2014高考英語試題分析

1、PAGE PAGE 92014高考英語（江蘇卷）部分題目源自名篇名句 34題一年一度的高考終于降下了帷幕。2014年江蘇高考英語試卷，本文只對其特色做一點評。今年的江蘇試卷基于語篇，突出語用，注重能力，聯(lián)系實際，較好地兼顧了英語學(xué)科的人文性和工具性。情感體驗和思維能力也是今年試題的兩大基本特點。體現(xiàn)了近年來鼓勵學(xué)生擴(kuò)大以英語為載體的知識面的導(dǎo)向性特征，繼續(xù)突顯了對外語思維能力和交際能力的考察，具體題型也呈現(xiàn)出改革和創(chuàng)新的特點。試卷第23題和第33題涉及青奧會和端午節(jié)等時事和民族傳統(tǒng)文化內(nèi)容，體現(xiàn)出英語教學(xué)與考生實際生活之間的關(guān)聯(lián)。“英語知識運用”部分，有的題目是來自國外著名散文中的名句，體現(xiàn)出

2、英語的原汁原味，更增加了試卷的文雅色彩。例如：28題，選自瑪麗杰克斯(Mary Jaksch) 的What Is Happiness?34題，選自簡霍華德(JaneHoward)的Families.此外，27題則是直接來自柯林斯高階英漢雙解學(xué)習(xí)詞典的例句：She was put under house arrest two years ago but remained a powerful symbol in last years election. 雖然兩年前就已遭軟禁，她在去年的選舉中仍然是勢力強大的代表人物。本文為老師們提供原題的出處和背景，旨在幫助理解句子，為學(xué)生做好答案解析。請看“英

3、語知識運用”部分第34題，源自簡霍華德的Families，第3節(jié)第一句話：34. Good families are much to all their members, but _ to none.（2014江蘇卷）A. something B. anything C. everything D. nothingFamilies 家庭By JaneHoward簡霍華德（英漢對照）Each of us is born into one family not of our choosing. If were going to go around devising new ones, we mig

4、ht as well have the luxury of picking their members ourselves. Clever picking might result in new families whose benefits would surpass or at least equal those of the old. The new ones by definition cannot spawn us - as soon as they do that, they stop being new - but there is plenty they can do. I h

5、ave seen them work wonders. As a member in reasonable standing of six or seven tribes in addition to the one I was born to, I have been trying to figure which earmarks are common to both kinds of families.我們每一個人出生的家庭都是無法選擇的。如果我們即將組建新的家庭，我們也許同樣會有自己挑選家人的這個難得的機(jī)會。一個明智的選擇能使得新的家庭的受益超過或者至少等同于過去的家庭。一個新建的家庭按

6、理來說是不能再生我們了-一旦它做到了，它就不再是新的了-但他們?nèi)杂泻芏嗫蔀橹?。我就曾?jīng)見識過他們發(fā)揮的奇妙作用。作為生來就是六到七伙人中的一名成員，我曾經(jīng)試著找出各種類型家庭的共通之處。(1) Good families have a chief, or a heroine, or a founder - someone around whom others cluster, whose achievements as the Yiddish word has it, let them kvell, and whose example spurs them on to like feats.

7、 Some blood dynasties produce such figures regularly; others languish for as many as five generations between demigods, wondering with each new pregnancy whether this, at last, might be the messianic baby who will redeem us. Look, is there not something gubernatorial about her footstep, or musical a

8、bout the way he bangs with his spoon on his cup? All clans, of all kinds, need such a figure now and then. Sometimes clans based on water rather than blood harbor several such personages at one time. The Bloomsbury Group in London six decades ago was not much hampered by its lack of a temporal histo

9、ry.（1）優(yōu)秀的家庭有一位領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，或者是女主人，或者是創(chuàng)始人-他身邊總簇?fù)碇藗?，他的成就用猶太語來說，讓他身邊的人洋洋得意，他的榜樣激勵身邊的追求偉業(yè)。一些家族經(jīng)常誕生這樣的人物;其他的則在偉人之間會衰落5代之多,每次懷上了孩子都好奇會不會就是這個人，至少，有可能就是這個救世主似的孩子即將解救我們?？窗?，這些成就難道不是多多少少繼承了她的足跡，或者是因為她用勺子敲咖啡杯的樂曲般的清音嗎？所有的家族，不管何種類型，都時不時的需要這樣的一位大人物。從前一度有一些家族基于養(yǎng)育而非血緣收養(yǎng)幾個這樣的人物。在倫敦的布魯姆伯利文化圈1在六十年前亦并沒有因為其缺少世俗的歷史受到多少阻礙。(2) Good

10、 families have a switchboard operator - someone like my mother who cannot help but keep track of what all the others are up to, who plays Houston Mission Control to everyone elses Apollo. This role, like the foregoing one, is assumed rather than assigned. Someone always volunteers for it. That perso

11、n often also has the instincts of an archivist, and feels driven to keep scrapbooks and photograph albums up to date, so that the clan can see proof of its own continuity.（2）優(yōu)秀的家庭有一位交換臺操作員-就像我的媽媽，雖然她幫不上忙但對所有人正在做什么了若指掌，充當(dāng)休斯敦任務(wù)控制中心對于所有阿波羅飛船們的角色。這個職能，如前所述，主動承擔(dān)總是比指定好些。有的人總是很愿意充擔(dān)它。這樣的人總是有著檔案報關(guān)員的天賦，有制作最新的

12、剪貼簿和照片集的欲望，如此家族就可以看到自己連續(xù)的不同時期的證明。(3) Good families are much to all their members, but everything to none. Good families are fortresses with many windows and doors to the outer world. The blood clans I feel most drawn to were founded by parents who are nearly as devoted to whatever it is they do outs

13、ide as they are to each other and their children. Their curiosity and passion are contagious. Everybody, where they live, is busy. Paint is spattered on eyeglasses. Mud lurks under fingernails. Person-to-person calls come in the middle of the night from Tokyo and Brussels. Catchers mitts, ballet sli

14、ppers, overdue library books and other signs of extra-familial concerns are everywhere.（3）優(yōu)秀的家庭對她的成員們來說意味著許多，但并不是一切。一個的家庭是由門窗隔離外部世界的堡壘。一個家族我感到最疲累的莫過于由父母幾乎奉獻(xiàn)了所有在外辛勞為了彼此以及他們的孩子們從而撐起的家庭。他們的好奇心和激情會傳染。每一個人，不管他們住在哪，都是忙碌的。眼鏡被顏料涂上顏色，泥土潛藏在指甲縫間。午夜接到來自東京和的布魯塞爾的長途電話。接球手手套、芭蕾舞鞋、逾期未還的圖書館的書以及其他額外的家庭事務(wù)的麻煩到處都是。(4) G

15、ood families are hospitable. Knowing that hosts need guests as much as guests need hosts, they are generous with honorary memberships for friends, whom they urge to come early and often and to stay late. Such clans exude a vivid sense of surrounding rings of relatives, neighbors, teachers, students

16、and godparents, any of whom at any time might break or slide into the inner circle. Inside that circle a wholesome, tacit emotional feudalism develops: you give me protection, Ill give you fealty. Such treaties begin with, but soon go far beyond, the jolly exchange of pie at Thanksgiving for cake on

17、 birthdays. It means you can ask me to supervise your children for the fortnight you will be in the hospital, and that however inconvenient this might be for me, I shall manage to. It means I can phone you on what for me is a dreary, wretched Sunday afternoon and for you is the eve of a deadline, kn

18、owing you will tell me to come right over, if only to watch you type. It means we need not dissemble. (To yield to seeming, as Buber wrote, is mans essential cowardice, to resist it is his essential courage. one must at times pay dearly for life lived from the being, but it is never too dear.)（4）優(yōu)秀的

19、家庭是好客的。很清楚主人是多么的需要客人，一如客人需要主人那般，他們對待朋友像榮譽會員般慷慨，極力希望朋友們常常做客并且早來久留。此般家族給周圍的人以自然散發(fā)出一種生動活潑的感覺，無論是親屬圈、鄰居、老師們、同學(xué)們以及教父們，無論誰在任何時刻都可以進(jìn)入他們的圈子。在這個圈子里一個有益健康的、心照不宣的傳統(tǒng)情感的建立:你給我保護(hù)，我回報忠誠。這樣的協(xié)議一開始，就廣泛的流傳開來，為了生日時的蛋糕在感恩節(jié)交換派的快樂。這意味著如果你住院了可以請我為你照看兩個星期的孩子，不管我有多么的不方便，我都會設(shè)法做到。這意味著我可以在一個痛苦的、沮喪的星期天的下午打電話給你即使那是你最后期限的前夜，也知道你會讓

20、我過來你身邊，只要在你身旁看你打字就好。這意味著我們不需要任何掩飾。（“屈服于所見”正如Buber所寫“人生來怯懦，反抗它只能靠我們生來的勇氣一個人從生來就必須為生存付出昂貴的代價，但它永遠(yuǎn)不會太貴?！保?5) Good families deal squarely with direness. Pity the tribe that doesnt have, and cherish, at least one flamboyant eccentric. Pity too the one that supposes it can avoid for long the woes to which

21、 all flesh is heir. Lunacy, bankruptcy, suicide and other unthinkable fates sooner or later afflict the noblest of clans with an undertow of gloom. Family life is a set of givens, someone once told me, and it takes courage to see certain givens as blessings rather than as curses. Contradictions and

22、inconsistencies are givens, too. So is the war against what the Oregon patriarch Kenneth Babbs calls malarkey. Theres always malarkey lurking, bubbles in the cesspool, fetid bubbles that pop and smell. But I dont put up with malarkey, between my stepkids and my natural ones or anywhere else in the f

23、amily.（5）優(yōu)秀的家庭公正的對待糟糕的事情。認(rèn)為那些沒有經(jīng)歷過糟糕的事情，并因此慶幸，至少有夸耀的怪毛病是可憐的。認(rèn)為那些期望能自己可以長久的躲過終將到來的災(zāi)難。瘋狂的、破產(chǎn)的、自殺的以及其他的想象不到的天意遲早會以憂郁的回潮折磨家族的尊貴。家庭生活是一系列的給予，曾經(jīng)有人告訴我，真正的將他人的給予看成恩賜而非詛咒是需要勇氣的。反駁和矛盾同樣也是給予。那場反對Oregon的族長Kenneth Babbs稱之為說大話的戰(zhàn)爭也是如此?！按笤捒偸菨摲鵁o處不在，污水中的氣泡，惡臭的氣泡破裂臭氣滿溢。但我絕不容忍大話，無論是在我的繼子、親生兒子或者是在這個家庭中的任何人之間?！?6) Good

24、families prize their rituals. Nothing welds a family more than these. Rituals are vital especially for clans without histories, because they evoke a past, imply a future, and hint at continuity. No line in the Seder service at Passover reassures more than the last: Next year in Jerusalem! A clan bec

25、omes more of a clan each time it gathers to observe a fixed ritual (Christmas, birthdays, Thanksgiving, and so on), grieve at a funeral (anyone may come to most funerals; those who do declare their tribalness), and devises a new rite of its own. Equinox breakfasts and all-white dinners can be at lea

26、st as welding as Memorial Day parades. Several of us in the old Life magazine years used to meet for lunch every Pearl Harbor Day, preferably to eat some politically neutral fare like smorgasbord, to forgive our only ancestrally Japanese colleague Irene Kubota Neves. For that and other reasons we be

27、came, and remain, a sort of family. Rituals, a California friend of mine said, arent just externals and holidays. They are the performances of our lives. They are a kind of shorthand. They cant be decreed. My mother used to try to decree them. Shed make such a goddamn fuss over what we talked about

28、at dinner, aiming at Topics of Common Interest, topics that celebrated our cohesion as a family. These performances were always hollow, because the phenomenology of the moment got sacrificed for the idea of the moment. Real rituals are discovered in retrospect. They emerge around constitutive moment

29、s, moments that only happen once, around whose memory meanings cluster. You dont choose those moments. They choose themselves. A lucky clan includes a born mythologizer, like my blood sister, who has the gift of apprehending such a moment when she sees it, and who cannot help but invent new rituals

30、everywhere she goes.（6）優(yōu)秀的家庭珍視他們的傳統(tǒng)。沒有什么比這更能增加一個家庭的凝聚力了。傳統(tǒng)是必不可少的尤其對于缺少歷史的家族來說，因為它能回顧過去，指明未來，并且不斷的暗示著。家系的人沒什么比在逾越節(jié)那天家宴上的禮拜更能得到安慰：“來年去到耶路撒冷”。一個家族每次聚集起來過固定傳統(tǒng)（圣誕節(jié)、生日、感恩節(jié)等等）都將這個家庭變得更像一個家庭，在葬禮上的悲傷（每個人都將參加幾乎所有的葬禮，那些宣布他們的族落的人）,以及他們自己創(chuàng)造的傳統(tǒng)。晝夜平分時刻的早餐還有素食晚餐至少和紀(jì)念日的游行有著同樣重要的凝聚意義。我們一些人在過去的老舊雜志的年代曾經(jīng)在每個珍珠港日相聚一起共進(jìn)晚餐

31、，寧可吃些政治上中立的食物像是瑞典式自助餐，來“原諒”我們中唯一一個祖先是日本人的同僚Irene Kubota Neves。因為這樣那樣的原因我們成為了，并且一直都是，一個特殊形式的家庭?！皞鹘y(tǒng)”我的一個加里福利亞的朋友說：“不僅僅是外在的、假日的。他們是我們生活的表現(xiàn)，他們是一種濃縮，他們不能被強制的命令。我的媽媽曾經(jīng)試著頒布傳統(tǒng)。她該死的小題大作的限定我們餐桌上談話的內(nèi)容，只能針對大家都感興趣的話題，慶祝我們家庭團(tuán)結(jié)在一起的話題。這樣表觀永遠(yuǎn)都是空洞的，因為這個時刻必須表現(xiàn)得像它原本設(shè)計的一樣。而真正的傳統(tǒng)卻是在做了之后回顧得來。他們唯有出現(xiàn)在這樣的時刻，那些只此一次，回憶中意味著團(tuán)聚的時

32、刻。這個時刻，不是你選擇的它，是它自己選擇了自己?！币粋€幸運家族會有這樣的神話人物的誕生，比如我的親姐姐，她總有這樣的天賦能立刻意識這樣的時刻一旦她遇到了，無論她去到哪里總能創(chuàng)造出許多傳統(tǒng)。(7) Good families are affectionate. This of course is a matter of style. I know clans whose members greet each other with gingerly handshakes or, in what pass for kisses, with hurried brushes of side jawbo

33、nes, as if the object were to touch not the lips but the ears. I dont see how such people manage. The tribe that does not hug, as someone who has been part of many ad hoc families recently wrote to me, is no tribe at all. More and more I realize that everybody, regardless of age, needs to be hugged

34、and comforted in a brotherly or sisterly way now and then. Preferably now.（7）優(yōu)秀的家庭充滿溫情。這當(dāng)然事關(guān)各自的風(fēng)格。我知道一個家族每次家庭成員們見面都小心翼翼的握手問候?qū)Ψ剑瑳]有親吻，只用下顎快速的碰一下，好似用來接觸對方的不是嘴唇而是耳朵。我不知道人們?nèi)绾谓鉀Q?！斑@個家族的人并不熱烈的擁抱”，作為一個曾經(jīng)成為這個臨時家庭的成員最近寫信給我，“這根本不是個家族，我越來越感到每個人，不管什么年紀(jì)，都時不時的需要彼此以一種兄弟姐妹式的方式的擁抱和安慰。最好是現(xiàn)在?！?8) Good families have a se

35、nse of place, which these days is not achieved easily. As Susanne Langer wrote in 1957, Most people have no home that is a symbol of their childhood, not even a definite memory of one place to serve that purpose. all the old symbols are gone. Once I asked a roomful of supper guests who, if anyone, f

36、elt any strong pull to any certain spot on the face of the earth. Everyone was silent, except for a visitor from Bavaria. The rest of us seemed to know all too well what Walker Percy means in The Moviegoer when he tells of the genie-soul of the place which every place has or else is not a place and

37、which wherever you go, you must meet and master or else be met and mastered. All that meeting and mastering saps plenty of strength. It also underscores our need for tribal bases of the sort which soaring real estate taxes and splintering families have made all but obsolete.（8）優(yōu)秀的家庭有一個住著記憶的地方，這不是一兩天

38、就能簡單的做到的。正如Susanne Langer在1957年寫到，“沒有家是許多人的童年的一個標(biāo)志，甚至沒有一個滿足這個目的的地方的明確記憶所有的舊時的象征都消失了。” 曾經(jīng)我問一屋子共進(jìn)晚餐的客人們，有誰，感覺到被地球表面上的某個地方強烈的牽引著。每個人都沉默了，除了一位來自Bavaria的客人。我們剩下的人似乎都能很深的理解到Walker Percy在The Moviegoer中想表達(dá)的當(dāng)他講述關(guān)于“任何地方都有各自的氣息和靈魂，否則就不成為一個地方，你必須不斷的遇見然后熟悉或者被遇見然后被熟悉?！彼械倪@一切遇到和熟悉不斷的消耗著我們的氣力。它同樣表明了我們的需求基于家族的高漲的遺產(chǎn)稅

39、以及將家庭分裂使一切都過時了。So what are we to do, those of us whose habit and pleasure and doom is our tendency, as a Georgia lady put it, to fly off at every other whipstitch? Think in terms of movable feasts, for a start. Live here, wherever here may be, as if we were going to belong here for the rest of our l

40、ives. Learn to hallow whatever ground we happen to stand on or land on. Like medieval knights who took their tapestries along on Crusades, like modern Afghanis with their yurts, we must pack such totems and icons as we can to make short-term quarters feel like home. Pillows, small rugs, watercolors

41、can dispel much of the chilling anonymity of a sublet apartment or motel room. When we can, we should live in rooms with stoves or fireplaces or anyway candlelight. The ancient saying still is true: Extinguished hearth, extinguished family. Round tables help, too, and as a friend of mine once put it

42、, so do too many comfortable chairs, with surfaces to put feet on, arranged so as to encourage a maximum of eye contact. Such rooms inspire good talk, of which good clans can never have enough.我們到底該怎么做？我們的愛好、歡樂、厄運都是必然趨勢。最為一名Georgia女性的說明，“在每個其他的鎖縫中飛走？”想想就移動的盛宴而言，總要有一個開始?；钤谶@，不管這是哪，我們都即將在我們的余生屬于這里。學(xué)會把我

43、們所有即將站上或躺下的土地視為神圣。一如中世紀(jì)的騎士將他們的繡帷沿著圣城的城墻，一如現(xiàn)代的阿富汗和他們的圓頂帳篷，我們必須拾起這樣的圖騰或是偶像如此我們才能有短暫的片刻感受到家的感覺。枕頭、小地毯、水彩畫能有效驅(qū)散一個不知名的公寓或是汽車旅館房間的冰冷感。如果可以，我們應(yīng)該住在一個有火爐或壁爐或者至少有燭光的房間。古人說的確實有理：沒有健康，就沒有家庭。圓桌同樣有作用，并且我的一個朋友曾經(jīng)安置了一個，導(dǎo)致“太多舒適的椅子，有放腳的椅面，這樣安排是為了最大限度的眼神交流?！边@樣的房間能刺激怡人的談話，對于一個優(yōu)秀的家族來說永遠(yuǎn)也不會太多。(9) Good families, not just t

44、he blood kind, find some way to connect with posterity. To forge a link in the humble chain of being, encircling heirs to ancestors, as Michael Novak has written, is to walk within a circle of magic as primitive as humans knew in caves. He is talking of course about babies, feeling them leap in womb

45、s, giving them suck. Parenthood, however, is a state which some miss by chance and others by design, and a vocation to which not all are called. Some of us, like the novelist Richard P. Brickner, look on as others name their children who in turn name their own lives, devising their own flags from th

46、eir parents cloth. What are we who lack children to do? Build houses? Plant trees? Write books or symphonies or laws? Perhaps, but even if we do these things, there still should be children on the sidelines, if not at the center, of our lives. It is a sadly impoverished tribe that does not allow acc

47、ess to, and make much of, some children. Not too much, of course: it has truly been said that never in history have so many educated people devoted so much attention to so few children. Attention, in excess, can turn to fawning, which isnt much better than neglect. Still, if we dont regularly see and talk to and laugh with people who can expect to outlive us by twenty years or so, we had better get busy and find some.（9）優(yōu)秀的家庭，不僅僅是通過血緣與子孫建立關(guān)系?！盀榱隋懺煲粭l存在的謙遜之鏈，晚輩圍繞在長輩周圍，”如Michael Novak所寫“是沿著一個我們的祖先在山洞里時知道的原始的神奇的圈前行?！彼谡f的當(dāng)然是嬰兒，感受他們在子宮的跳動，喂允他們。為人父母，不管怎樣，是