考研英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)語(yǔ)法實(shí)例講解

1、考研英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)語(yǔ)法實(shí)例講解扎實(shí)的語(yǔ)法功底對(duì)于考研解題是很重要的.據(jù)總結(jié),最令大多數(shù)考研學(xué)生頭疼的基礎(chǔ)語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象主要有以下幾項(xiàng):英語(yǔ)的基本句式,形容詞性(定語(yǔ))從句,名詞性從句(主語(yǔ)從句,表語(yǔ)從句,賓語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句),副詞性(狀語(yǔ))從句,As 的用法.下面將對(duì)以上語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)詳解,并通過(guò)練習(xí)進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)化對(duì)它們的掌握.一,英語(yǔ)的基本句式 (一)英語(yǔ)句子的主要成分英語(yǔ)句子主要由主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)(直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)),定語(yǔ),狀語(yǔ),補(bǔ)語(yǔ)(主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)),表語(yǔ)(主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的一種),同位語(yǔ),感嘆語(yǔ),插入語(yǔ)等構(gòu)成.(二)英語(yǔ)的五大句式一)主 + 系 + 表語(yǔ)例如:You are a baby. 系動(dòng)詞:聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞(

2、Link Verb)是一種表示謂語(yǔ)關(guān)系的動(dòng)詞,作為系動(dòng)詞,它本身有詞義,但不能單獨(dú)用作謂語(yǔ),后邊必須跟表語(yǔ),構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的狀況,性質(zhì),特征等情況.系動(dòng)詞可以是be動(dòng)詞,也可以是某些實(shí)義動(dòng)詞.例如:The dog looks dangerous. 五大類(lèi)常見(jiàn)系動(dòng)詞:1)be動(dòng)詞-用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)狀態(tài). 例如:He is a teacher. 2)持續(xù)類(lèi)-用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度. 這類(lèi)系動(dòng)詞主要有: 例如:I am sorry to have kept you waiting. This matter rests a mystery. 3)表象類(lèi)-用來(lái)表示看起來(lái)像這一概念 這類(lèi)系

3、動(dòng)詞主要有: 例如: He seems (to be) very sad. 4)感官類(lèi)-用來(lái)表示感覺(jué)觸覺(jué)等這類(lèi)系動(dòng)詞主要有: 例1:It sounds reasonable. 例2:-Do you like this sweater -Yes, it _ very soft. A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is felt 5)變化類(lèi)-這些系動(dòng)詞表示主語(yǔ)變成什么樣這類(lèi)系動(dòng)詞主要有: 例如:It worried her a bit that her hair was turning gray.The rumor proved false. His plan t

4、urned out a success. 二) 主語(yǔ)+不及物動(dòng)詞+(狀語(yǔ))例如: He changed a lot.You cried loudly.注意:該句型可接狀語(yǔ).當(dāng)一句話(huà)中存在多個(gè)狀語(yǔ)時(shí),狀語(yǔ)的排列順序一般為:地點(diǎn)/方式/目的/原因/時(shí)間/(never等頻度副詞置于句中,實(shí)義動(dòng)詞前,系動(dòng)詞,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞等助動(dòng)詞后).例如:President Nixon came to China by a special plane for an official visit at the invitation of Chinas government in 1972 after there had b

5、een about 40 years of separation between the two governments.三) 主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)(及物動(dòng)詞)+賓語(yǔ)例如:I love you 注意:當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)為動(dòng)詞意義時(shí),用to do形式或者doing形式.英語(yǔ)中只有少部分動(dòng)詞接doing形式,其余均接to do形式;還有一些既可接to do形式又可接doing形式,沒(méi)有什么區(qū)別;但有些接to do形式或doing形式意義有區(qū)別,應(yīng)區(qū)別記憶. 1)下列動(dòng)詞常以doing形式作賓語(yǔ): 2)下列動(dòng)詞可接to do形式或doing形式作賓語(yǔ): 3)下列動(dòng)詞可接to do形式或doing形式作賓語(yǔ),但意義不同:

6、四) 主+及物動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)例如:I will give you a book. =I will give a book to you. My mother made me a new dress. 可以帶雙賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞主要有: 買(mǎi)賣(mài)關(guān)系: buy, pay, cost 給予關(guān)系: give, grant ,pass, offer, bring, send 借還關(guān)系: lend, return, owe 說(shuō)服關(guān)系: tell, persuade 命名選舉關(guān)系:name, call, elect, select 其他關(guān)系:wish, envy, make 注意:直接賓語(yǔ)與間接賓語(yǔ)對(duì)調(diào)時(shí),

7、應(yīng)加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~: 1) 等 + to 2) 等 + for 3)+ of 4)+on 五) 主語(yǔ)+ 謂語(yǔ) + 賓語(yǔ) + 賓補(bǔ)(補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)狀態(tài)) 例如:I will make you happy 注意: 1)以名詞為賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞主要有:若補(bǔ)語(yǔ)是指一個(gè)人可以擔(dān)任的職位時(shí),便應(yīng)省略冠詞.例如: 比較They elected him Present. He made her a servant. 2)以不定式為賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)是感官動(dòng)詞或使役動(dòng)詞,to應(yīng)省略;但變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)應(yīng)補(bǔ)上 to.例如:I often see him help others. 3)現(xiàn)在分詞或過(guò)去分詞也可為賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ):

8、 例如:I found the man stealing the money. He cant make himself understood. I heard my name called. 二,英語(yǔ)的三大類(lèi)從句從句是相對(duì)于主句而言的,即它是從屬于某一個(gè)主句,而不能單獨(dú)作一個(gè)句子.在英語(yǔ)中,主要有三大類(lèi)從句,即形容詞性從句(定語(yǔ)從句),名詞性從句(包括主語(yǔ)從句,表語(yǔ)從句,賓語(yǔ)從句,同位語(yǔ)從句),副詞性從句(即狀語(yǔ)從句,包括時(shí)間,地點(diǎn),原因,目的,結(jié)果,條件,讓步,方式,比較等).(一)定語(yǔ)從句說(shuō)到定語(yǔ)從句,大家都不感到陌生,它是考研題中經(jīng)常見(jiàn)到的一類(lèi)從句.例如2006年考研真題的完形填空題中

9、:Even when homeless individuals manage to find a shelter that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day wandering the street. 下面我們來(lái)仔細(xì)剖析一下這類(lèi)從句及其用法.一)有關(guān)定語(yǔ)從句的基本概念1. 定語(yǔ)從句(Attributive Clause)是一個(gè)具有完整的主謂結(jié)構(gòu),并在主句中擔(dān)任定語(yǔ)的從句,它通常置于所修飾的名詞或代詞之后.2.

10、 先行詞(Antecedent)是指被定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的名詞或代詞,它通常位于定語(yǔ)從句之前.例如:Time and time again there are serious accidents that pollute the air.Anyone who sees the lion is asked to telephone the zoo and the police.注:1. 先行詞并不一定都是詞,它除了由名詞或代詞充當(dāng)外,還可以由下列成分充當(dāng):1)一個(gè)短語(yǔ)例如:Many lifes problems which were solved by asking family members,

11、friends or colleague are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. (1995) 2)一個(gè)分句例如:The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be. (2004) 3)一個(gè)完整的句子例

12、如:I was late for school this morning, which made my teacher very angry. 2. 如何確定先行詞要想正確找到先行詞,首先要理解定語(yǔ)從句的意思,然后根據(jù)從句的意思來(lái)找在其之前并能與其構(gòu)成邏輯語(yǔ)義聯(lián)系的先行詞.例如:For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of _that came from being a loyal employee. (1997)A. excitementB. convictionC. confidenceD. im

13、portance3. 關(guān)系詞(relative word)是指引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的連詞.關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞who, whom, whose, which和that等;關(guān)系副詞有when, where, why等.關(guān)系詞不僅在主句和分句間起連接作用,而且還代表先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中擔(dān)任一定的句子成分;關(guān)系代詞作主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ),定語(yǔ),表語(yǔ)等,關(guān)系副詞作狀語(yǔ).關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞的選用,取決于先行詞的意義.先行詞表人,則用who或that;表物則用which或that;表時(shí)間則用when;表地方則用where;表原因則用why(先行詞只可用reason).關(guān)系代詞的格則取決于它在從句中的地位.例如:This is t

14、he book that my father bought me yesterday. The time when he arrives is not known. The fire also destroyed cars which belonged to people who worked in the building. 二)定語(yǔ)從句的種類(lèi)及關(guān)系詞的用法:1. 限制性定語(yǔ)從句(restrictive attributive clause):在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,從句對(duì)先行詞起限制作用,二者關(guān)系密切.如果沒(méi)有從句,將會(huì)影響全句的意義,因此從句和先行詞之間通常不用逗號(hào)分開(kāi).1)先行詞表人時(shí),關(guān)

15、系詞由關(guān)系代詞who,whom,whose,that擔(dān)任:(1)在從句中作主語(yǔ)用who或that(以who居多)例如:He had some friends who /that worked in the office there. (2)作賓語(yǔ)用whom(需置于從句之首), who,that或省略例如:The boy (whom/who/that) we saw yesterday was Johns brother. (3)作定語(yǔ)用whose(需置于從句之首,有時(shí)可用of which替換)例如:The couple whose photo I took at the party was v

16、ery pleased with it. He has a book whose cover (=the cover of which) is very beautiful.注:l關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可用who/that或省略,但介詞須置于從句之后.例如:This is the girl (who/that) I told you of the other day. l書(shū)面語(yǔ)中多用whom,但介詞可置于從句之前或之后.例如:The teacher from whom I learnt most /whom I learnt most from was Mrs. Zhu.l如介詞與動(dòng)詞已組成短語(yǔ)

17、動(dòng)詞,一般則須置于從句之后(與動(dòng)詞不分開(kāi)).例如:The machine which I have looked after for twenty years, is still working well. lWhose也可置于介詞之后作定語(yǔ),介詞須置于從句之前.例如:The boss in whose department Mr. King worked had heard about the accident.2)先行詞表物時(shí),關(guān)系詞由關(guān)系代詞which或that擔(dān)任,在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)(常省略).例如:He had many merchant ships which traded wi

18、th other countries.There are some jobs (that) men cant do very well. 注:當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞that和which在從句中作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí),用法有些不同.lwhich作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí),介詞即可置于從句之首(which緊跟其后),也可置于從句之末(which置于從句之首),單一置于句首較為正式.例如:One subject to which country music often returns is the good old days. l如介詞與動(dòng)詞已組成短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,一般則須置于從句之后(與動(dòng)詞不分開(kāi)).例如:Is this the watch

19、 which he was looking for lThat作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí),介詞只可置于從句之末.例如:If it is a book on a subject that you are interested in, you will want to chew and digest it. 總之,只要介詞置于從句之末,用which/that或省略均可.例如:That is the exhibition (which/that) you should go to. 3)先行詞表時(shí)間時(shí),關(guān)系詞由關(guān)系副詞when擔(dān)任,在從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ).例如:This was at a time when ther

20、e was no radio, TV or cinema. 4)先行詞表地方時(shí),關(guān)系詞由關(guān)系副詞where擔(dān)任,在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ).例如:Today many of them live in special areas where they can continue their way of life. 5)先行詞表原因時(shí)(只有reason一詞),關(guān)系詞由關(guān)系副詞why擔(dān)任,在從句中作原因狀語(yǔ),先行詞在句中常省略.例如:I do not know (the reason) why they quarreled. 注:l關(guān)系副詞when和where有時(shí)可用介詞+which代替,why可用for

21、which代替.例如:There are occasions when one must yield. Beijing is the place where I was born. Is this the reason why he refused our offer l先行詞雖然是時(shí)間或地點(diǎn),但若在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí),要用關(guān)系代詞.例如:比較:The factory where his father worked has closed. The factory which/that was built in 1978 has closed. 比較:Ill never forget th

22、e days when we lived together. Ill never forget the days (that) we spent in Australia. 比較:The reason (why) she was ill was that she had eaten bad meat. The reason (that) he gave for his absence was obviously fabricated.2. 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句(nonrestrictive attributive clause):在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,從句與先行詞關(guān)系比較松散,用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi).1)先行

23、詞表人時(shí),關(guān)系詞由關(guān)系代詞who,whom,whose擔(dān)任(that不能擔(dān)任非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞):(1)在從句中作主語(yǔ)用who例如:Martin Luther King, Jr., who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964, was an important political leader in the USA. (2)作賓語(yǔ)用whom(需置于從句之首), who例如:That man, whom/who I met yesterday, is a film director. (3)作定語(yǔ)用whose(需置于從句之首)例如: My brother,

24、whose arms had been broken by the police, was not taken to the hospital. 注:l關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí),可用whom,介詞須置于從句之首.例如:These papers belong to Bernard, with whom I am sharing a room. lwhom常作of屬格的賓語(yǔ).例如:About 2,000 people, many of whom were Europeans, worked on the project. lwhose也可置于介詞之后作of屬格賓語(yǔ)中的定語(yǔ).例如:I decided t

25、o write about Chaplin, one of whose films I had seen several years before. 2)先行詞表物時(shí),關(guān)系詞由關(guān)系代詞which擔(dān)任(that不能擔(dān)任非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞),在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ).例如:The dam, which is the biggest in the world, is 3,830 meters long. 注:關(guān)系代詞which在從句中可用作介詞賓語(yǔ),介詞可置于從句之首或從句之末;并常用作of屬格的賓語(yǔ).例如:It was like stepping into a secret art museum

26、, in which we were the only visitors. North Island is famous for an area of hot springs, some of which throw hot water high into the air. 3)先行詞表時(shí)間時(shí),關(guān)系詞由關(guān)系副詞when擔(dān)任,在從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ).例如:Agriculture first started about 10,000 years ago, when people began to grow crops in the river valleys of the Nile in Egypt,

27、 in the Middle East and in India. 4)先行詞表地方時(shí),關(guān)系詞由關(guān)系副詞where擔(dān)任,在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ).例如:He returned to Dublin, where he formed his own pop group. 3.判斷是否由that來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句1)習(xí)慣上要用that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句(1)當(dāng)先行詞是指物的all, little, few, much, any, anything, everything, nothing, none, the one時(shí),或先行詞被all, little, few, much, any, every, no等修飾時(shí)

28、.例如:All that can be done has been done. He will tell you everything that he heard about it.(2)先行詞是序數(shù)詞或最高級(jí)形容詞時(shí),或者先行詞被序數(shù)詞(包括last, next),最高級(jí)形容詞及the only, the very等修飾時(shí).例如:This is the first film that I have seen since I came here.(3)先行詞包括人和物時(shí).例如:They often talk about the people and the things that they a

29、re interested in. (4)當(dāng)主句是以who或which開(kāi)頭的疑問(wèn)句時(shí),為了避免重復(fù),多用that引導(dǎo).例如:Which is the house that caught fire last night Who is the lady that is playing the piano 2)習(xí)慣上不用that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句(1)在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,不以能用that引導(dǎo).例如:Yesterday I met Mary, who seemed very excided. (2)直接在介詞后作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),不能用that引導(dǎo),要用whom, whose或which,且不能省略.例如:The

30、 house in which we live is not large.I know the young man with whom you live. 但當(dāng)介詞放在從句的末尾時(shí),可以用that替代which, who替代whom,也可以省略關(guān)系代詞.例如:The house (which/that) we live in is not large. I know the man (whom/who/that) you live with. (3)當(dāng)先行詞是指人的all, any, few, one(s), anyone, everyone, those, people, he等時(shí),只能用w

31、ho.例如:None is blind as those who wont see. Anyone who is over sixteen is allowed in. (4)當(dāng)先行詞與關(guān)系代詞之間有較復(fù)雜的短語(yǔ)或從句隔開(kāi)時(shí).例如:I was the only person in my office who was invited. A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German. 4. 由what,as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句1)what引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句what作為關(guān)系代詞時(shí),用法很特殊,被看作是先行詞和關(guān)系代詞的結(jié)合體.一般情況下被理

32、解為the things that,all that或something that,在句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)等名詞性成分.它引導(dǎo)從句時(shí),前面不應(yīng)該再出現(xiàn)先行詞.例如:For Williams, those activities became what he calls electronic heroin(1)what單獨(dú)使用,后不接名詞,表示物或人例如:She is not what she used to be. One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace be

33、havior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. (2002)(2)what后接名詞所有的,盡可能多的例如:He claims to be an expert in astronomy, but in fact he is quite ignorant on the subject. What little he knows about it is out of date and inaccurate. (1997) 2)關(guān)系代詞as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句as可引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性

34、定語(yǔ)從句,根本區(qū)別在于: 前者as只用在一些固定結(jié)構(gòu)如such/the same/as修飾的先行詞后面;而后者沒(méi)有結(jié)構(gòu)要求.例如:As can be seen from the comparison of these figures, the principle involves the active participation of the patient in the modification of his condition. (1999)定語(yǔ)從句 1. The house _ we live is not big. A. in thatB. which C. in which D. t

35、hat 2. He talked about the lecturers and schools _ he had visited. A. that B. which C. who D. whom 3. The scientist the teacher is talking _ is leaving for Beijing. A. to him B. whom C. to D. to that 4. I who _ your teacher, will teach Marxism as a truth to you. A. is B. are C. were D. am 5. _ they

36、could do was to work hard. A. All B. All what C. All which D. That 6. Do you know the reason _ he didnt come A. that B. which C. for D. why 7. The room _ windows face south is his. A. that B. which C. whose D. whos 8. The park, _ we visited yesterday, is very nice. A. where B. which C. that D. when

37、9. The park, _ we met with him, is very nice. A. where B. which C. that D. when 10.The first time _ I saw her was in 1989. A. when B. which C. that D. as 11.Pay attention to all _ I do. A. which B. in which C. what D. that 12.Ive read all the books _ you gave me. A. which B. them C. what D. that 13.

38、Is there anything _ I can do for you A. what B. which C. that D. it 14.The woman _ child had fallen ill was a doctor. A. who B. her C. whose D. / 15.The pen _ Im using _ is hers. A. which; it B. that; it C. it; / D. /; /16.I have the same trouble _ you have. A. that B. which C. as D. what 17.Its the

39、 very book _ I want to find. A. which B. that C. it D. so 18.He is the only one of the boys who _ English for four years. A. has learnt B. have learnt C. learn D. learning 19.This is one of the books _ worth reading. A. that is B. which are C. it was D. they are been 20.This is the best film _ been

40、shown this year. A. which has B. which have C. that has D. that have 21.Can you tell me the reason _ you didnt come for yesterday A. why B. how C. which D. what 22.That is the reason _ he came to see you. A. when B. that C. which D. for which 23.Do you still remember the day _ we spent together last

41、 month A. that B. in which C. when D. where 24.Oct. 1, 1949 was the day _ the New China was founded. A. that B. in which C. when D. where 25.Ive never seen such a lazy boy _ you are. A. which B. who C. that D. as 26.There were many great leaders in the history _ Abraham Lincoln was the greatest one.

42、 A. in which B. in whom C. of which D. of whom 27.Shanghai, _ I have visited twice, has a large population. A. where B. which C. what D. that 28.The students didnt like the way _ she was dressed. A./ B. which C. what D. how 29.I am determined to learn my subjects in the way _ you have done. A. in wh

43、ich B. by what C. what D. where 30.Ill do _ to help you. A. all I can B. all what I can C. all those I manage D. all which I can(二)名詞性從句名詞性從句主要有四類(lèi),即主語(yǔ)從句,表語(yǔ)從句,賓語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句.引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的常用連詞如下圖所示:名詞從句的引導(dǎo)詞對(duì)應(yīng)的句子類(lèi)型是否做成分連詞that陳述句that在從句中不作成分(只起連接作用,后接陳述句)連詞whether, if一般疑問(wèn)句whether, if在從句中不作成分連接副詞when, where, why,

44、 how;連接代詞who, whom, what, which, whose特殊疑問(wèn)句when, where, why, how在從句中作狀語(yǔ);who, whom, what在從句中作主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)或補(bǔ)語(yǔ);which, whose在從句中作定語(yǔ),后面接名詞注:要特別關(guān)注這些連詞在句中是否充當(dāng)句子成分.這是考試的重點(diǎn).例如:Concerns were raised_ witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts. A. whatB. whenC. whichD.

45、 that一)主語(yǔ)從句在主句中擔(dān)任主語(yǔ)的從句,叫做主語(yǔ)從句(Subject Clause).主語(yǔ)從句可以由陳述分句,疑問(wèn)分句和名詞定語(yǔ)分句擔(dān)任.例如:When he was born is unknown.What he did last nightis being investigated. That many hands make light work is a well-known saying. 主語(yǔ)從句中應(yīng)注意:1.主語(yǔ)從句一般用it作形式主語(yǔ),放在句首,而將主語(yǔ)從句放到句末.例如:It is possible that he has stolen the car.Isnt it s

46、trange that he should not have passed the test 附:考研中常見(jiàn)的主語(yǔ)從句句型(作文中也經(jīng)常用到):1)It +過(guò)去分詞+that從句Its reported that 據(jù)報(bào)道Its believed that人們相信2)It is +形容詞+that從句It is clear(顯然)/possible or likely(很可能)/natural(很自然)3)It is +名詞短語(yǔ) +that從句It is a pity that.可惜的是It is a fact that.事實(shí)是4)It +不及物動(dòng)詞+that從句It seems(似乎)/fol

47、lows(因此,由此可見(jiàn))/happens(碰巧)5)其他重要結(jié)構(gòu)It dawns upon/on sb. that某人突然想起It occurs to sb. that某人突然想起It makes no difference that無(wú)所謂It doesnt need to be bothered that不必?fù)?dān)憂(yōu)It is of little consequence that無(wú)關(guān)緊要2.if引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí),只能用it作形式主語(yǔ),放在句首,而將if引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句放到句末.例如:It is uncertain if he will leave for Beijing tomorrow. 3.t

48、hat引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句放在句首時(shí),that不可省,但在句末口語(yǔ)中可省.例如:That the seas are being overfished has been known for years.(2006)That he was ill yesterday is known now.4.連詞whether以及連接代詞或連接副詞引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句只能放在句首.例如:Whether the eyes are the window of the soul is debatable; that they are intensely important in interpersonal communicatio

49、n is a fact.Who has broken the glass is unknown. What he wants is all here.How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. 5.主語(yǔ)從句中主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用第三人稱(chēng)

50、單數(shù)形式,但what引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式須根據(jù)句子的意思來(lái)判斷.例如:How he worked it out is still a secret. What they make in this factory are TV sets.二)表語(yǔ)從句在主句中擔(dān)任表語(yǔ)的從句,叫做表語(yǔ)從句(Predictive Clause).表語(yǔ)從句可以由陳述分句,疑問(wèn)分句和名詞定語(yǔ)分句擔(dān)任,通常置于系動(dòng)詞之后.例如:My idea is that he can teach children English in this school. The question is whether we shal

51、l run out of food soon. That is how Annie came to be with us. A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them. (1997)表語(yǔ)從句中應(yīng)注意:1.連接詞that一般不能省略,但當(dāng)主句中含動(dòng)詞do的某種形式時(shí),that可以省略.例如:What I want to do is (that) I can go up to him and t

52、hank him. 2.當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)是:advice, demand, decision, desire, idea, insistence, instruction, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, wish等名詞時(shí),表語(yǔ)從句須用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,即:should +do.例如:My advice is that you should go to apologize to him. 三)賓語(yǔ)從句在主句中擔(dān)任賓語(yǔ)的從句,叫做賓語(yǔ)從句.賓語(yǔ)從句有三種,即直接賓語(yǔ)從句,形容詞賓語(yǔ)從句和介詞賓語(yǔ)

53、從句.1. 直接賓語(yǔ)從句,即在及物動(dòng)詞(雙賓語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞)后作賓語(yǔ);它可以由陳述分句,疑問(wèn)分句,名詞定語(yǔ)分句和感嘆分句擔(dān)任.例如:Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didnt know for sure (2005) Prof. Lees book will show you how what you have observed can be used in other contexts. I thoug

54、ht (that) it was going to be interesting, but in fact it wasnt. He wanted to see for himself what the problems are. Goodness! Now I see what youre talking about.Now, you know how important you are to you family.2.形容詞賓語(yǔ)從句,它可以由陳述分句,疑問(wèn)分句擔(dān)任.例如:Im sorry that you are not happy yet in your new school. Im a

55、fraid (that) all these offices are non-smoking offices.Im not sure if she would be willing to meet us. 3.介詞賓語(yǔ)從句,它只能由疑問(wèn)分詞和名詞定語(yǔ)分句擔(dān)任.例如:I will give this dictionary to whoever wants to have it. (1992)We need to think about how much we should charge our customers for using the phones. They were astonishe

56、d by what they found. 賓語(yǔ)從句中須注意:1.that 在口語(yǔ)中常被省略,但在正式的文體中,不能省;并且它一般不能引導(dǎo)介詞的賓語(yǔ)從句,但可引導(dǎo)except, but, in等少數(shù)介詞的賓語(yǔ)從句.例如:I didnt know (that) he was Li Lei. I will do anything I can to help you except that Im ill. 2.賓語(yǔ)從句之后帶有補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)成分時(shí),一般須用it作形式賓語(yǔ),把賓語(yǔ)從句放到句末,即動(dòng)詞+it形式賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)+that從句,此時(shí)的that不能省.例如:The boy has made it c

57、lear that they cant play with his toys. You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction and deduction, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of the

58、ir own, they build up their theories. (1993) 3.動(dòng)詞advise, ask, demand, desire, insist(堅(jiān)決主張), order, propose, request, suggest(建議)等代的賓語(yǔ)從句須用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,即:(should) do的形式.例如:He asked that we (should) get there before nine oclock.The teacher advised us that we (should) not waste our time. 4.賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)與主句的時(shí)態(tài)須呼應(yīng).即:1)

59、 當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)?lái)時(shí),從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用任何所需要的時(shí)態(tài)表示.例如:He always says that he is our good friend. When the teacher knows what we have done, he will say that we have done a good deed. 2) 當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)為過(guò)去時(shí),從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞須用響應(yīng)的過(guò)去時(shí).例如:He didnt tell us he came from Shanghai. He said he had read the book. 3) 但當(dāng)從句的內(nèi)容是客觀真理或客觀事實(shí),而

60、不受時(shí)間的限制時(shí),即使主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為過(guò)去時(shí),從句仍用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí).例如:Chairman Mao said that all the imperialists are paper tigers. When we were children, we were told that China is in the east of the world. 四)同位語(yǔ)從句1. 當(dāng)名詞后面所接的從句表示與名詞同位并為名詞的實(shí)際內(nèi)容時(shí),這個(gè)從句就是同位語(yǔ)從句(Appositive Clause).我們通常所見(jiàn)的同位語(yǔ)從句往往由that引導(dǎo),而很少用whether,if以及連接代詞或連接副詞引導(dǎo);因?yàn)槲覀冄a(bǔ)充名詞