopJazzEcho addition0.0%0.1%0.27%Noise Addition1.2%

10、1.42%1.6%Band equalization2.31%2.5%2.73%Type of attack Classical (%) Pop (%) Jazz (%)Echo addition 0 0.10 0.27Noise addition 1.20 1.42 1.60Band equalization 2.31 2.50 2.73三線表 / 共用單位 / 有效數(shù)字插圖的制作不要因追求美術(shù)效果而將圖形做得過于花哨(如增加不必要的陰影或立體效果等)； 坐標(biāo)圖的標(biāo)值應(yīng)盡量取0.11000之間的數(shù)值；坐標(biāo)軸的說明應(yīng)清楚, 量和單位缺一不可照片圖必須具備高清晰度，顯微照片的放大倍數(shù)應(yīng)使用圖示法

11、(標(biāo)尺刻度)表示，照片中的符號、字母、數(shù)字等，必須在圖注中詳細(xì)說明無需使用色彩顯微照片： 清晰 明亮 對比度 字體、字號一致圖題與表題的撰寫JBC，2001，276: 4709-4716科技論文的結(jié)構(gòu): 主體部分引言 (Introduction)材料與方法 (Materials and methods)結(jié)果 (Results) 討論與結(jié)論 (Discussion & Conclusion) Discussion - 討 論“討論”的重點(diǎn)在于對研究結(jié)果的解釋和推斷, 并說明作者的結(jié)果是否支持或反對某種觀點(diǎn)、是否提出了新的問題或觀點(diǎn)等；撰寫討論時要避免含蓄, 盡量做到直接、明確, 以便審稿人和讀者

12、了解論文為什么值得引起重視（Place your results in a wider context） “Selling” my data!討論：基本內(nèi)容對結(jié)果提出說明、解釋或猜測; 根據(jù)這些結(jié)果, 能得出何種結(jié)論或推論？指出研究的局限性以及這些局限對研究結(jié)果的影響; 并建議進(jìn)一步的研究題目或方向; 指出結(jié)果的理論意義(支持或反駁相關(guān)領(lǐng)域中現(xiàn)有的理論、對現(xiàn)有理論的修正)和實(shí)際應(yīng)用討論：注意事項(xiàng)對結(jié)果的解釋要重點(diǎn)突出, 簡潔、清楚：著重討論本研究的重要發(fā)現(xiàn)，以及由此得出的結(jié)論，不要過細(xì)地重復(fù)引言或結(jié)果中的數(shù)據(jù)或資料；推論要符合邏輯, 避免實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)不足以支持的觀點(diǎn)和結(jié)論；對結(jié)果的科學(xué)意義和實(shí)際應(yīng)

13、用的表達(dá)要實(shí)事求是, 適當(dāng)留有余地；討論的最后最好是論文的最重要的結(jié)論(take-home-message)討論：時態(tài)現(xiàn)在時：具有普遍的意義推論或結(jié)論：The experimental and theoretical values for the yields agree well.Our data suggest that the reaction rate may be determined by the amount of oxygen available.過去時：所概述推論的有效性只是針對本次特定的研究：In the first series of trials, the experi

14、mental values were all lower than the theoretical predictions.Conclusion - 結(jié) 論有時也可將“結(jié)論”單獨(dú)列為一節(jié) (通?？砂ㄔ凇坝懻摗?或“結(jié)果與討論”中)； “結(jié)論”中的基本內(nèi)容: 作者本人研究的主要認(rèn)識或論點(diǎn); 總結(jié)性地闡述本研究結(jié)果可能的應(yīng)用前景、研究的局限性及需要進(jìn)一步深入的研究方向; 結(jié)論中不應(yīng)涉及新的事實(shí), 也不能簡單地重復(fù)摘要、引言、結(jié)果或討論等章節(jié)中的句子科技論文的結(jié)構(gòu)論文題名+眉題作者姓名+通訊地址摘要+關(guān)鍵詞引言(Introduction)材料與方法(Materials and methods)結(jié)果

15、(Results)討論與結(jié)論(Discussion & Conclusion)致謝參考文獻(xiàn) Where do I start?科技論文的結(jié)構(gòu): 篇前部分論文題名+眉題 (Running Title)作者姓名+通訊地址摘要+關(guān)鍵詞Title題名 以最少數(shù)量的單詞來充分表述論文的內(nèi)容題名的作用 吸引讀者. 題名相當(dāng)于論文的“標(biāo)簽”(label), 題名如果表達(dá)不當(dāng), 就會失去其應(yīng)有的作用, 使真正需要它的讀者錯過閱讀論文的機(jī)會； 幫助文獻(xiàn)追蹤或檢索. 文獻(xiàn)檢索系統(tǒng)多以題名中的主題詞作為線索, 因而這些詞必須要準(zhǔn)確地反映論文的核心內(nèi)容, 否則就有可能產(chǎn)生漏檢題名: 基本要求準(zhǔn)確(Accuracy)：

16、準(zhǔn)確地反映論文的內(nèi)容；簡潔(Brevity)：中文最好不超過20個漢字，英文最好不超過10 12個單詞；清楚(Clarity)：清晰地反映文章的具體內(nèi)容和特色, 力求簡潔有效、重點(diǎn)突出 盡可能將表達(dá)核心內(nèi)容的主題詞放在題名開頭； 慎重使用縮略語； 避免使用化學(xué)式、上下角標(biāo)、特殊符號(數(shù)字符號、希臘字母等)、公式等; 避免使用Thoughts on ., Regarding , Study, 等 論文題名舉例Bad: Action of antibiotics on bacteriaBad: Preliminary observations on the effect of certain an

17、tibiotics on various species of bacteriaGood: Action of Streptomycin on Mycobacterium tuberculosis Better: Inhibition of growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Streptomycin 論文題名舉例：介詞問題Bad: Linear programming method of optimization of systems of partial differential equationGood: Linear programming

18、method for optimization of partial differential equation systems (偏微分方程系統(tǒng)最優(yōu)化的線性程序設(shè)計方法)Bad: Formulation of equations of vertical motion of finite element form for vehicle-bridge interaction systemGood: Finite element based formulations for vehicle-bridge interaction system considering vertical motion

19、車橋相互作用系統(tǒng)有限元形式的豎向運(yùn)動方程論文題名舉例: 縮略語的使用The effects of air pollutants on taking of SARS GEE 用廣義估計方程研究大氣污染對SARS發(fā)病的影響 GEEgeneralized estimating equation The quarantine measures and preventative countermeasures of preventing the propagation of RIFA through international shippings 防止紅火蚊隨國際航行船舶傳播的檢疫措施與防控對策 RIF

20、Ared imported fire ant題名類型名詞詞組: Inositol trisphosphate and calcium signaling (三磷酸肌醇和鈣信號表達(dá) ) 主副題名: WAF1：A potential mediator of p53 tumor suppression (WAF1: p53腫瘤抑制作用的一個可能介導(dǎo)因子)系列題名: Density-functional thermochemistry. III. The role of exact exchange (密度函數(shù)的熱化學(xué): 3. 正解交換的作用)陳述性題名: The p21 Cdk-interactin

21、g protein Cip1 is a potent inhibitor of G1 cyclin-dependent kinases (p21 Cdk作用蛋白(又稱Cip1)是G1細(xì)胞周期依賴性蛋白激酶的強(qiáng)抑制劑)疑問句題名: When is a bird not a bird?Running Title (眉題)用于論文的頁眉是論文題名的縮寫，一般不超過40個字符應(yīng)包含論文中最核心的內(nèi)容期刊的習(xí)慣Running Title：舉例題目：WAF1: p53腫瘤抑制作用的一個可能介導(dǎo)因子 WAF1：A potential mediator of p53 tumor suppression 眉題：

22、WAF1 as a mediator of p53 function題目：淋巴細(xì)胞再循環(huán)和白細(xì)胞遷移中的路徑信號: Traffic signals for lymphocyte recirculation and leukocyte emigration: the multistep 眉題：Traffic signals for leukocyte circulation科技論文的結(jié)構(gòu): 篇前部分論文題名+眉題作者姓名+通訊地址 摘要+關(guān)鍵詞Who are the authors?國際醫(yī)學(xué)期刊編輯委員會(ICMJE)有關(guān)作者資格的界定: (1) 課題的構(gòu)思與設(shè)計，資料的分析和解釋；(2) 文稿

23、的寫作或?qū)ζ渲兄匾獙W(xué)術(shù)內(nèi)容作重大修改；(3) 參與最后定稿，并同意投稿和出版 以上3項(xiàng)條件應(yīng)全部具備方可成為作者; 作者的排列順序應(yīng)由所有作者共同決定; 每位作者都應(yīng)該能夠就論文的全部內(nèi)容向公眾負(fù)責(zé)Who is the first author?論文的執(zhí)筆人或主要撰寫者應(yīng)該是第一作者；貢獻(xiàn)相同作者的表達(dá)： 共同第一作者, 通訊作者(To whom correspondence should be addressed / Correspondence author), 這些作者對研究工作的貢獻(xiàn)是相同的避免“搭車”署名、不能遺漏應(yīng)該署名的作者、不可擅自將知名人士署為作者之一以提高論文聲譽(yù)和影響作者

24、姓名的拼音表達(dá)方式國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(GB/T 16159-1996) : 漢語人名按姓和名分寫, 姓和名的開頭字母大寫, 如: Wang Jianguo (王建國), Dongfang Shuo (東方朔), Zhuge Kongming (諸葛孔明), 等；“中國學(xué)術(shù)期刊(光盤版)檢索與評價數(shù)據(jù)規(guī)范” ：姓前名后, 姓氏的全部字母均大寫, 復(fù)姓應(yīng)連寫. 名字的首字母大寫, 雙名中間加連字符; 名字不縮寫. 如: ZHANG Ying (張穎), WANG Xi-lian (王錫聯(lián)), ZHUGE Hua (諸葛華)作者姓名的拼音表達(dá)方式國外期刊一般會尊重作者對自己姓名的表達(dá)方式(但大多傾向于大寫字母

25、只限于姓和名的首字母)；發(fā)表于“Nature”(2002, 415: 732)的一篇短文中3位作者姓名的表達(dá)分別為 Shengli Ren, Guangan Zu, Hong-fei Wang (任勝利, 祖廣安, 王鴻飛)縮寫: Ren S, Zu G, Wang H F應(yīng)盡量采用相對固定的英文姓名的表達(dá)形式, 以減少在文獻(xiàn)檢索和論文引用中被他人誤解的可能性作者地址的標(biāo)署盡可能地給出詳細(xì)的通訊地址；如果論文出版時作者調(diào)到一個新的地址, 新地址應(yīng)以“Present address”(現(xiàn)地址)的形式在腳注中給出； 如果第一作者不是通訊作者, 作者應(yīng)按期刊的相關(guān)規(guī)定表達(dá), 并提前告訴編輯. 期刊多

26、以星號(*)、腳注或致謝的形式標(biāo)注通訊作者或聯(lián)系人科技論文的結(jié)構(gòu): 篇前部分論文題名+眉題作者姓名+通訊地址摘要+關(guān)鍵詞 Abstract摘 要：以提供文獻(xiàn)內(nèi)容梗概為目的, 不加評論和補(bǔ)充解釋, 簡明、確切地記敘文獻(xiàn)重要內(nèi)容的短文；摘要的類型(1) 報道性摘要: 全面、簡要地概括論文的目的、方法、主要數(shù)據(jù)和結(jié)論. 結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要(2) 指示性摘要：只簡要概括論文的主題；(3) 報道-指示性摘要: 以報道性摘要的形式表述論文中的信息價值較高的部分, 以指示性摘要的形式表述其余部分Structured Abstract (結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要) 是報道性摘要的結(jié)構(gòu)化表達(dá)(1) 目的(Objective): 研究

27、的問題、目的或設(shè)想等;(2) 設(shè)計(Design): 研究的基本設(shè)計, 樣本的選擇;(3) 單位(Setting): 開展研究的單位;(4) 對象(Patients, Participants): 研究對象的信息;(5) 處置(Interventions): 處置方法;(6) 主要結(jié)果測定(Main Outcome Measures): 實(shí)驗(yàn)過程;(7) 結(jié)果(Results): 研究的主要發(fā)現(xiàn);(8) 結(jié)論(Conclusions): 主要結(jié)論及其潛在應(yīng)用結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要的類型New England Journal of MedicineBackground, Methods, Results,

28、ConclusionsThe LancetBackground, Methods, Findings, InterpretationJAMAContext, Objective, Design, Setting, Patients, Interventions, Main Outcome Measures, Results, Conclusion摘要：撰寫技巧 (1)應(yīng)大致包括IMRD 結(jié)構(gòu)的論文寫作模式；使用簡短的句子, 用詞應(yīng)為潛在讀者所熟悉； 注意表述的邏輯性, 盡量使用指示性的詞語來表達(dá)論文的不同部分(層次) 如使用“研究表明”(We found that)表示結(jié)果; 使用“通過對.的

29、分析，認(rèn)為 ”(Based on, we suggest that)表示討論等摘要：撰寫技巧 (2)確保摘要的“獨(dú)立性” 或“自明性”: 盡量避免引用文獻(xiàn)、圖表和縮寫；盡量避免使用化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)式、數(shù)學(xué)表達(dá)式、角標(biāo)和希臘文等特殊符號；可適當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)研究中的創(chuàng)新、重要之處; 盡量包括論文的主要論點(diǎn)和重要細(xì)節(jié)(重要的論證或數(shù)據(jù))Despite the remarkable thermochemical accuracy of Kohn-Sham density-functional theories with gradient corrections for exchange-correlation see

30、, for example, A. D. Becke, J. Chem. Phys. 96, 2155 (1992), we believe that further improvements are unlikely unless exact-exchange information is considered. Arguments to support this view are presented, and 報道+指示性摘要Keywords (關(guān)鍵詞)不要使用過于寬泛的詞做關(guān)鍵詞(例如：有機(jī)化合物，生態(tài)科學(xué)，等等)，以免失去檢索的作用；避免使用自定的縮略語、縮寫字作為關(guān)鍵詞，除非是科學(xué)界

31、公認(rèn)的專有縮寫字(如: DNA); 關(guān)鍵詞的數(shù)量要適中科技論文的結(jié)構(gòu)論文題名+眉題作者姓名+通訊地址摘要+關(guān)鍵詞引言(Introduction)材料與方法(Materials and methods)結(jié)果(Results)討論與結(jié)論(Discussion & Conclusion)致謝參考文獻(xiàn) Where do I start?科技論文的結(jié)構(gòu): 篇尾部分致 謝 (Acknowledgements) 參考文獻(xiàn) (References)Acknowledgements對于不夠署名條件, 但對研究成果確有貢獻(xiàn)者, 可以“致謝”的形式列出, 作為致謝的對象通常包括: 協(xié)助研究的實(shí)驗(yàn)人員; 為研究提供方

32、便(儀器、測試等) 的機(jī)構(gòu)或人員; 提出過指導(dǎo)性意見的人員; 資金資助項(xiàng)目或類別(但不宜列出得到經(jīng)費(fèi)的數(shù)量)致謝：盡量具體、如實(shí)應(yīng)盡量指出致謝對象的具體幫助與貢獻(xiàn)； 致謝某人可能暗含著某人贊同論文的觀點(diǎn)或結(jié)論: 如果被感謝的人并不同意論文的全部觀點(diǎn)或結(jié)論, 那么論文公開后被感謝的人和作者都會很尷尬； 表示應(yīng)有的禮貌和尊重: 投稿前應(yīng)請所有被感謝的對象閱讀論文的定稿(尤其要包括“致謝”部分), 以獲得允許或默認(rèn)致謝：用詞要恰當(dāng)致謝的開始就用“We thank”, 不要使用“We wish to thank”, “We would like to thank”, 等； 如果說“I wish to

33、thank Jones for ”則是在浪費(fèi)單詞, 并且也可能蘊(yùn)含著我希望感謝John Jones的幫助, 但這種幫助并不那么大); 用“I thank Jones”更顯得簡明和真誠科技論文的結(jié)構(gòu): 篇尾部分致 謝 (Acknowledgements)參考文獻(xiàn) (References) References：基本原則所選用文獻(xiàn)的主題必須與論文密切相關(guān);必須是親自閱讀過;優(yōu)先引用論文: 最新發(fā)表/特定期刊/特定作者;避免過多的作者自引;遵循擬投稿期刊的體例要求； 確保文獻(xiàn)各著錄項(xiàng)(作者姓名, 論文題目, 期刊或?qū)Ｖ? 等)正確無誤參考文獻(xiàn)的體例類型有250種以上的參考文獻(xiàn)列舉形式 (著錄項(xiàng)的取

34、舍、著錄項(xiàng)的編排順序、字體變化、標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號等方面)；正文中參考文獻(xiàn)的標(biāo)注類型: 著者-出版年體系(name - year system，N-Y); 順序編碼體系(citation - order system或citation - sequence system，C-S); 著者-數(shù)字(順序編碼)體系(alphabet - number system，A-N)ReferencesBai CH 1995Cerny L, and Lenton1995Wu GH, Hu CH, Roedder H1995Zou AQ, Han AH, Chen AF2004Worldwide research on

35、pegmatites has involved the study of their petrogenesis (Solodov, 2002), classification (Cerny and Lenton, 1995), texture and structure (Zou et al., 2004), rare element geochemistry (Li, 1982a, 1982b, 1991), mineralogy (Roedder, 1984), and experimental petrology (Bai, 1995; Zeng and Jin, 1995; Wu et

36、 al., 1995). 著者-出版年體系References1. Solodov F2002 2. Cerny L, and Lenton1995 9. Zou AQ, Han AH, Chen AF200410. Wu GH, Hu CH, Roedder H1995Worldwide research on pegmatites has involved the study of their petrogenesis1, classification2, texture and structure3, rare element geochemistry4-6, mineralogy7 a

37、nd experimental petrology8-10 . 順序編碼體系References1. Bai CH 19952. Cerny L, and Lenton1995 7. Solodov F2002 9. Wu GH, Hu CH, Roedder H199510 Zou AQ, Han AH, Chen AF2004Worldwide research on pegmatites has involved the study of their petrogenesis7, classification2, texture and structure10, rare element

38、 geochemistry3-5, mineralogy6 and experimental petrology1,9,8 . 著者-數(shù)字體系Worldwide research on pegmatites has involved the study of their petrogenesis, classification, texture and structure, rare element geochemistry, mineralogy, and experimental petrology (Solodov, 1962; Zou and Xu, 1975; Zou et al.,

39、 1986; Kuzminko, 1976; Makagon, 1977; Makagon and Shmakin, 1988; Luan, 1979; Wang, 1982; Shmakin, 1983; London, 1981, 1986, 1998; Cerny, 1982a, 1982b, 1991; Cerny et al., 1986; Cerny and Lenton, 1995; Roedder, 1984; Walker et al., 1986; Wang et al.,1987; Chu and Wang, 1987; Wang et al.,1987; Zhang e

40、t al., 1987; Zhao et al., 1993; Li et al.,1983; Li ,1987; Li et al.,1994, 1998, 1999a, 1999b, 2000; Bai, 1995; Zeng and Jin, 1995; Wu et al., 1995; Lu and Wang,1997; Feng, 1998). 36 references in one sentence!Better would be give just 2-3 pertinent references in a proper context.Long strings of refe

41、rences are not helpful if given without any kind of context. Huang, Z.L., Han, R.S., Chen, J., Li, W.P., Xu, C., 2001. Ore-forming element contents of the periphery strata of the Huize Pb-Zn mine and Emeishan basalts and their significance. In: Hu, R.Z., Bi, X.W. (Eds.), Annual Report of the Open La

42、b. of Ore Deposit Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guizhou Science and Technology Publishing House, Guiyang, p. 99-103. (in Chinese with English abstract).Publications in Chinese should be indicated. Take special care when citing papers that are contained in books or other non-serial publi

43、cations. Details of the Editor and Publisher should always be given. Denisova, E.A., 1985. The deformation history of Nurali ultrabasic massif (South Urals). Izvestia Akademy Nauk SSSR (Geology series) 5, 25-36. (in Russian).Brandenstein, M., Janda, L., Schroll, E., 1960. Seltene Elemente in sterrei

44、chischen Kohlen- und Bitumengesteinen. Tschermaks Mineralogisch-Petrographische Mitteilungen 7, 260-285. Accents or other characters may a part of that language dont ignore!Barca, S., Eltrudis, A., 1994. Attribution lEocarbonifre de flysch des nappes infrieures “ marbres” du Sud-Est de la Sardaigne

45、(Italie). Comptes Rendus de lAcadmie des Sciences 319 (II), 1407-1414.Always give the original title of publications in other languages using the French, German, Spanish, Portuguese etc., but the translated title of titles written in other alphabets (e.g. Russian, Japanese)參考文獻(xiàn)的引用格式舉例Chinese Sci Bul

46、lRen, S. L., Rousseau, R., International visibility of Chinese scientific journals, Scientometrics, 2002, 53: 389405NatureRen, S. & Rousseau, R. International visibility of Chinese scientific journals. Scientometrics, 2002, 53(3): 389405ScienceS. Ren, R. Rousseau, Scientometrics 53, 389 (2002)Proc N

47、atl Acad Sci USARen, S. & Rousseau, R. (2002) Scientometrics 53, 389405英語科技論文: 撰寫與投稿1 寫作前的準(zhǔn)備2 論文的結(jié)構(gòu)安排與撰寫3 科技英語的文法與表達(dá)4 投稿及與編輯的聯(lián)系科技英語文體特點(diǎn): 詞義明確、結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、文風(fēng)比較樸素和單純；非英語母語作者的表達(dá)問題： 句子內(nèi)容的連貫性, 論述的邏輯性, 語法的正確程度, 作者熟練使用語言表達(dá)論點(diǎn)的能力, 論文中各部分的組織結(jié)構(gòu)是否層次分明, 等等Very long sentencesIn English, the main idea and each supporting

48、 idea is typically written in separate sentences.One can usually recognize a very long sentence by its length sixty words or more. However, sentences of smaller lengths can also be too long if they contain multiple statements that confuse the main idea. 英文表達(dá)注意事項(xiàng) (1)Too long: The gear transmission is

49、 grade seven, the gear gap is 0.00012 radians, the gear gap has different output values corresponding to any given input value, nonlinearity of the gear gap model can be described by using the phase function method, the existing backlash block in the non-linear library of the Matlab/zdimulink toolbo

50、x can be used, the initial value of gear gap in the backlash block is set to zero.Correct: The gear transmission is grade seven. The gear gap, which is 0.00012 radians, has different output values corresponding to any given input value. The nonlinearity of the gear gap model can be described by usin

51、g the phase function method. The existing backlash block in the non-linear library of the Matlab/zdimulink toolbox can be used; the initial value of gear gap in the backlash block is set to zero. Too long: where m is the mass of the heavy disk mounted at the mid-span of a massless elastic shaft, e i

52、s the eccentricity of the mass center from the geometric center of the disk, is the angle between the orientation of the eccentricity and the axis, k and k are the stiffness coefficients in two principal directions of shaft respectively, c is the viscous damping coefficient of the shaft and the disk

53、, is the rotating speed, Correct: Wherem is the mass of the heavy disk mounted at the mid-span of a massless elasticshaft,e is the eccentricity of the mass center from the geometric center of the disk, is the angle between the orientation of the eccentricity and the axis, k and k are the stiffness c

54、oefficients in the two principal directions of the shaft,c is the viscous damping coefficient of the shaft and the disk, is the rotating speed, Main idea at the beginning Bring the main idea to the beginning of the sentence stating any purpose, locations, reasons, etc., afterwards. Incorrect: To ens

55、ure sheet metal quality as well as assembly quality, CMMs are widely used in automotive industry production.Correct: CMMs are widely used in automotive industry production to ensure sheet metal quality as well as assembly quality.英文表達(dá)注意事項(xiàng) (2)In this paper, in this studyIn some papers written by Chin

56、ese, these phrases can occur as much as twice per page. In papers written by native English writers these phrases are reserved for primarily two uses.Actually, the reader is aware that the work presented is by the author (unless the author states otherwise) so there is no reason to repeat these phra

57、ses.英文表達(dá)注意事項(xiàng) (3)The study (or research) is the work the author(s) did. The paper is the mode to present this work and is what the reader is holding/reading. (This paper present) Awkward: In this paper, IDEAS was used to .Correct: In this study, IDEAS was used to.Awkward: In the paper, a SZG4031 towi

58、ng tractor is used as the sample vehicle, it components Correct: In this study, a SZG4031 towing tractor is used as the sample vehicle, it components at home / abroadInternational papers should not use location dependant terms such as at home, abroad, here, our country because the reader most likely

59、 is not Chinese and not in China. at home, our country = in Chinaabroad = outside Chinaoverseas = outside the mainland of China 英文表達(dá)注意事項(xiàng) (4)Arabic NumbersShould never be used at the beginning of sentencesShould not be used to give general information 11 parameters were selected for the experiment. E

60、leven parameters were selected for the experiment. All 3 studies concluded that the mean temperature should be 30 C. All three studies concluded that the mean temperature should be 30 C.英文表達(dá)注意事項(xiàng) (5)Avoid redundancyresearch work = research / worklimit condition = limit / conditionsketch map = sketch