地理專業(yè)英語(共20頁)

1、第 PAGE 27頁 共12頁地理(dl)專業(yè)英語geography 地理(dl) geographer 地理學家 hemisphere 半球 meridian 子午線，經線(jngxin) parallel 平行圈，緯線 latitude 經度 longitude 精度 elevation 海拔 altitude 高度 temperate latitudes 溫帶地區(qū) horizon 地平線 equator 赤道 tropics 熱帶地區(qū) Arctic 北極 Antarctic(Antarctica) 南極 expedition 探險 time zone 時區(qū) topography 地形，地

2、形學 plain 平原 plateau (highland) 高地 lowland 低地 basin 盆地 cavern (cave) 洞穴 terrain 地域 subterranean ( underground) 地底下 coastland 沿海地區(qū) island 島嶼 continental island 大陸島 volcanic island 火山島 coral island 珊瑚島 islet 小島 peninsular 半島 continent 大陸 continental shelf 大陸架 ranges 山脈 valley 峽谷 canyon 峽谷 channel (stra

3、it) 海峽 remote-sensing 遙感的 terrestrial 地球的，陸地的 terrestrial heat (geothermal) 地熱 terrestrial magnetism (geomagnetism) 地磁 continental drift 大陸漂移學說 sea-floor spreading 海床擴展 evaporation 蒸發(fā) salinity 含鹽度 ocean bottom 海床 sediment 沉淀物，沉積物 tropical 熱帶的 temperate 溫帶的 frigid 寒帶的 formation 形成 frost heaving 凍脹現象

4、fieldstone 卵石physical geography 自然地理economic geography 經濟(jngj)地理geopolitics 地理(dl)政治論ethnography 民族志cosmography 宇宙志cosmology 宇宙論geology 地理學toponymy 地名學oceanography 海洋學meteorology 氣象學orography 山志學hydroaraphy 水文學vegetation 植被(zhbi)relief 地形,地貌climate 氣候Earth 地球,大地Universe, cosmos 宇宙world 世界globe 地球儀e

5、arth, globe 地殼(dqio)continent 大陸(dl)terra firma 陸地(ld)coast 海岸archipelago 群島peninsula 半島island 島plain 平原valley 谷地meadow (小)草原prairie (大)草原lake 湖泊pond 池塘marsh, bog, swamp 沼澤small lake 小湖lagoon 瀉湖moor, moorland 荒原desert 沙漠dune 沙丘oasis 綠洲savanna, savannah (南美)大草原virgin forest 原始森林steppe 大草原tundra 凍原a h

6、orizon 腐殖堆積層aa lava 塊熔巖abandoned field 撩荒地abandoned lands 撩荒地abandoned mine 廢棄礦山abandoned shoreline 舊岸線aberration 像差abiogenesis 自然發(fā)生abiotic factor 非生物因素ablation 水蝕ablation moraine 消融冰磧abnormality 反常aboriginal 土著的abrasion 海蝕(hish)abrasion platform 浪蝕臺地(tid)abrasion shore 浪蝕海岸(hi n)abrasion surface 浪蝕

7、面abrasion terrace 海蝕階地abrasive 研磨劑abrupt slope 陡坡abrupt textural change 質地突變abscissa 橫坐標absolute age 絕對年齡absolute age determination 絕對年代測定absolute age of groundwater 地下水絕對年齡absolute altitude 絕對高度absolute amplitude 絕對振幅absolute chronology 絕對年代absolute convergence 絕對收斂absolute dating 絕對年代測定absolute er

8、ror 絕對誤差absolute extremes 絕對極值absolute geochronology 絕對地質年代學Word and phrase1. core; mantle; crust 地核；地幔；地殼4. continental crust 大陸地殼5. granite; basalt 花崗巖；玄武巖6. sial; sima 硅鋁層；硅鎂層7. surface waves; body . 面波；體波8. epicentre; focus 震中；震源9. lithosphere 巖石圈10. tectonic plate 構造板塊11. continetal drift 大陸漂移1

9、2. asthenosphere 軟流層13. ocean ridge 洋脊14. ocean trench 海溝15. subduction 俯沖作用16. volcanism 火山作用17. fold mountain 褶皺(zhzhu)山脈18. fold; fault 褶皺(zhzhu)；斷層19. sedimentary rocks 沉積巖20. vent 火山口21. lava 熔巖(rngyn)22.volcanic cones 火山錐23. parasitic cone 寄生火山錐24. plug 巖頸25. volcanic ash 火山灰26. mechanical wea

10、thering 機械風化27. chemical weathering 化學風化28. freeze-thaw 凍融29. pressure release 卸荷釋重30.limestone 石灰?guī)r31. hydrolysis 水解作用32. quartz 石英33. hydration 水合作用34. oxidation 氧化作用35. alluvium 沖擊層36. gravel 砂礫37. denudation 剝蝕作用38. precipitation 降水39. climatic zone 氣候帶40. mid-latitude 中緯度41. semi-arid 半干旱42. tro

11、pical wet-dry 熱帶干濕季氣候43. watershed 分水嶺44. drainage basin 流域45. regolith 風化層46. soil creep 土壤蠕動47. mass movement 塊體運動48. strata 地層49. overland runoff 地表徑流50. sheet wash 片狀沖刷51. pediment 山前侵蝕平原（山足面）52. rockfall 山崩53. landslide 滑坡54. interception 截流55. evapotranspiration 蒸發(fā)和蒸騰總量56. capillary rise 毛管上升5

12、7. aeration zone 包氣帶58. overland flow ; interflow ; base flow 地表徑流；壤中流；地下徑流59. water table 潛水面（水位）60. basin length; area 流域長度;流域面積61. tributary 支流；62. trunk stream 干流63. drainage density 河網密度64. flood plain 泛濫平原65. coniferous tree 松樹67. inselberg 島狀山68. equator 赤道(chdo)69. monsoon 季風(jfng)70. storm

13、hydrograph 暴雨(boy)水文曲線71. discharge 流量72. peak flow 洪峰流量73. rainfall peak 降水峰值74. precipitation intensity 降水強度75. land use 土地利用76. water-born waste 水成廢棄物77. heavy metal 重金屬78. climatology 氣候學79. urban heat island 城市熱島80. deciduous trees 落葉樹81. upper ;middle ; lower reach 上中下游82. vertical erosion 下切侵

14、蝕83. headward erosion 溯源侵蝕84. lateral erosion 側蝕85. pot-hole 壺穴86. meander 曲流87. ox-bow lake 牛軛湖88. delta 三角洲89. lake basin 湖盆90. levee 天然提91. rill and gully erosion 細溝、沖溝侵蝕92.clay;silt;sand;粘土；粉砂；砂93. suspended sediment 懸浮沉積物94. atmospherical fallout 大氣沉降95. laminar flow 層流96. turbulent flow 紊流97.

15、riffle; pool 淺灘；深槽98. channel roughness 河道粗糙度99. sandbar 沙壩100. thalweg 中泓線101. estuary 河口102. lagoon 瀉湖103. salinity 鹽度104. coastline 海岸線105. dune 沙丘106. suspension; saltation; creep 懸移；躍移；蠕移107. dust storm 塵暴108. windward; leeward 迎風；背風109. prevailing wind 盛行風110. deflation hollow 風蝕凹地111. aridity

16、 干燥度112. tropic of cancer 北回歸線(bi hu u xin)113. tropic of capricorn 南回歸線(nn hu u xin)114. gobi 戈壁(gb)115. continentality 大陸度116. cold ocean current 寒流117. plateau 高原118. alluvial fan 沖積扇119. pediplanation 山麓夷平作用120. deflation 風蝕121. moraine 冰磧122. glacial；interglacial 冰期；間冰期123. Recent 全新世124. Quate

17、rnary Era 第四紀125. periglacial period 冰緣期126. nivation 冰蝕127. earth orbit 地球軌道128. plucking 挖蝕129. abrasion 磨蝕130. pyramidal peak 角峰131. arete 刃脊132. cirque 冰斗133. horn 角峰134. U-shaped valley (trough) U型谷135. fluvioglacial deposit 冰水沉積136. drumlin 鼓丘137. terminal moraine 終磧138. outwash plain 冰水沉積平原13

18、9. kettle hole 鍋穴140. wavelength 波長141. crest；trough 波峰；波谷142. wave period 周期143. wave frequency 波頻144. wave height 波高145. wave refraction 波浪折射146. tidal range 潮差147. stack 海蝕柱148. arch 海蝕拱橋149. headland 海岬150. troposphere (pause); strato-; meso-; thermo- 對流層（頂）、平流、中間、熱成151. pressure-gradient force

19、氣壓梯度力152. isobar 等壓線153. sub-tropical anticyclone 副熱帶高壓154. cirrus 卷云155. cumulus 積云156. stratus 層云157. cumulonimbus 積雨云158. convection rain 對流雨159. thunderstorm 雷雨(liy)160. depression 低氣壓161. frontal rain 鋒面雨162. orographic rain 地形(dxng)雨163. equatorial trough 赤道(chdo)低壓槽164. front 鋒165. temperatur

20、e inversion 逆溫166. soil texture 土壤質地167. loam 壤土168. soil structure 土壤結構169. soil moisture 土壤水分170. field capacity 田間持水量171. cation exchange capacity 陽離子交換量172. podzol 灰化土173. brown earth 褐土174. sandstone 砂巖175. gley 潛育土176. azonal soil 非地帶性土壤177. soil horizon 土層178. humification 腐殖化作用179. mineralis

21、ation 礦化作用180. eluviation 淋溶作用181. calcification 鈣化作用182. salinisation 鹽化作用183. gleying 潛育化作用184. illuviation 淀積作用185. savanna 熱帶稀樹草原（薩王納）186. saline soil 鹽土187. biogeography 生物地理學188. biotic ; abiotic element 生物;非生物成分189. autotroph; heterotroph 自養(yǎng)生物；異養(yǎng)生物190. producer; consumer 生產者；消費者191. photosynt

22、hesis 光合作用192. herbivore 食草動物193. carnivore 食肉動物194. decomposer 分解者195. trophic pyramid 營養(yǎng)金字塔196. food web 食物網197. primary productivity 初級生產力198. gross productivity 總生產力199. net productivity 凈生產力200. continental shelf 大陸架201. succession（prisere） 演替202. climax community 頂級群落203. primary (secondary) s

23、uccession 初級和次級演替English for Geography地理(dl)專業(yè)英語Lesson 1. Longitude and latitude 經度(jngd)和緯度P11Lesson 2. Rotation and revolution of the earth 地球(dqi)的自轉和公轉P6 2Lesson 4. The major classes of landforms主要地形類型P136Lesson 5 Delta plains 三角洲平原P168Lesson 6 Limestone caverns and karst landscapes石灰?guī)r洞和喀斯特景觀P21

24、 8Lesson 7 Layers of the Earth 地球圈層P318Lesson 8 The rock cycle 巖石循環(huán)P439Lesson 9 Soil pedogenesis 成土作用p4810Lesson 10 Global scale circulation of the atmosphere全球大氣環(huán)流 P6211Lesson 11 The Hydrologic Cycle 水循環(huán)P7411Lesson 12 Three Model of Urban Land Use三種城市土地利用模式P9711Lesson 13 Air pollution cause and eff

25、ects空氣污染原因和影響P16812Lesson 14 Hurricane 颶風P18212Lesson 1. LONGITUDE AND LATITUDE經度和緯度The location of points on the earths surface follows a system in which lengths of arc are measured along meridians and parallels；測定地球表面上點的位置是按照沿著子午線（經線）和緯線測量弧長的方法進行的that desired point 欲量算的點the longitude of a place is

26、 the arc, measured in degrees, of a parallel between that place and the prime meridian 經度的定義the longitude of a place is the arc, measured in degrees, of a parallel between that place and the prime meridian 某地的經度系該地與本初子午線之間的緯線的弧的度數almost universally 幾乎一致The prime meridian is almost universally accept

27、ed as the meridian that passes through the old Royal Observatory at Greenwich人們幾乎一致承認以通過格林尼治皇家天文臺原址的子午線作為本初子午線be referred to as 被稱為Long. 115。1802 116。5615E；Lat. 23。2510 24。4630W梅州市If only 只要 要是(yo shi)、就好，但愿e.g. If only it clear up, well go. 只要(zhyo)天一放晴，我們就走e.g. If only you had worked with great ca

28、re. 你要是(yo shi)更細心一點該多好啊。e.g. If only he arrives in time. 但愿他及時趕到If only the longitude of a point is stated 如果只有，如果只the same arc of measure 相同的量算弧度applies to an entire meridian.apply to + 名詞或動名詞 適用于、請求幫忙e.g. For particulars, the information desk 請求幫忙the expression 詞語“a meridian of longitude” 經度子午線Th

29、e actual length, in kilometers or miles, of a degree of longitude經度一度的實際長度（以公里或英里計）It is also useful to know that the length of 1of longitude is reduced to about one-half as much along the 60parallels, or about 55.5km(34.5mi) 到了60度緯線，經度一度的弧的長度減少到原來長度的二分之一左右，即55.5公里。知道這一點也是有用的。The latitude of a place

30、 is the arc, measured in degrees, of a meridian between that place and the equator. 緯度的定義The latitude of a place is the arc, measured in degrees, of a meridian between that place and the equator. 某地的緯度系該地與赤道之間子午線的弧的度數when both the latitude and longitude of a place are given, it is accurately any pre

31、cisely located with respect to the geographic grid.確定了一個地方的經緯度，就可以在地里網格上精確地定出它的位置geographic grid 地理格網with respect to關于 、 對于e.g. In respect to the content this essay is good, but it is unsatisfactory in other respects.關于（至于）這文章的內容是好的，但其他方面不理想constant value 常值for ordinary purposes 通常情況下by no means 決不l

32、arge scale map 大比例尺地圖small scale map 小比例尺地圖A circle, fitted to the curvature of the ellipse at the pole, is larger in radius than a circle fitted to the ellipse at the equator 與極地橢圓相吻合的圓，其半徑要比與赤道橢圓相吻合的圓的半徑大at 15 intervals 每隔15度The fixed star(sun)planet nebulacometmeteor恒星行星星云彗星流星Sun Mercury, Venus,

33、Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn,Uranus, Neptune Pluto()The Pluto is dwarf planet（矮行星）Lesson 2. ROTATION AND REVOLUTION OF THE EARTH地球的自轉和公轉 P6Rotation rutein 自轉Revolution rvlu:n 公轉Polarpul; 地極(dj)的axisksis 軸Solar day 太陽日Solar hour 太陽時centrifugal sentrifjugl 離心(lxn)的sidereal year 恒星(hngxng)年tropical yea

34、r 回歸年Vernal v:nl 春天的equinox i:kwinks n. 二分點Vernal equinox 春分（點）calendar year 歷年leap year 閏年Textpolar axis 極軸period of rotation 自轉周期mean 平均的、 中間的、鄙陋的mean solar day 平均太陽日mean solar hour 平均太陽時mean temperature （ velocity ）平均氣溫mean motive 鄙陋的動機mean opinion 自卑感Take a mean course 采取折衷方法This day is the aver

35、age time required for the earth to make one complete turn in respect to the sun. 平均太陽日系地球對太陽而言完成一次自轉所需的平均時間in respect to / with respect to 關于applying one of the following rules 采用下列法則之一Globe 地球儀Equator 赤道North Pole 北極Parallel 緯線Meridian 經線The Prime Meridian 本初子午線north pole of the Earth 地球北極counter 反

36、的 、 逆的counterclockwise 逆時針Counteract 反作用Countermeasure 對策the apparent motion of the sun 視太陽運動apparent 明顯的，表觀的，外顯的，視 angle 視角;solar time 視太陽時body 天體The velocity of earth rotation, defined as rate of travel of a point on the earths surface in a circular path due to rotation alone, may easily be comput

37、ed by dividing the length of parallel at the latitude of the point in question by 24, the approximate period of rotation.地球自轉速度的定義是地面上某一點僅由于自轉而沿圓形軌道運動的速率，用該點所在緯度的緯線長度除以24（自轉的近似周期），就可以很容易算出地球的速度。in question 正被討論的the point in question 該點the job in question 該項工作the book in question 該書at constant rate 以

38、恒定的速率two important physical phenomena result from the decrease in rotational velocity with increase in latitude.自轉速度隨緯度增加而減小，這導致了兩個重要的自然現象physical phenomena 自然現象result from 起因于there is a centrifugal force generated by the earths turning which gives surface objects a faint tendency to fly off into sp

39、ace地球自轉(zzhun)產生了離心力，它使地面上的物體略有脫離地球飛向太空的趨勢centrifugal force 離心力this effect is most marked；be marked；be obvious；be outstanding 顯著(xinzh)的For example, an object which would weigh 289 pounds at the equator if the earth were not turning actually weighs l pound less.例如，一個在赤道(chdo)上的物體在地球不轉動的情況下重289磅，它稱起來

40、實際上要輕1磅Another effect of the decreasing rotational velocity with increasing latitude is to cause objects in motion to be deflected slightly to the right or left of their paths.自轉速度隨緯度增高而減小的另一個影響，是使運動物體或左或右地稍許偏離軌道the Ecliptic plane 黃道面For example, the time required for the earth to return to a given

41、point in its orbit with reference to the fixed stars is called the sidereal year.例如，以某些恒星為參照物，地球轉回軌道上特定的某一點所需要的時間為恒星年。the fixed stars 恒星with reference to 以.為參照sidereal year 恒星年For earth-sun relationships we use the tropical year, which is the period of time from one vernal equinox to the next, and h

42、as a length of approximately 3651/4 days.我們用回歸年來表示地球與太陽之間的關系，回歸年是從一個春分點到下一個春分點的時間周期，長約365.25天。The vernal Equinox 春分日 Arctic Circle 北極圈The summer solstice 夏至日 Antarctic Circle 南極圈The autumnal Equinox 秋分日 polar day 極晝The winter solstice 冬至日 polar night 極夜tropic （天）回歸線the tropic of Cancer （巨蟹座）北回歸線the

43、tropic of Capricorn（摩羯座）南回歸線tropical 熱帶的the tropical zone 熱帶the temperate zone 溫帶the frigid one; 寒帶the tropical storm 熱帶風暴;hurricane 颶風Severe ocean storms that develop over the Indian Ocean are called cyclones.Storms that form over the northwestern Pacific Ocean are typhoons.And storms that form ove

44、r the eastern Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean are hurricanesEvery four years the extra one-fourth day difference （between the tropical years and the calendar year of 365 days ）accumulates to nearly one whole day .By inserting a 29th day in February every leap year we are able to correct the cal

45、endar with respect to the tropical year.每逢閏年，在二月份加上第29天，我們就能根據回歸年來校正年歷。Further minor corrections are necessary to perfect this system.為了完善這個系統(tǒng)，有必要再作一些小的修正In its orbit the earth moves in such a direction that if we imagine ourselves in space, looking down upon the earth and sun so as to see the north

46、 pole of the earth, the earth is traveling counterclockwise around the sun. This is the same direction of turning as the earth rotation.Lesson 4. THE MAJOR CLASSES OF LANDFORMS主要地形(dxng)類型 P13four very general types 4種非常(fichng)籠統(tǒng)的類型general 一般(ybn)的、總的、全面的、大體的、籠統(tǒng)的a outline 大綱He speaks in terms. 他籠統(tǒng)地

47、說了說plainbe susceptible to + n = can be done 可被- - -的e.g. The problem is to solution= The problem can be solved.However, it is the horizontal (dimension) rather than the vertical dimension which predominates in plains country但是，在平原地區(qū)占優(yōu)勢的是水平維而不是垂直維horizontal dimension and vertical dimension ; 水平維和垂直維p

48、lains country 平原地區(qū)hilly 丘陵地區(qū)To a degree 一定程度上To qualify as plateaus in the strictest sense5, such areas should be terminated on at least one side by a steep edge, or escarpment, marking an abrupt transition from the plateau surface to areas at a lower elevation.嚴格地說，要達到高原的標準，這種地區(qū)至少應有一側是陡峭的邊緣（即陡崖），表現

49、為從高原表面到低海拔地區(qū)呈現突然的過渡。To qualify as 為了達到標準Marking 表現為However, the word “plateau” is often used loosely in referring to relatively level areas lying at considerable heights, whether terminated by a definite escarpment or not但是，高原這個詞常常不嚴格地用來指高度相當大、相對平坦的地區(qū)，而不管其盡頭有無陡崖。considerably high 相當高Comparatively hi

50、gh 比較高well-defined plateaus界限明確的高原be spoken of as 被叫做tableland 高地To complicate matter, many plateaus in areas with considerable rainfall have been cut into predominantly hilly or even mountainous country by their many streams, yet are still commonly referred to as plateaus.predominantly 以為主referred

51、to as 被稱為使問題復雜化的是，多雨地區(qū)的許多高原已被許多河流切割成以丘陵甚至以山地為主的地區(qū)，但通常仍被稱為高原Yungui plateau 云貴高原(yn u o yun)Neimenggu plateau 內蒙古高原the Tibetan plateau；the Qinghai plateau 青藏高原(qn zng o yun)the loess plateau 黃土高原(hun t o yun)the inner Mongolial plateau 內蒙古高原the Yungui plateau 云貴高原The Brazil plateau 巴西高原h(huán)ill land 丘陵Mou

52、ntains 山地In general, mountains are higher and more rugged than hill lands, are more of a barrier to movement, and generally offer fewer possibilities for human settlement and use.be of a barrier = be blocked 阻礙一般而言，山地比丘陵高，而且更加崎嶇，更有礙于人們活動，一般供人類居住和利用的可能性也小Whereas many areas of hill land support modera

53、te to dense populations, most mountain areas are sparsely populate.大多數山地人口稀少，而許多丘陵地區(qū)卻供養(yǎng)著密度中等乃至稠密的人口。over the earth = around the earth 世界各地plains country 平原地區(qū)areas of a few hundred feet elevation which stand out conspicuously above their surroundings may be called “mountains” by the local inhabitants

54、conspicuously = obviously 明顯地stand out conspicuously above their surroundings 兀立于四周在平原地區(qū)，兀立于四周、高出幾百英尺的地區(qū)，當地居民可能稱之為“山地”However, the term is most commonly used in reference to comparatively rugged areas lying at least 2,000 to3,000 feet above sea level.in reference to = refer to 指示但是，人們最常用這個詞來指海拔至少在20

55、00-3000英尺以上的比較崎嶇的地區(qū)。Basin 盆地the Tarim basin; 塔里木盆地The Taklimakan Desertthe Tarim River(longest continental river)Junggar basin 準噶爾盆地The Qaidam basin 柴達木盆地the Sichuan basin 四川盆地the Turpan basin 吐魯番盆地Plain 平原The northeast plain 東北平原The north China plain 華北平原The middle and lower reaches of Yellow River

56、 黃河中下游The plain of middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River 長江(chn jin)中下游平原The Amazon plain 亞馬孫平原(pngyun)Himalayan Mountain range/ Himalayan range/ Mountains 喜馬拉雅山脈The Mount Qonmolangma 珠穆朗瑪峰The Everest Mount；The Everest Tower 埃菲爾鐵塔the Andes range 安第斯山脈The Rocky Mountains 落基山脈(shnmi)The three gorg

57、es of Yangtze River 長江三峽Lesson 5 DELTA PLAINS三角洲平原P16上課時老師講了很多內容，但是拷回來的課件里面沒有這個內容Lesson 6. LIMESTONE CAVERNS AND KARST LANDSCAPES石灰?guī)r洞和喀斯特景觀P21老師上課就講了第一段的內容Lesson 7. Layers of the Earth地球圈層 P31The core 地核The inner core 內核The Outer core 外核Mantle 地幔Upper mantle 上地幔Crust 地殼Lithosphere 巖石圈Oblate spheroid

58、 扁的橢球體seismic evidence 地震的證據Seismic waves 地震波basalt rich oceanic crust 富含玄武巖的洋殼granitic rich continental crust 富含花崗巖的陸殼continental crust 陸殼oceanic crust 洋殼is theorized to be 被認為是per cubic centimeter 每立方厘米 cm3The mantle comprises 83% of the Earths volume地幔占地球體積的83%the base of the crust 地殼基部ultramatic

59、 rock 超基性巖the top layer of the upper mantle 上地幔頂部Asthenosphere 軟流圈The lithosphere is a layer that includes the crust and the upper most portion of the asthenosphere.(英譯中)plastic flow 塑性(sxng)流動geologic time 地質(dzh)時期Sedimentary deposits 陸相沉積(l xing chn j)層Plastic asthenosphere 軟流層Lesson 8. The rock

60、cycle巖石循環(huán) P43A rock can be defined as a solid substance that occurs naturally because of the effects of there basic geological process geological process 地質過程巖石可定義（認為）是一種固體物質，這固體物質因為3種基本地質過程的作用而自然形成。巖石可定義（認為）是一種因為3種基本地質過程的作用而自然形成的固體物質。magma 巖漿 magma solidification 巖漿固結sedimentation of weathered rock